fix(frontend): guard message copy clipboard access (#3211)

* fix(frontend): guard message copy clipboard access

* fix(frontend): reuse clipboard guard across copy actions

frontend/src/components/ai-elements/code-block.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 "use client";
 
 import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
+import { writeTextToClipboard } from "@/core/clipboard";
 import { cn } from "@/lib/utils";
 import { CheckIcon, CopyIcon } from "lucide-react";
 import {
@@ -146,20 +147,20 @@ export const CodeBlockCopyButton = ({
   const [isCopied, setIsCopied] = useState(false);
   const { code } = useContext(CodeBlockContext);
 
-  const copyToClipboard = async () => {
+  const copyToClipboard = () => {
-    if (typeof window === "undefined" || !navigator?.clipboard?.writeText) {
+    void (async () => {
-      onError?.(new Error("Clipboard API not available"));
+      const didCopy = await writeTextToClipboard(code);
-      return;
+      if (!didCopy) {
-    }
+        onError?.(new Error("Clipboard API not available"));
+        return;
+      }
 
-    try {
-      await navigator.clipboard.writeText(code);
       setIsCopied(true);
       onCopy?.();
       setTimeout(() => setIsCopied(false), timeout);
-    } catch (error) {
+    })().catch((error) => {
       onError?.(error as Error);
-    }
+    });
   };
 
   const Icon = isCopied ? CheckIcon : CopyIcon;

frontend/src/components/workspace/artifacts/artifact-file-detail.tsx

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ import {
   HTML_PREVIEW_SCROLL_MESSAGE_SOURCE,
 } from "@/core/artifacts/preview";
 import { urlOfArtifact } from "@/core/artifacts/utils";
+import { writeTextToClipboard } from "@/core/clipboard";
 import { useI18n } from "@/core/i18n/hooks";
 import { findToolCallResult } from "@/core/messages/utils";
 import { installSkill } from "@/core/skills/api";
@@ -237,14 +238,20 @@ export function ArtifactFileDetail({
                 icon={CopyIcon}
                 label={t.clipboard.copyToClipboard}
                 disabled={!content}
-                onClick={async () => {
+                onClick={() => {
-                  try {
+                  void (async () => {
-                    await navigator.clipboard.writeText(visibleContent ?? "");
+                    const didCopy = await writeTextToClipboard(
+                      visibleContent ?? "",
+                    );
+                    if (!didCopy) {
+                      toast.error(t.clipboard.failedToCopyToClipboard);
+                      return;
+                    }
+
                     toast.success(t.clipboard.copiedToClipboard);
-                  } catch (error) {
+                  })().catch(() => {
-                    toast.error("Failed to copy to clipboard");
+                    toast.error(t.clipboard.failedToCopyToClipboard);
-                    console.error(error);
+                  });
-                  }
                 }}
                 tooltip={t.clipboard.copyToClipboard}
               />

frontend/src/components/workspace/copy-button.tsx

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 import { CheckIcon, CopyIcon } from "lucide-react";
 import { useCallback, useState, type ComponentProps } from "react";
+import { toast } from "sonner";
 
 import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
+import { writeTextToClipboard } from "@/core/clipboard";
 import { useI18n } from "@/core/i18n/hooks";
 
 import { Tooltip } from "./tooltip";
@@ -15,10 +17,19 @@ export function CopyButton({
   const { t } = useI18n();
   const [copied, setCopied] = useState(false);
   const handleCopy = useCallback(() => {
-    void navigator.clipboard.writeText(clipboardData);
+    void (async () => {
-    setCopied(true);
+      const didCopy = await writeTextToClipboard(clipboardData);
-    setTimeout(() => setCopied(false), 2000);
+      if (!didCopy) {
-  }, [clipboardData]);
+        toast.error(t.clipboard.failedToCopyToClipboard);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      setCopied(true);
+      setTimeout(() => setCopied(false), 2000);
+    })().catch(() => {
+      toast.error(t.clipboard.failedToCopyToClipboard);
+    });
+  }, [clipboardData, t.clipboard.failedToCopyToClipboard]);
   return (
     <Tooltip content={t.clipboard.copyToClipboard}>
       <Button

frontend/src/components/workspace/recent-chat-list.tsx

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ import {
   SidebarMenuItem,
 } from "@/components/ui/sidebar";
 import { getAPIClient } from "@/core/api";
+import { writeTextToClipboard } from "@/core/clipboard";
 import { useI18n } from "@/core/i18n/hooks";
 import {
   exportThreadAsJSON,
@@ -126,7 +127,12 @@ export function RecentChatList() {
       const baseUrl = isLocalhost ? VERCEL_URL : window.location.origin;
       const shareUrl = `${baseUrl}${pathOfThread(thread)}`;
       try {
-        await navigator.clipboard.writeText(shareUrl);
+        const didCopy = await writeTextToClipboard(shareUrl);
+        if (!didCopy) {
+          toast.error(t.clipboard.failedToCopyToClipboard);
+          return;
+        }
+
         toast.success(t.clipboard.linkCopied);
       } catch {
         toast.error(t.clipboard.failedToCopyToClipboard);

frontend/src/core/clipboard.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+export async function writeTextToClipboard(text: string): Promise<boolean> {
+  try {
+    const clipboard = globalThis.navigator?.clipboard;
+    if (clipboard?.writeText) {
+      await clipboard.writeText(text);
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    const document = globalThis.document;
+    if (!document?.body?.appendChild || !document.execCommand) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    const textarea = document.createElement("textarea");
+    textarea.value = text;
+    textarea.setAttribute("readonly", "");
+    textarea.style.position = "fixed";
+    textarea.style.top = "-9999px";
+    textarea.style.left = "-9999px";
+    document.body.appendChild(textarea);
+    textarea.select();
+
+    try {
+      return document.execCommand("copy");
+    } finally {
+      textarea.remove();
+    }
+  } catch {
+    return false;
+  }
+}

frontend/tests/unit/core/clipboard.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+import { afterEach, expect, test, vi } from "vitest";
+
+import { writeTextToClipboard } from "@/core/clipboard";
+
+const originalNavigator = globalThis.navigator;
+const hadOriginalNavigator = "navigator" in globalThis;
+const originalDocument = globalThis.document;
+const hadOriginalDocument = "document" in globalThis;
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  vi.restoreAllMocks();
+  if (!hadOriginalNavigator) {
+    Reflect.deleteProperty(globalThis, "navigator");
+  } else {
+    Object.defineProperty(globalThis, "navigator", {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: originalNavigator,
+    });
+  }
+
+  if (!hadOriginalDocument) {
+    Reflect.deleteProperty(globalThis, "document");
+  } else {
+    Object.defineProperty(globalThis, "document", {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: originalDocument,
+    });
+  }
+});
+
+test("writes text with the Clipboard API when available", async () => {
+  const writeText = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, "navigator", {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: {
+      clipboard: {
+        writeText,
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  await expect(writeTextToClipboard("hello")).resolves.toBe(true);
+  expect(writeText).toHaveBeenCalledWith("hello");
+});
+
+test("returns false when Clipboard API is unavailable", async () => {
+  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, "navigator", {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: {},
+  });
+  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, "document", {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: undefined,
+  });
+
+  await expect(writeTextToClipboard("hello")).resolves.toBe(false);
+});
+
+test("falls back to execCommand when Clipboard API is unavailable", async () => {
+  const textarea = {
+    remove: vi.fn(),
+    select: vi.fn(),
+    setAttribute: vi.fn(),
+    style: {},
+    value: "",
+  };
+  const appendChild = vi.fn();
+  const execCommand = vi.fn().mockReturnValue(true);
+
+  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, "navigator", {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: {},
+  });
+  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, "document", {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: {
+      body: {
+        appendChild,
+      },
+      createElement: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(textarea),
+      execCommand,
+    },
+  });
+
+  await expect(writeTextToClipboard("hello")).resolves.toBe(true);
+  expect(textarea.value).toBe("hello");
+  expect(appendChild).toHaveBeenCalledWith(textarea);
+  expect(textarea.select).toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(execCommand).toHaveBeenCalledWith("copy");
+  expect(textarea.remove).toHaveBeenCalled();
+});
+
+test("returns false when execCommand fallback fails", async () => {
+  const textarea = {
+    remove: vi.fn(),
+    select: vi.fn(),
+    setAttribute: vi.fn(),
+    style: {},
+    value: "",
+  };
+
+  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, "navigator", {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: {},
+  });
+  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, "document", {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: {
+      body: {
+        appendChild: vi.fn(),
+      },
+      createElement: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(textarea),
+      execCommand: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(false),
+    },
+  });
+
+  await expect(writeTextToClipboard("hello")).resolves.toBe(false);
+  expect(textarea.remove).toHaveBeenCalled();
+});
+
+test("returns false when navigator is unavailable", async () => {
+  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, "navigator", {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: undefined,
+  });
+  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, "document", {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: undefined,
+  });
+
+  await expect(writeTextToClipboard("hello")).resolves.toBe(false);
+});
+
+test("returns false when Clipboard API rejects", async () => {
+  const writeText = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error("denied"));
+  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, "navigator", {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: {
+      clipboard: {
+        writeText,
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  await expect(writeTextToClipboard("hello")).resolves.toBe(false);
+});