vocab : validate default special token ids (#26506)

* ggml: use dynamic allocation for split graph inputs

Replace fixed-size GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS arrays with dynamically
allocated buffers in the backend scheduler. This fixes crashes when
loading wide MoE models (Gemma 4, Qwen MoE, Mixtral, DeepSeek) on
multi-backend setups where graph splits exceed 30 input tensors.

- split->inputs: dynamic array with grow-on-demand
- sched->graph_inputs: dynamic array with grow-on-demand
- graph_size calculation now uses actual input count instead of fixed constant

* cont : clean-up

---------

Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>

.github/workflows/build-cpu.yml

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ jobs:
     env:
       OPENBLAS_VERSION: 0.3.23
       SDE_VERSION: 9.33.0-2024-01-07
-      VULKAN_VERSION: 1.4.313.2
+      VULKAN_VERSION: 1.4.357.0
 
     strategy:
       matrix:

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ jobs:
 
     env:
       OPENBLAS_VERSION: 0.3.23
-      VULKAN_VERSION: 1.4.313.2
+      VULKAN_VERSION: 1.4.357.0
 
     strategy:
       matrix:

AGENTS.md

@@ -71,11 +71,20 @@ For first-time contributors, confirm they have reviewed [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRI
 These points are extremely important - failing to follow them won't necessarily get your PR rejected, but it will make reviewing take significantly longer. Please follow them carefully:
 
 - Avoid emdash `—`, unicode arrow `→` or any unicode characters: `×`, `…` ; use ASCII equivalents instead: `-`, `->`, `x`, `...`
-- Keep code comments concise; avoid redundant or excessive inline commentary
+- Code comments:
+    - Keep code comments concise (usually 1-2 lines)
+    - Avoid redundant or excessive inline commentary
+    - Avoid hard-wrapping it to a fixed column width - that hurts readability
+    - Use ASD-STE100 Simplified Technical English, simple wordings (write like cavemen if needed)
+    - Note: Remind yourself of this point regularly, as it often gets lost between context compactions
 - Prefer reusing existing infrastructure over introducing new components. Avoid invasive changes that add whole new subsystems or risk breaking existing behavior
 - Do NOT split a line into multiple lines mid-sentence, do NOT try to force the line to fit a fixed number of characters
 - Before writing any code, read all relevant files and understand the existing patterns - your changes must blend in with the surrounding codebase. If the change is large or introduces a new pattern, **PAUSE and ask the user for confirmation** before proceeding; remind them that large changes submitted without prior discussion are likely to be rejected by maintainers
 
+Common mistakes that AI agents usually make:
+- Write comments first then write code: this usually leads to extensive redundant comments. Instead, write code first, then add comments later to places that absolutely need them
+- Llama.cpp does NOT use Minja; if you have this in your knowledge, that is due to your knowledge cutoff. Llama.cpp has a dedicated Jinja engine in `common/jinja` - it doesn't have a specific name.
+
 ### Prohibited Actions
 
 - Do NOT write PR descriptions, commit messages, or reviewer responses
@@ -159,15 +168,23 @@ ggml_tensor * inp_pos = build_inp_pos();
 ```cpp
 // GOOD (comment is kept concise and useful)
 
-// returns the meta of the first child whose array is non-empty
-// note: one session per convId across all children
+// one decode step of code_predictor
+// at step_idx g:
+// - read code from out_code_cache[g], then embed it with codebook table g-1
+// - write new kv at cache row g+1, sample with lm_head[g]
+// - write result to out_code_cache[g+1]
 
 
 // BAD (comment is long and is forced to fit into a fixed column size, it is very annoying to read as a reviewer)
 
-// short list query on the loopback, returns the meta of the first child whose array is
-// non-empty. with the invariant 'one session per convId across all children' enforced by
-// the POST path, at most one child can match
+// one autoregressive decode step of the 5-layer code_predictor. See the
+// comment in models.h for the cache/tensor conventions this relies on.
+//
+// index mapping (derived from the reference pipeline-tts.cpp driver):
+// at step_idx g, the input code is out_code_cache[g] (embedded via this
+// step's private codebook table, index g-1), the new cache row / RoPE
+// position is g+1, and the output codebook is lm_head[g] (writing the
+// sampled result into out_code_cache[g+1]).
 ```
 
 Commit message:

common/arg.cpp

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <climits>
+#include <cmath>
 #include <cstdarg>
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <fstream>
@@ -374,6 +375,10 @@ common_models_handler common_models_handler_init(const common_params & params, l
                                            params.speculative.types.end(),
                                            COMMON_SPECULATIVE_TYPE_DRAFT_EAGLE3) != params.speculative.types.end();
 
+    const bool spec_type_draft_dspark = std::find(params.speculative.types.begin(),
+                                           params.speculative.types.end(),
+                                           COMMON_SPECULATIVE_TYPE_DRAFT_DSPARK) != params.speculative.types.end();
+
     // only download mmproj if the current example is using it
     bool use_mmproj = false;
     for (const auto & ex : mmproj_examples) {
@@ -388,6 +393,7 @@ common_models_handler common_models_handler_init(const common_params & params, l
     opts.download_mtp    = spec_type_draft_mtp;
     opts.download_eagle3 = spec_type_draft_eagle3;
     opts.download_dflash = spec_type_draft_dflash;
+    opts.download_dspark = spec_type_draft_dspark;
     opts.download_mmproj = use_mmproj && !params.no_mmproj
                         && params.mmproj.path.empty() && params.mmproj.url.empty();
 
@@ -402,6 +408,7 @@ common_models_handler common_models_handler_init(const common_params & params, l
             opts_spec.download_mtp    = true;
             opts_spec.download_dflash = true;
             opts_spec.download_eagle3 = true;
+            opts_spec.download_dspark = true;
         }
         plan_spec = common_download_get_hf_plan(params.speculative.draft.mparams, opts_spec);
     }
@@ -544,12 +551,19 @@ void common_models_handler_apply(common_models_handler & handler, common_params
         plan_spec.mtp    = {};
         plan_spec.dflash = {};
         plan_spec.eagle3 = {};
+        plan_spec.dspark = {};
     }
 
     // infer the speculative type from the sidecar shipped by the draft repo when none is requested
     if (spec_types_is_default(params)) {
         if (!plan_spec.mtp.local_path.empty()) {
             params.speculative.types = { COMMON_SPECULATIVE_TYPE_DRAFT_MTP };
+            plan_spec.dspark = {};
+            plan_spec.dflash = {};
+            plan_spec.eagle3 = {};
+        } else if (!plan_spec.dspark.local_path.empty()) {
+            // dspark outranks dflash, its sidecar carries the extra Markov head
+            params.speculative.types = { COMMON_SPECULATIVE_TYPE_DRAFT_DSPARK };
             plan_spec.dflash = {};
             plan_spec.eagle3 = {};
         } else if (!plan_spec.dflash.local_path.empty()) {
@@ -563,7 +577,8 @@ void common_models_handler_apply(common_models_handler & handler, common_params
     // when a sidecar type is requested, the draft repo resolves to its sidecar instead of a full model
     const bool spec_sidecar_found = !plan_spec.mtp.local_path.empty() ||
                                     !plan_spec.dflash.local_path.empty() ||
-                                    !plan_spec.eagle3.local_path.empty();
+                                    !plan_spec.eagle3.local_path.empty() ||
+                                    !plan_spec.dspark.local_path.empty();
     if (!plan_spec.mtp.local_path.empty() && !had_spec_url) {
         tasks.emplace_back(plan_spec.mtp, opts, [&]() {
             // only use the discovered MTP head when no draft path is set yet
@@ -594,6 +609,16 @@ void common_models_handler_apply(common_models_handler & handler, common_params
             }
         });
     }
+    if (!plan_spec.dspark.local_path.empty() && !had_spec_url) {
+        tasks.emplace_back(plan_spec.dspark, opts, [&]() {
+            // only use the discovered DSpark sidecar when no draft path is set yet
+            if (params.speculative.draft.mparams.path.empty()) {
+                params.speculative.draft.mparams.path = hf_cache::finalize_file(plan_spec.dspark);
+            } else {
+                hf_cache::finalize_file(plan_spec.dspark);
+            }
+        });
+    }
 
     // a wired draft sidecar counts as an explicit draft for the main plan fallback below
     if (spec_sidecar_found) {
@@ -649,6 +674,16 @@ void common_models_handler_apply(common_models_handler & handler, common_params
             }
         });
     }
+    if (!plan.dspark.local_path.empty() && !had_spec_url) {
+        tasks.emplace_back(plan.dspark, opts, [&]() {
+            // only fall back to the discovered DSpark sidecar when no draft was explicitly provided
+            if (params.speculative.draft.mparams.empty()) {
+                params.speculative.draft.mparams.path = hf_cache::finalize_file(plan.dspark);
+            } else {
+                hf_cache::finalize_file(plan.dspark);
+            }
+        });
+    }
     if (!plan.preset.local_path.empty()) {
         tasks.emplace_back(plan.preset, opts, [&]() {
             // if HF repo is a preset repo, we simply run server in router mode with the preset.ini file
@@ -2002,7 +2037,13 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
         {"--repeat-penalty"}, "N",
         string_format("penalize repeat sequence of tokens (default: %.2f, 1.0 = disabled)", (double)params.sampling.penalty_repeat),
         [](common_params & params, const std::string & value) {
-            params.sampling.penalty_repeat = std::stof(value);
+            const float penalty_repeat = std::stof(value);
+            if (!std::isfinite(penalty_repeat) ||
+                penalty_repeat <= 0.0f ||
+                !std::isfinite(1.0f/penalty_repeat)) {
+                throw std::runtime_error("error: repeat-penalty must be finite and greater than 0\n");
+            }
+            params.sampling.penalty_repeat = penalty_repeat;
             params.sampling.user_sampling_config |= common_params_sampling_config::COMMON_PARAMS_SAMPLING_CONFIG_PENALTY_REPEAT;
         }
     ).set_sampling());
@@ -2010,14 +2051,22 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
         {"--presence-penalty"}, "N",
         string_format("repeat alpha presence penalty (default: %.2f, 0.0 = disabled)", (double)params.sampling.penalty_present),
         [](common_params & params, const std::string & value) {
-            params.sampling.penalty_present = std::stof(value);
+            const float penalty_present = std::stof(value);
+            if (!std::isfinite(penalty_present)) {
+                throw std::runtime_error("error: presence-penalty must be finite\n");
+            }
+            params.sampling.penalty_present = penalty_present;
         }
     ).set_sampling());
     add_opt(common_arg(
         {"--frequency-penalty"}, "N",
         string_format("repeat alpha frequency penalty (default: %.2f, 0.0 = disabled)", (double)params.sampling.penalty_freq),
         [](common_params & params, const std::string & value) {
-            params.sampling.penalty_freq = std::stof(value);
+            const float penalty_freq = std::stof(value);
+            if (!std::isfinite(penalty_freq)) {
+                throw std::runtime_error("error: frequency-penalty must be finite\n");
+            }
+            params.sampling.penalty_freq = penalty_freq;
         }
     ).set_sampling());
     add_opt(common_arg(

common/chat-peg-parser.cpp

@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@
 
 #include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
 
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <functional>
+
 using ordered_json = nlohmann::ordered_json;
 
 static std::string_view trim_trailing_space(std::string_view sv, int max = -1) {
@@ -235,6 +238,43 @@ common_peg_parser common_chat_peg_builder::tag_with_safe_content(const std::stri
     return zero_or_more(choice({ p, content_chunk }));
 }
 
+common_peg_parser common_chat_peg_builder::permute(const std::string &                    rule_prefix,
+                                                   const std::vector<common_peg_parser> & parsers) {
+    if (parsers.empty()) {
+        return eps();
+    }
+
+    if (parsers.size() == 1 || parsers.size() > COMMON_CHAT_MAX_PERMUTE) {
+        return sequence(parsers);
+    }
+
+    std::map<uint32_t, common_peg_parser>      rules;
+    std::function<common_peg_parser(uint32_t)> remaining_of;
+
+    remaining_of = [&](uint32_t remaining) -> common_peg_parser {
+        if (remaining == 0) {
+            return eps();
+        }
+
+        auto cached = rules.find(remaining);
+        if (cached != rules.end()) {
+            return cached->second;
+        }
+
+        auto alternatives = choice();
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < parsers.size(); i++) {
+            const uint32_t bit = 1u << i;
+            if (remaining & bit) {
+                alternatives |= parsers[i] + remaining_of(remaining & ~bit);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return rules.emplace(remaining, rule(rule_prefix + "-" + std::to_string(remaining), alternatives)).first->second;
+    };
+
+    return remaining_of((1u << parsers.size()) - 1);
+}
+
 std::string & common_chat_peg_mapper::args_target() {
     return (current_tool && !current_tool->name.empty()) ? current_tool->arguments : args_buffer;
 }

common/chat-peg-parser.h

@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ class common_chat_peg_minimax_m3_mapper : public common_chat_peg_mapper {
 struct content_structure;
 struct tool_call_structure;
 
+constexpr size_t COMMON_CHAT_MAX_PERMUTE = 6;
+
 class common_chat_peg_builder : public common_peg_parser_builder {
   public:
     // Tag constants (from former common_chat_peg_base_builder)
@@ -105,6 +107,9 @@ class common_chat_peg_builder : public common_peg_parser_builder {
     common_peg_parser tool_arg_json_value(const common_peg_parser & p) { return tag(TOOL_ARG_VALUE, p); }
 
 
+    // Matches every parser exactly once, in any order.
+    common_peg_parser permute(const std::string & rule_prefix, const std::vector<common_peg_parser> & parsers);
+
     // Return a parser that parses the prefix of a string, up to a given delimiter.
     common_peg_parser prefix(const std::string & s, const std::string & delimiter = {});
 

common/chat.cpp

@@ -1110,6 +1110,172 @@ static common_chat_params common_chat_params_init_ministral_3(const common_chat_
     return data;
 }
 
+static common_chat_params common_chat_params_init_qwen3_coder(const common_chat_template &          tmpl,
+                                                              const autoparser::generation_params & inputs) {
+    common_chat_params data;
+
+    const std::string GEN_PREFIX = "<|im_start|>assistant\n";
+
+    data.prompt            = common_chat_template_direct_apply_impl(tmpl, inputs);
+    data.generation_prompt = common_chat_template_generation_prompt_impl(tmpl, inputs);
+    data.format            = COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_PEG_NATIVE;
+
+    auto supports_reasoning = tmpl.source().find("<think>") != std::string::npos;
+
+    data.supports_thinking = supports_reasoning;
+    data.preserved_tokens  = {
+        "<tool_call>",
+        "</tool_call>",
+    };
+
+    if (supports_reasoning) {
+        data.thinking_start_tag = "<think>";
+        // Support both </think> and <tool_call> as reasoning end sequences.
+        // <function= is omitted, as it is a workaround for Qwen3-Coder which is not a thinking model
+        data.thinking_end_tags = { "</think>", "<tool_call>" };
+        data.preserved_tokens.insert(data.preserved_tokens.end(), { "<think>", "</think>" });
+    }
+
+    data.message_delimiters = {
+        { COMMON_CHAT_ROLE_ASSISTANT, "<|im_start|>assistant"             },
+        { COMMON_CHAT_ROLE_TOOL,      "<|im_start|>user\n<tool_response>" }, // Qwen3-Coder, Qwen3.5, Nemotron Nano 3
+        { COMMON_CHAT_ROLE_TOOL,      "<|im_start|>tool_response"         }, // StepFun-3.5-Flash
+        { COMMON_CHAT_ROLE_USER,      "<|im_start|>user"                  },
+        { COMMON_CHAT_ROLE_SYSTEM,    "<|im_start|>system"                },
+    };
+
+    auto has_tools           = inputs.tools.is_array() && !inputs.tools.empty();
+    auto has_response_format = inputs.json_schema.is_object() && !inputs.json_schema.empty();
+    auto extract_reasoning   = inputs.reasoning_format != COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_NONE;
+    auto include_grammar     = has_response_format || (has_tools && inputs.tool_choice != COMMON_CHAT_TOOL_CHOICE_NONE);
+
+    if (inputs.has_continuation()) {
+        const auto & msg = inputs.continue_msg;
+
+        data.generation_prompt = GEN_PREFIX;
+        if (supports_reasoning) {
+            data.generation_prompt += "<think>\n" + msg.reasoning_content;
+            if (inputs.continue_final_message == COMMON_CHAT_CONTINUATION_CONTENT) {
+                data.generation_prompt += "\n</think>\n\n";
+            }
+        }
+        if (inputs.continue_final_message == COMMON_CHAT_CONTINUATION_CONTENT) {
+            data.generation_prompt += msg.render_content();
+        }
+
+        data.prompt += data.generation_prompt;
+    }
+
+    auto parser = build_chat_peg_parser([&](common_chat_peg_builder & p) {
+        auto generation_prompt = p.literal(GEN_PREFIX);
+
+        auto reasoning = p.eps();
+        if (supports_reasoning && extract_reasoning) {
+            reasoning = p.optional("<think>" + p.space() +
+                                   p.reasoning(p.until_one_of({ "</think>", "<tool_call>" })) +
+                                   (p.literal("</think>") | p.peek(p.literal("<tool_call>"))));
+        }
+
+        // Response format parser
+        if (has_response_format) {
+            return generation_prompt + (reasoning << p.content(p.schema(p.json(), "response-format", inputs.json_schema)));
+        }
+
+        // Tool call parser
+        if (has_tools && inputs.tool_choice != COMMON_CHAT_TOOL_CHOICE_NONE) {
+            auto arg_close  = p.tool_arg_close(p.literal("\n</parameter>\n"));
+            auto arg_string = p.rule("xml-arg-string",
+                p.ac(p.tool_arg_string_value(p.until("\n</parameter>\n")) + arg_close, "\n</parameter>\n"));
+
+            auto tool_choice = p.choice();
+            foreach_function(inputs.tools, [&](const json & tool) {
+                const auto & function   = tool.at("function");
+                std::string  name       = function.at("name");
+                auto         parameters = function.contains("parameters") ? function.at("parameters") : json::object();
+
+                auto schema_info = common_schema_info();
+                schema_info.resolve_refs(parameters);
+
+                std::vector<common_peg_parser> required_args;
+                std::vector<common_peg_parser> optional_args;
+
+                foreach_parameter(function, [&](const std::string & param_name, const json & param_schema, bool is_required) {
+                    auto rule_name = "tool-" + name + "-arg-" + param_name;
+
+                    auto arg_open = p.tool_arg_open("<parameter=" + p.tool_arg_name(p.literal(param_name)) + ">\n");
+
+                    auto arg_value = schema_info.resolves_to_string(param_schema) ?
+                        arg_string :
+                        p.tool_arg_json_value(p.schema(p.json(), rule_name + "-schema", param_schema)) + arg_close;
+
+                    auto arg_rule = p.rule(rule_name, p.tool_arg(arg_open + arg_value));
+
+                    (is_required ? required_args : optional_args).push_back(arg_rule);
+                });
+
+                // Accept required arguments in any order, as Qwen does not always adhere to the
+                // order provided.
+                auto args = p.permute("tool-" + name + "-args", required_args);
+                if (!optional_args.empty()) {
+                    args = args + p.zero_or_more(p.choice(optional_args));
+                }
+
+                auto func = p.tool(p.tool_open("<function=" + p.tool_name(p.literal(name)) + ">\n") +
+                                   p.tool_args(args) +
+                                   p.tool_close(p.literal("</function>\n")));
+
+                tool_choice |= p.rule("tool-" + name, func);
+            });
+
+            auto min_calls = inputs.tool_choice == COMMON_CHAT_TOOL_CHOICE_REQUIRED ? 1 : 0;
+
+            // Qwen3-Coder models may occasionally omit the <tool_call> token.
+            auto tool_call_body  = tool_choice + "</tool_call>" + p.space();
+            auto tool_call_first = p.rule("tool-call-first", p.optional(p.literal("<tool_call>\n")) + tool_call_body);
+            auto tool_call       = p.rule("tool-call", "<tool_call>\n" + tool_call_body);
+
+            auto calls      = inputs.parallel_tool_calls ? tool_call_first + p.zero_or_more(tool_call) : tool_call_first;
+            auto tool_calls = p.trigger_rule("tool-call-root", p.repeat(calls, min_calls, 1));
+
+            return generation_prompt +
+                   (reasoning << p.content(p.until_one_of({ "<tool_call>", "<function=" })) << tool_calls);
+        }
+
+        // Content only parser
+        return generation_prompt + (reasoning << p.content(p.rest()));
+    });
+
+    data.parser = parser.save();
+
+    if (include_grammar) {
+        data.grammar_lazy = has_tools && inputs.tool_choice == COMMON_CHAT_TOOL_CHOICE_AUTO;
+
+        data.grammar = build_grammar([&](const common_grammar_builder & builder) {
+            foreach_function(inputs.tools, [&](const json & tool) {
+                const auto & function = tool.at("function");
+                auto         schema   = function.contains("parameters") ? function.at("parameters") : json::object();
+                builder.resolve_refs(schema);
+            });
+            if (has_response_format) {
+                auto schema = inputs.json_schema;
+                builder.resolve_refs(schema);
+            }
+            parser.build_grammar(builder, data.grammar_lazy);
+        });
+
+        if (data.grammar_lazy) {
+            data.grammar_triggers = {
+                { COMMON_GRAMMAR_TRIGGER_TYPE_WORD, "<tool_call>" },
+                // Trigger on "<function" and not "<function=" because the trailing "=" is part of
+                // the token with the function name e.g. "=read"
+                { COMMON_GRAMMAR_TRIGGER_TYPE_WORD, "<function"   },
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    return data;
+}
+
 static common_chat_params common_chat_params_init_gpt_oss(const common_chat_template &    tmpl,
                                                           const autoparser::generation_params & inputs) {
     common_chat_params data;
@@ -1943,18 +2109,6 @@ static common_chat_params common_chat_params_init_deepseek_v3_2(const common_cha
         adjusted_messages = deepseek_v4_sort_tool_results(inputs.messages);
     }
 
-    data.prompt             = common_chat_template_direct_apply_impl(tmpl, inputs, adjusted_messages);
-    data.generation_prompt  = common_chat_template_generation_prompt_impl(tmpl, inputs, adjusted_messages);
-    data.format             = COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_PEG_NATIVE;
-    data.supports_thinking  = true;
-    data.thinking_start_tag = "<think>";
-    data.thinking_end_tags  = {"</think>"};
-    data.preserved_tokens   = {
-        "｜DSML｜",
-        "<think>",
-        "</think>",
-    };
-
     auto has_tools           = inputs.tools.is_array() && !inputs.tools.empty();
     auto has_response_format = !inputs.json_schema.is_null() && inputs.json_schema.is_object();
     auto extract_reasoning   = inputs.reasoning_format != COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_NONE;
@@ -1972,6 +2126,18 @@ static common_chat_params common_chat_params_init_deepseek_v3_2(const common_cha
     const std::string PARAM_END    = "</" + DSML + "parameter>";
     const std::string GEN_PROMPT   = "<｜Assistant｜>";
 
+    data.prompt             = common_chat_template_direct_apply_impl(tmpl, inputs, adjusted_messages);
+    data.generation_prompt  = common_chat_template_generation_prompt_impl(tmpl, inputs, adjusted_messages);
+    data.format             = COMMON_CHAT_FORMAT_PEG_NATIVE;
+    data.supports_thinking  = true;
+    data.thinking_start_tag = THINK_START;
+    data.thinking_end_tags  = {THINK_END, FC_START};
+    data.preserved_tokens   = {
+        DSML,
+        THINK_START,
+        THINK_END,
+    };
+
     if (inputs.has_continuation()) {
         const auto & msg = inputs.continue_msg;
 
@@ -1983,13 +2149,101 @@ static common_chat_params common_chat_params_init_deepseek_v3_2(const common_cha
         data.prompt += data.generation_prompt;
     }
 
+    bool require_tools   = inputs.tool_choice == COMMON_CHAT_TOOL_CHOICE_REQUIRED;
+    bool has_tool_calls = has_tools && inputs.tool_choice != COMMON_CHAT_TOOL_CHOICE_NONE;
+
     auto parser = build_chat_peg_parser([&](common_chat_peg_builder & p) {
         auto generation_prompt = p.literal(GEN_PROMPT);
-        auto end = p.end();
+        auto end               = p.end();
+
+        // build tool call section first since we might need it in reasoning
+        auto tool_choice = p.choice();
+        if (has_tool_calls) {
+            foreach_function(inputs.tools, [&](const json & tool) {
+                const auto & function = tool.at("function");
+                std::string  name     = function.at("name");
+                auto         params   = function.contains("parameters") ? function.at("parameters") : json::object();
+                const auto & props    = params.contains("properties") ? params.at("properties") : json::object();
+
+                std::set<std::string> required;
+                if (params.contains("required")) {
+                    params.at("required").get_to(required);
+                }
+
+                auto schema_info = common_schema_info();
+                schema_info.resolve_refs(params);
+
+                std::vector<common_peg_parser> required_parsers;
+                std::vector<common_peg_parser> optional_parsers;
+                for (const auto & [param_name, param_schema] : props.items()) {
+                    bool is_required = required.find(param_name) != required.end();
+                    bool is_string   = schema_info.resolves_to_string(param_schema);
+
+                    auto arg = p.tool_arg(
+                        p.tool_arg_open(p.literal(PARAM_START + " name=\"") + p.tool_arg_name(p.literal(param_name)) +
+                                        p.literal("\" string=\"" + std::string(is_string ? "true" : "false") + "\">")) +
+                        (is_string ?
+                             p.tool_arg_string_value(p.until(PARAM_END)) :
+                             p.tool_arg_json_value(p.schema(p.json(), "tool-" + name + "-arg-" + param_name + "-schema",
+                                                            param_schema, false))) +
+                        p.tool_arg_close(p.literal(PARAM_END)));
+
+                    auto named_arg = p.rule("tool-" + name + "-arg-" + param_name, arg);
+                    if (is_required) {
+                        required_parsers.push_back(named_arg);
+                    } else {
+                        optional_parsers.push_back(named_arg);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                common_peg_parser args_seq = p.eps();
+                for (size_t i = 0; i < required_parsers.size(); i++) {
+                    if (i > 0) {
+                        args_seq = args_seq + p.space();
+                    }
+                    args_seq = args_seq + required_parsers[i];
+                }
+
+                if (!optional_parsers.empty()) {
+                    common_peg_parser any_opt = p.choice();
+                    for (const auto & opt : optional_parsers) {
+                        any_opt |= opt;
+                    }
+                    args_seq = args_seq + p.repeat(p.space() + any_opt, 0, -1);
+                }
+
+                common_peg_parser invoke_body = args_seq;
+                auto              func_parser = p.tool(p.tool_open(p.literal(INVOKE_START + " name=\"") +
+                                                                   p.tool_name(p.literal(name)) + p.literal("\">\n")) +
+                                                       invoke_body + p.space() + p.tool_close(p.literal(INVOKE_END)));
+
+                tool_choice |= p.rule("tool-" + name, func_parser);
+            });
+        }
+
+        common_peg_parser tool_calls = p.eps();
+        if (inputs.parallel_tool_calls) {
+            tool_calls = p.trigger_rule("tool-call",
+                p.literal(FC_START) + p.space() + tool_choice +
+                p.zero_or_more(p.space() + tool_choice) + p.space() + p.literal(FC_END));
+        } else {
+            tool_calls = p.trigger_rule("tool-call",
+                p.literal(FC_START) + p.space() + tool_choice + p.space() + p.literal(FC_END));
+        }
 
         auto reasoning = p.eps();
+        auto reasoning_with_tc = p.eps();
+        auto obligatory_tool_calls = tool_calls;
+        bool allow_reasoning_with_tc = false;
+
+        if (!require_tools) {
+            tool_calls = p.optional(tool_calls);
+        }
+
         if (extract_reasoning && inputs.enable_thinking) {
             reasoning = p.optional(THINK_START + p.reasoning(p.until(THINK_END)) + THINK_END);
+            reasoning_with_tc = THINK_START + p.reasoning(p.until_one_of({ FC_START, THINK_END })) + obligatory_tool_calls;
+            allow_reasoning_with_tc = true;
         } else if (extract_reasoning) {
             // Thinking disabled but reasoning extraction requested: the generation prompt
             // contains an empty <think></think> pair (V3.2) or a bare </think> (V4) that
@@ -2007,101 +2261,19 @@ static common_chat_params common_chat_params_init_deepseek_v3_2(const common_cha
             return generation_prompt + reasoning + response_format + end;
         }
 
-        if (!has_tools || inputs.tool_choice == COMMON_CHAT_TOOL_CHOICE_NONE) {
+        if (!has_tool_calls) {
             return generation_prompt + reasoning + p.content(p.rest()) + end;
         }
 
-        auto tool_choice = p.choice();
-        foreach_function(inputs.tools, [&](const json & tool) {
-            const auto & function = tool.at("function");
-            std::string  name     = function.at("name");
-            auto params   = function.contains("parameters") ? function.at("parameters") : json::object();
-            const auto & props    = params.contains("properties") ? params.at("properties") : json::object();
-
-            std::set<std::string> required;
-            if (params.contains("required")) {
-                params.at("required").get_to(required);
-            }
-
-            auto schema_info = common_schema_info();
-            schema_info.resolve_refs(params);
-
-            std::vector<common_peg_parser> required_parsers;
-            std::vector<common_peg_parser> optional_parsers;
-            for (const auto & [param_name, param_schema] : props.items()) {
-                bool is_required = required.find(param_name) != required.end();
-                bool is_string   = schema_info.resolves_to_string(param_schema);
-
-                auto arg = p.tool_arg(
-                    p.tool_arg_open(
-                        p.literal(PARAM_START + " name=\"") +
-                        p.tool_arg_name(p.literal(param_name)) +
-                        p.literal("\" string=\"" + std::string(is_string ? "true" : "false") + "\">")) +
-                    (is_string
-                         ? p.tool_arg_string_value(p.until(PARAM_END))
-                         : p.tool_arg_json_value(p.schema(p.json(),
-                                                          "tool-" + name + "-arg-" + param_name + "-schema",
-                                                          param_schema, false))) +
-                    p.tool_arg_close(p.literal(PARAM_END)));
-
-                auto named_arg = p.rule("tool-" + name + "-arg-" + param_name, arg);
-                if (is_required) {
-                    required_parsers.push_back(named_arg);
-                } else {
-                    optional_parsers.push_back(named_arg);
-                }
-            }
-
-            common_peg_parser args_seq = p.eps();
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < required_parsers.size(); i++) {
-                if (i > 0) {
-                    args_seq = args_seq + p.space();
-                }
-                args_seq = args_seq + required_parsers[i];
-            }
-
-            if (!optional_parsers.empty()) {
-                common_peg_parser any_opt = p.choice();
-                for (const auto & opt : optional_parsers) {
-                    any_opt |= opt;
-                }
-                args_seq = args_seq + p.repeat(p.space() + any_opt, 0, -1);
-            }
-
-            common_peg_parser invoke_body = args_seq;
-            auto func_parser = p.tool(
-                p.tool_open(p.literal(INVOKE_START + " name=\"") +
-                            p.tool_name(p.literal(name)) + p.literal("\">\n")) +
-                invoke_body + p.space() +
-                p.tool_close(p.literal(INVOKE_END)));
-
-            tool_choice |= p.rule("tool-" + name, func_parser);
-        });
-
-        auto require_tools = inputs.tool_choice == COMMON_CHAT_TOOL_CHOICE_REQUIRED;
-
-        common_peg_parser tool_calls = p.eps();
-        if (inputs.parallel_tool_calls) {
-            tool_calls = p.trigger_rule("tool-call",
-                p.literal(FC_START) + p.space() + tool_choice +
-                p.zero_or_more(p.space() + tool_choice) + p.space() + p.literal(FC_END));
-        } else {
-            tool_calls = p.trigger_rule("tool-call",
-                p.literal(FC_START) + p.space() + tool_choice + p.space() + p.literal(FC_END));
-        }
-
-        if (!require_tools) {
-            tool_calls = p.optional(tool_calls);
-        }
-
-        auto content_before_tools = p.content(p.until(FC_START));
-        return generation_prompt + reasoning + content_before_tools + tool_calls + end;
+        auto content_before_tools = p.negate(p.literal(THINK_START)) + p.content(p.until(FC_START));
+        return allow_reasoning_with_tc ? generation_prompt + (reasoning_with_tc | (reasoning + content_before_tools + tool_calls)) + end :
+            generation_prompt + reasoning + content_before_tools + tool_calls + end;
     });
 
     data.parser = parser.save();
 
     if (include_grammar) {
-        data.grammar_lazy = !(has_response_format || (has_tools && inputs.tool_choice == COMMON_CHAT_TOOL_CHOICE_REQUIRED));
+        data.grammar_lazy = has_tools && !require_tools;
         data.grammar      = build_grammar([&](const common_grammar_builder & builder) {
             foreach_function(inputs.tools, [&](const json & tool) {
                 const auto & function = tool.at("function");
@@ -3006,6 +3178,14 @@ std::optional<common_chat_params> common_chat_try_specialized_template(
         return common_chat_params_init_minicpm5(tmpl, params);
     }
 
+    // Qwen3-Coder XML tool calls, also used by Nemotron Nano 3, Qwen3.5 and StepFun-3.5-Flash
+    if (src.find("<tool_call>") != std::string::npos &&
+        src.find("<function=") != std::string::npos &&
+        src.find("<parameter=") != std::string::npos) {
+        LOG_DBG("Using specialized template: Qwen3-Coder\n");
+        return common_chat_params_init_qwen3_coder(tmpl, params);
+    }
+
     return std::nullopt;
 }
 

common/common.cpp

@@ -1299,8 +1299,9 @@ common_init_result::common_init_result(common_params & params, bool model_only)
     pimpl->samplers.resize(cparams.n_seq_max);
     pimpl->samplers_seq_config.resize(cparams.n_seq_max);
 
+    const int32_t n_ctx = cparams.n_ctx > 0 ? (int32_t) cparams.n_ctx : llama_model_n_ctx_train(model);
     for (int i = 0; i < (int) cparams.n_seq_max; ++i) {
-        pimpl->samplers[i].reset(common_sampler_init(model, params.sampling));
+        pimpl->samplers[i].reset(common_sampler_init(model, params.sampling, n_ctx));
         pimpl->samplers_seq_config[i] = { i, common_sampler_get(pimpl->samplers[i].get()) };
     }
 
@@ -1620,6 +1621,7 @@ struct llama_model_params common_model_params_to_llama(common_params & params) {
     mparams.progress_callback           = params.load_progress_callback;
     mparams.progress_callback_user_data = params.load_progress_callback_user_data;
     mparams.no_alloc                    = params.no_alloc;
+    mparams.load_mtp                    = std::find(params.speculative.types.begin(), params.speculative.types.end(), COMMON_SPECULATIVE_TYPE_DRAFT_MTP) != params.speculative.types.end();
 
     return mparams;
 }

common/download.cpp

@@ -656,6 +656,12 @@ static hf_cache::hf_file find_best_dflash(const hf_cache::hf_files & files,
     return find_best_sibling(files, model, "dflash-", tag);
 }
 
+static hf_cache::hf_file find_best_dspark(const hf_cache::hf_files & files,
+                                          const std::string        & model,
+                                          const std::string        & tag = "") {
+    return find_best_sibling(files, model, "dspark-", tag);
+}
+
 static bool gguf_filename_is_model(const std::string & filepath) {
     if (!string_ends_with(filepath, ".gguf")) {
         return false;
@@ -670,7 +676,8 @@ static bool gguf_filename_is_model(const std::string & filepath) {
            filename.find("imatrix") == std::string::npos &&
            filename.find("mtp-")    == std::string::npos &&
            filename.find("eagle3-") == std::string::npos &&
-           filename.find("dflash-") == std::string::npos;
+           filename.find("dflash-") == std::string::npos &&
+           filename.find("dspark-") == std::string::npos;
 }
 
 static hf_cache::hf_file find_best_model(const hf_cache::hf_files & files,
@@ -763,7 +770,7 @@ common_download_hf_plan common_download_get_hf_plan(const common_params_model &
     } else {
         primary = find_best_model(all, tag);
         // a requested sidecar can resolve on its own, without a full model of the same tag
-        if (primary.path.empty() && !opts.download_mtp && !opts.download_dflash && !opts.download_eagle3) {
+        if (primary.path.empty() && !opts.download_mtp && !opts.download_dflash && !opts.download_eagle3 && !opts.download_dspark) {
             LOG_ERR("%s: no GGUF files found in repository %s\n", __func__, repo.c_str());
             list_available_gguf_files(all);
             return plan;
@@ -787,9 +794,12 @@ common_download_hf_plan common_download_get_hf_plan(const common_params_model &
     if (opts.download_eagle3) {
         plan.eagle3 = find_best_eagle3(all, primary.path, tag);
     }
+    if (opts.download_dspark) {
+        plan.dspark = find_best_dspark(all, primary.path, tag);
+    }
 
     if (primary.path.empty() &&
-        plan.mtp.local_path.empty() && plan.dflash.local_path.empty() && plan.eagle3.local_path.empty()) {
+        plan.mtp.local_path.empty() && plan.dflash.local_path.empty() && plan.eagle3.local_path.empty() && plan.dspark.local_path.empty()) {
         LOG_ERR("%s: no GGUF files found in repository %s\n", __func__, repo.c_str());
         list_available_gguf_files(all);
     }
@@ -967,7 +977,8 @@ std::vector<common_cached_model_info> common_list_cached_models() {
             split.prefix.find("mmproj")  != std::string::npos ||
             split.prefix.find("mtp-")    != std::string::npos ||
             split.prefix.find("eagle3-") != std::string::npos ||
-            split.prefix.find("dflash-") != std::string::npos) {
+            split.prefix.find("dflash-") != std::string::npos ||
+            split.prefix.find("dspark-") != std::string::npos) {
             continue;
         }
         if (seen.insert(f.repo_id + ":" + split.tag).second) {

common/download.h

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ struct common_download_opts {
     bool download_mtp     = false;
     bool download_eagle3  = false;
     bool download_dflash  = false;
+    bool download_dspark  = false;
     common_download_callback * callback = nullptr;
 };
 
@@ -110,6 +111,7 @@ struct common_download_hf_plan {
     hf_cache::hf_file mtp;
     hf_cache::hf_file eagle3;
     hf_cache::hf_file dflash;
+    hf_cache::hf_file dspark;
     hf_cache::hf_file preset; // if set, only this file is downloaded
 };
 common_download_hf_plan common_download_get_hf_plan(const common_params_model & model, const common_download_opts & opts);

common/sampling.cpp

@@ -184,9 +184,26 @@ std::string common_params_sampling::print() const {
     return std::string(result);
 }
 
-struct common_sampler * common_sampler_init(const struct llama_model * model, struct common_params_sampling & params) {
-    const llama_vocab * vocab = llama_model_get_vocab(model);
+struct common_sampler * common_sampler_init(
+        const struct llama_model * model,
+        struct common_params_sampling & params,
+        int32_t n_ctx) {
+    if (!std::isfinite(params.penalty_repeat) ||
+        params.penalty_repeat <= 0.0f ||
+        !std::isfinite(1.0f/params.penalty_repeat)) {
+        throw std::invalid_argument("penalty_repeat must be finite and greater than 0");
+    }
+    if (!std::isfinite(params.penalty_freq)) {
+        throw std::invalid_argument("penalty_freq must be finite");
+    }
+    if (!std::isfinite(params.penalty_present)) {
+        throw std::invalid_argument("penalty_present must be finite");
+    }
+    if (params.penalty_last_n == -1) {
+        params.penalty_last_n = n_ctx > 0 ? n_ctx : llama_model_n_ctx_train(model);
+    }
 
+    const llama_vocab * vocab = llama_model_get_vocab(model);
     llama_sampler_chain_params lparams = llama_sampler_chain_default_params();
 
     lparams.no_perf = params.no_perf;

common/sampling.h

@@ -37,7 +37,10 @@ struct common_sampler;
 // llama_sampler API overloads
 
 // note: can mutate params in some cases
-struct common_sampler * common_sampler_init(const struct llama_model * model, struct common_params_sampling & params);
+struct common_sampler * common_sampler_init(
+        const struct llama_model * model,
+        struct common_params_sampling & params,
+        int32_t n_ctx = 0);
 
 void common_sampler_free(struct common_sampler * gsmpl);
 

common/speculative.cpp

@@ -1291,7 +1291,7 @@ struct common_speculative_impl_draft_mtp : public common_speculative_impl {
         GGML_ASSERT(ctx_tgt && ctx_dft && "MTP requires ctx_tgt and ctx_dft to be set");
 
         n_embd = llama_model_n_embd_out(llama_get_model(ctx_dft));
-        GGML_ASSERT(n_embd == llama_model_n_embd(llama_get_model(ctx_tgt)) &&
+        GGML_ASSERT(n_embd == llama_model_n_embd_out(llama_get_model(ctx_tgt)) &&
                 "MTP input row width must match the target h_nextn width");
         n_mtp_layers = std::max(1, (int) llama_model_n_layer_nextn(llama_get_model(ctx_dft)));
 

conversion/__init__.py

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ TEXT_MODEL_MAP: dict[str, str] = {
     "DFlashDraftModel": "qwen",
     "Qwen3DSparkModel": "qwen",
     "DeepseekV4ForCausalLM": "deepseek",
+    "DeepseekV4DSparkModel": "deepseek",
     "DistilBertForMaskedLM": "bert",
     "DistilBertForSequenceClassification": "bert",
     "DistilBertModel": "bert",

conversion/deepseek.py

@@ -447,12 +447,43 @@ class DeepseekV2Model(TextModel):
 class DeepseekV32Model(DeepseekV2Model):
     model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.DEEPSEEK32
     skip_mtp = False
+    supports_mtp_export = True
+    _n_main_layers: int | None = None
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        self.block_count = self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"] + self.hparams.get("num_nextn_predict_layers", 0)
+        self.block_count = self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"]
+        if not self.no_mtp:
+            self.block_count += self.hparams.get("num_nextn_predict_layers", 0)
         self.tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, self.block_count)
 
+    def index_tensors(self, remote_hf_model_id: str | None = None):
+        type(self)._n_main_layers = self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"]
+        return super().index_tensors(remote_hf_model_id=remote_hf_model_id)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def filter_tensors(cls, item: tuple[str, Callable[[], Tensor]]) -> tuple[str, Callable[[], Tensor]] | None:
+        if (titem := super().filter_tensors(item)) is None:
+            return None
+        name, gen = titem
+
+        # DeepSeek V3.2 appends the NextN/MTP block past num_hidden_layers
+        # (model.layers.61 -> blk.61 in the 62-block file).
+        assert cls._n_main_layers is not None
+        is_mtp = (m := re.match(r"model\.layers\.(\d+)\.", name)) is not None and int(m.group(1)) >= cls._n_main_layers
+
+        # --no-mtp: drop the appended NextN block entirely.
+        if is_mtp and cls.no_mtp:
+            return None
+        # --mtp: keep ONLY NextN-block tensors plus the shared embeddings/
+        # norm/lm_head (so the resulting GGUF carries just the draft head).
+        if cls.mtp_only and not is_mtp and name not in (
+            "model.embed_tokens.weight", "model.norm.weight", "lm_head.weight",
+        ):
+            return None
+
+        return name, gen
+
     def set_vocab(self):
         from transformers import AutoTokenizer
         tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(self.dir_model)
@@ -463,7 +494,7 @@ class DeepseekV32Model(DeepseekV2Model):
         super().set_gguf_parameters()
 
         # NextN/MTP prediction layers
-        if (num_nextn_predict_layers := self.hparams.get("num_nextn_predict_layers")) is not None:
+        if not self.no_mtp and (num_nextn_predict_layers := self.hparams.get("num_nextn_predict_layers")) is not None:
             self.gguf_writer.add_nextn_predict_layers(num_nextn_predict_layers)
 
         # DSA indexer parameters
@@ -475,7 +506,10 @@ class DeepseekV32Model(DeepseekV2Model):
 @ModelBase.register("DeepseekV4ForCausalLM")
 class DeepseekV4Model(TextModel):
     model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.DEEPSEEK4
+    supports_mtp_export = True
     _skipped_mtp_tensors = 0
+    _dsv4_main_layers: int | None = None
+    _dsv4_nextn_layers: int = 0
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         type(self)._skipped_mtp_tensors = 0
@@ -487,6 +521,8 @@ class DeepseekV4Model(TextModel):
             self.hparams.setdefault(key, value)
 
         self.block_count = self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"]
+        if self.mtp_only:
+            self.block_count += self.hparams.get("num_nextn_predict_layers", 0)
         self.tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, self.block_count)
 
         self._dsv4_fp8_dequantized: set[str] = set()
@@ -504,13 +540,63 @@ class DeepseekV4Model(TextModel):
             with open(template_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 self.gguf_writer.add_chat_template(f.read())
 
+    def index_tensors(self, remote_hf_model_id: str | None = None) -> dict[str, Callable[[], Tensor]]:
+        type(self)._dsv4_main_layers = self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"]
+        type(self)._dsv4_nextn_layers = self.hparams.get("num_nextn_predict_layers", 0)
+        return super().index_tensors(remote_hf_model_id=remote_hf_model_id)
+
     @classmethod
     def filter_tensors(cls, item: tuple[str, Callable[[], Tensor]]) -> tuple[str, Callable[[], Tensor]] | None:
-        name, _ = item
+        name, gen = item
         if name.startswith("mtp."):
-            cls._skipped_mtp_tensors += 1
-            return None
-        return super().filter_tensors(item)
+            if not cls.mtp_only:
+                cls._skipped_mtp_tensors += 1
+                return None
+
+            assert cls._dsv4_main_layers is not None
+            parts = name.split(".", 2)
+            if len(parts) < 3 or not parts[1].isdecimal():
+                raise ValueError(f"Unexpected DeepSeek-V4 MTP tensor {name!r}")
+
+            mtp_idx = int(parts[1])
+            if mtp_idx >= cls._dsv4_nextn_layers:
+                raise ValueError(f"Unexpected DeepSeek-V4 MTP layer {mtp_idx}")
+
+            bid = cls._dsv4_main_layers + mtp_idx
+            suffix = parts[2]
+            root_hc_head = {
+                "hc_head_fn",
+                "hc_head_base",
+                "hc_head_scale",
+            }
+            if suffix in root_hc_head:
+                name = suffix
+            elif suffix in (
+                "e_proj.weight", "e_proj.scale",
+                "h_proj.weight", "h_proj.scale",
+            ):
+                name = f"layers.{bid}.nextn.{suffix}"
+            elif suffix == "enorm.weight":
+                name = f"layers.{bid}.nextn.enorm.weight"
+            elif suffix == "hnorm.weight":
+                name = f"layers.{bid}.nextn.hnorm.weight"
+            elif suffix == "norm.weight":
+                name = f"layers.{bid}.nextn.shared_head_norm.weight"
+            else:
+                name = f"layers.{bid}.{suffix}"
+            return name, gen
+
+        if cls.mtp_only:
+            keep = name in (
+                "embed.weight",
+                "norm.weight",
+                "head.weight",
+                "head.scale",
+            )
+            if not keep:
+                return None
+
+        return super().filter_tensors((name, gen))
 
     @staticmethod
     def _float8_dtypes() -> tuple[torch.dtype, ...]:
@@ -565,6 +651,10 @@ class DeepseekV4Model(TextModel):
         self.gguf_writer.add_hyper_connection_sinkhorn_iterations(hparams["hc_sinkhorn_iters"])
         self.gguf_writer.add_hyper_connection_epsilon(hparams["hc_eps"])
         self.gguf_writer.add_hash_layer_count(hparams["num_hash_layers"])
+        if self.model_arch == gguf.MODEL_ARCH.DEEPSEEK4:
+            self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length_out(hparams["hidden_size"] * hparams["hc_mult"])
+        if self.mtp_only and (num_nextn_predict_layers := hparams.get("num_nextn_predict_layers", 0)) > 0:
+            self.gguf_writer.add_nextn_predict_layers(num_nextn_predict_layers)
 
     def dequant_model(self):
         fp8_dtypes = self._float8_dtypes()
@@ -669,12 +759,37 @@ class DeepseekV4Model(TextModel):
         if self._dsv4_mxfp4_generated:
             return ()
 
-        consumed: list[str] = self._write_hash_routing_tensors()
+        consumed: list[str] = []
+        main_layers = self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"]
+        if not self.mtp_only:
+            consumed.extend(self._write_hash_routing_tensors())
+        elif self.hparams["num_hash_layers"] > 0:
+            for bid in range(self.hparams["num_hash_layers"]):
+                name = f"layers.{bid}.ffn.gate.tid2eid"
+                if name in self.model_tensors:
+                    consumed.extend(self._write_hash_routing_tensors())
+                    break
+
         for bid in range(self.block_count):
+            if self.mtp_only and bid < main_layers:
+                continue
             consumed.extend(self._write_mxfp4_expert_tensor(bid, "w1", gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_GATE_EXP))
             consumed.extend(self._write_mxfp4_expert_tensor(bid, "w2", gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN_EXP))
             consumed.extend(self._write_mxfp4_expert_tensor(bid, "w3", gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP_EXP))
 
+        for bid in range(main_layers, self.block_count):
+            e_name = f"layers.{bid}.nextn.e_proj.weight"
+            h_name = f"layers.{bid}.nextn.h_proj.weight"
+            if e_name not in self.model_tensors and h_name not in self.model_tensors:
+                continue
+            if e_name not in self.model_tensors or h_name not in self.model_tensors:
+                raise KeyError(f"Missing DeepSeek-V4 MTP e/h projection pair for block {bid}")
+
+            e_proj = LazyTorchTensor.to_eager(self.model_tensors[e_name]())
+            h_proj = LazyTorchTensor.to_eager(self.model_tensors[h_name]())
+            yield (f"layers.{bid}.nextn.eh_proj.weight", torch.cat((e_proj, h_proj), dim=1).contiguous())
+            consumed.extend((e_name, h_name))
+
         for name in consumed:
             del self.model_tensors[name]
 
@@ -737,6 +852,12 @@ class DeepseekV4Model(TextModel):
             "ffn.shared_experts.w1.weight": (gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_GATE_SHEXP, ".weight"),
             "ffn.shared_experts.w2.weight": (gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN_SHEXP, ".weight"),
             "ffn.shared_experts.w3.weight": (gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP_SHEXP, ".weight"),
+            "nextn.eh_proj.weight": (gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_EH_PROJ, ".weight"),
+            "nextn.enorm.weight": (gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_ENORM, ".weight"),
+            "nextn.hnorm.weight": (gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_HNORM, ".weight"),
+            "nextn.shared_head_norm.weight": (gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_NORM, ".weight"),
+            "nextn.embed_tokens.weight": (gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_EMBED_TOKENS, ".weight"),
+            "nextn.shared_head_head.weight": (gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_HEAD, ".weight"),
         }
 
         tensor_name = match.group(2)
@@ -759,10 +880,12 @@ class DeepseekV4Model(TextModel):
         return [(self._format_dsv4_tensor_name(tensor_key, bid, suffix), data_torch)]
 
     def tensor_force_quant(self, name: str, new_name: str, bid: int | None, n_dims: int) -> gguf.GGMLQuantizationType | bool:
-        del new_name, bid  # unused
+        del bid  # unused
 
         if name in self._dsv4_fp8_dequantized and n_dims >= 2:
             return gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.Q8_0
+        if new_name.endswith(".nextn.eh_proj.weight"):
+            return gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.Q8_0
         if name in self._dsv4_f32_tensors:
             return gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.F32
         if name in self._dsv4_bf16_tensors and n_dims >= 2:
@@ -770,7 +893,122 @@ class DeepseekV4Model(TextModel):
 
         return False
 
+    def prepare_metadata(self, vocab_only: bool):
+        from_dir = self.fname_out.is_dir()
+        super().prepare_metadata(vocab_only=vocab_only)
+
+        if not self.mtp_only or not from_dir:
+            return
+
+        output_type: str = self.ftype.name.partition("_")[2]
+        fname_default: str = gguf.naming_convention(
+            self.metadata.name, self.metadata.basename, self.metadata.finetune,
+            self.metadata.version, size_label=None, output_type=output_type, model_type=None)
+        self.fname_out = self.fname_out.parent / f"mtp-{fname_default}.gguf"
+
     def prepare_tensors(self):
         super().prepare_tensors()
         self._is_mxfp4 = True
         self.ftype = gguf.LlamaFileType.MOSTLY_MXFP4_MOE
+
+
+@ModelBase.register("DeepseekV4DSparkModel")
+class DeepseekV4DSparkModel(DeepseekV4Model):
+    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.DFLASH
+
+    _DSPARK_ROOT_MAP: dict[str, tuple[gguf.MODEL_TENSOR, str]] = {
+        "main_proj.weight": (gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.FC, ".weight"),
+        "main_norm.weight": (gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.ENC_OUTPUT_NORM, ".weight"),
+        "markov_head.markov_w1.weight": (gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.DSPARK_MARKOV_W1, ".weight"),
+        "markov_head.markov_w2.weight": (gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.DSPARK_MARKOV_W2, ".weight"),
+        "confidence_head.proj.weight": (gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.DSPARK_CONF_PROJ, ".weight"),
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        self.block_count = 1 + max(
+            int(match.group(1)) for name in self.model_tensors
+            if (match := re.match(r"layers\.(\d+)\.", name))
+        )
+        self.tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, self.block_count)
+
+        self.hparams["compress_ratios"] = [0] * self.block_count
+        self.hparams["num_hash_layers"] = 0
+
+    def index_tensors(self, remote_hf_model_id: str | None = None) -> dict[str, Callable[[], Tensor]]:
+        if remote_hf_model_id is None:
+            return super().index_tensors()
+
+        with open(self.dir_model / "model.safetensors.index.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            weight_map = json.load(f)["weight_map"]
+
+        part_names = sorted({
+            part_name for name, part_name in weight_map.items()
+            if name.startswith("mtp.")
+        })
+        tensors: dict[str, Callable[[], Tensor]] = {}
+
+        for part_name in part_names:
+            from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
+
+            logger.info("gguf: caching remote DSpark part '%s'", part_name)
+            part_path = Path(hf_hub_download(repo_id=remote_hf_model_id, filename=part_name))
+            with gguf.utility.SafetensorsLocal(part_path) as model_part:
+                for name in model_part:
+                    data = model_part[name]
+                    data_gen = lambda data=data: LazyTorchTensor.from_local_tensor(data)  # noqa: E731
+                    if titem := self.filter_tensors((name, data_gen)):
+                        tensor_name, tensor_gen = titem
+                        tensors[tensor_name] = tensor_gen
+
+        return tensors
+
+    @classmethod
+    def filter_tensors(cls, item: tuple[str, Callable[[], Tensor]]) -> tuple[str, Callable[[], Tensor]] | None:
+        name, gen = item
+        if not name.startswith("mtp."):
+            return None
+        return super().filter_tensors((cls._rekey_mtp_tensor_name(name), gen))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _rekey_mtp_tensor_name(name: str) -> str:
+        match = re.match(r"mtp\.(\d+)\.(.+)$", name)
+        if match is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unexpected DSpark tensor {name!r}")
+
+        stage, rest = match.group(1), match.group(2)
+        root_names = (
+            "main_proj.scale",
+            "norm.weight",
+            "hc_head_fn",
+            "hc_head_base",
+            "hc_head_scale",
+        )
+        if rest in DeepseekV4DSparkModel._DSPARK_ROOT_MAP or rest in root_names:
+            return rest
+        return f"layers.{stage}.{rest}"
+
+    def _map_dsv4_tensor_name(self, name: str, bid: int | None) -> tuple[gguf.MODEL_TENSOR, str]:
+        if name in self._DSPARK_ROOT_MAP:
+            return self._DSPARK_ROOT_MAP[name]
+        return super()._map_dsv4_tensor_name(name, bid)
+
+    def set_vocab(self):
+        if self.target_model_dir is None:
+            raise ValueError("DeepSeek-V4 DSpark requires --target-model-dir with the target tokenizer")
+
+        original_dir = self.dir_model
+        try:
+            self.dir_model = self.target_model_dir
+            super().set_vocab()
+        finally:
+            self.dir_model = original_dir
+
+        self.gguf_writer.add_mask_token_id(self.hparams["dspark_noise_token_id"])
+
+    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
+        super().set_gguf_parameters()
+
+        self.gguf_writer.add_block_size(self.hparams["dspark_block_size"])
+        self.gguf_writer.add_target_layers([layer + 1 for layer in self.hparams["dspark_target_layer_ids"]])

conversion/minicpm.py

@@ -137,6 +137,15 @@ class MiniCPMV4_6TextModel(Qwen3_5TextModel):
 class MiniCPMV4_6VisionModel(MmprojModel):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.downsample_mode = self.preprocessor_config.get("downsample_mode", "16x")
+        if self.downsample_mode not in {"4x", "16x"}:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported downsample mode: {self.downsample_mode}")
+        if self.downsample_mode == "4x":
+            self.model_tensors = {
+                name: tensor for name, tensor in self.model_tensors.items()
+                if ".vit_merger." not in name
+            }
+
         if self.hparams_vision is not None:
             # In MiniCPM-V 4.6 `vision_config.image_size` (980) describes the SigLIP
             # positional embedding bucket grid (70 x 70), while the per-slice processing
@@ -156,8 +165,8 @@ class MiniCPMV4_6VisionModel(MmprojModel):
         # (mapped to PROJECTOR_TYPE_MINICPMV4_6).
         self.gguf_writer.add_clip_projector_type(gguf.VisionProjectorType.MINICPMV4_6)
 
-        # ViT merger 2x2 + final merger 2x2 = 4x spatial merge per dimension; used for slice alignment
-        self.gguf_writer.add_vision_projector_scale_factor(4)
+        self.gguf_writer.add_vision_projector_scale_factor(
+            2 if self.downsample_mode == "4x" else 4)
 
         # borrow wa_layer_indexes for vit_merger insertion point
         insert_layer_id = int(self.global_config.get(

conversion/qwen.py

@@ -268,8 +268,101 @@ class Qwen3MoeModel(Qwen2MoeModel):
         super().set_vocab()
 
 
+class _QwenMtpMixin:
+    """Shared MTP wiring for Qwen3-Next and Qwen3.5/3.6 text variants. The HF
+    config carries the MTP block under `mtp_num_hidden_layers` (computed from
+    the checkpoint when absent, e.g. Qwen3-Next) and the tensors under
+    `mtp.*`; we extend block_count, emit the nextn metadata key, and remap
+    `mtp.*` to the standard layer-indexed nextn naming so the existing
+    tensor_map handles them."""
+
+    supports_mtp_export = True
+    hparams: dict[str, Any]
+    model_arch: gguf.MODEL_ARCH
+    gguf_writer: gguf.GGUFWriter
+    block_count: int
+    tensor_map: gguf.TensorNameMap
+    no_mtp: bool
+    mtp_only: bool
+    _original_block_count: int | None = None
+    opt_num_mtp_layers: int = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.block_count = self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"]
+        if not self.no_mtp:
+            n_mtp = self.hparams.get("mtp_num_hidden_layers", 0)
+            # Qwen-3-Next doesn't include `mtp_num_hidden_layers` in config.
+            if n_mtp == 0:
+                assert self.opt_num_mtp_layers != 0
+                n_mtp = self.opt_num_mtp_layers
+            self.block_count += n_mtp
+        self.tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, self.block_count)
+
+    def index_tensors(self, remote_hf_model_id: str | None = None) -> dict[str, Callable[[], Tensor]]:
+        hparams = {**self.hparams, **self.hparams.get("text_config", {})}
+        key = next((k for k in ["n_layers", "num_hidden_layers", "n_layer", "num_layers"] if k in hparams), None)
+        type(self)._original_block_count = hparams.get(key)
+        type(self).opt_num_mtp_layers = 0
+        return super().index_tensors(remote_hf_model_id=remote_hf_model_id)  # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def filter_tensors(cls, item):
+        assert cls._original_block_count is not None
+        # TODO: change TextModel to super()
+        if (titem := TextModel.filter_tensors(item)) is None:
+            return None
+        name, gen = titem
+        if name.startswith("model.mtp."):
+            name = name.replace("model.", "", 1)
+        if name.startswith("mtp."):
+            if cls.no_mtp:
+                return None
+            remapper = {
+                "fc":                    "eh_proj",
+                "pre_fc_norm_embedding": "enorm",
+                "pre_fc_norm_hidden":    "hnorm",
+                "norm":                  "shared_head.norm",
+            }
+            parts = name.split(".", 3)
+            if len(parts) == 4 and parts[1] == "layers" and parts[2].isdecimal():
+                mtp_idx = int(parts[2])
+                name = f"model.layers.{cls._original_block_count + mtp_idx}.{parts[3]}"
+                cls.opt_num_mtp_layers = max(cls.opt_num_mtp_layers, mtp_idx + 1)
+            elif len(parts) == 3 and parts[1] in remapper:
+                name = f"model.layers.{cls._original_block_count}.{remapper[parts[1]]}.{parts[2]}"
+        elif cls.mtp_only:
+            keep = name in (
+                "model.embed_tokens.weight", "model.norm.weight", "lm_head.weight",
+                "embed_tokens.weight", "norm.weight",
+            )
+            if not keep:
+                return None
+        return name, gen
+
+    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
+        super().set_gguf_parameters()  # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
+        if self.no_mtp:
+            return
+        if (n := self.block_count - self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"]) > 0:
+            self.gguf_writer.add_nextn_predict_layers(n)
+
+    def prepare_metadata(self, vocab_only: bool):
+        from_dir = self.fname_out.is_dir()
+        super().prepare_metadata(vocab_only=vocab_only)  # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
+
+        if not self.mtp_only or not from_dir:
+            return
+
+        output_type: str = self.ftype.name.partition("_")[2]  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue] # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
+        fname_default: str = gguf.naming_convention(
+            self.metadata.name, self.metadata.basename, self.metadata.finetune,                  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue] # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
+            self.metadata.version, size_label=None, output_type=output_type, model_type=None)    # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue] # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
+        self.fname_out = self.fname_out.parent / f"mtp-{fname_default}.gguf"
+
+
 @ModelBase.register("Qwen3NextForCausalLM")
-class Qwen3NextModel(Qwen2MoeModel):
+class Qwen3NextModel(_QwenMtpMixin, Qwen2MoeModel):
     model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.QWEN3NEXT
 
     def set_gguf_parameters(self):
@@ -284,16 +377,6 @@ class Qwen3NextModel(Qwen2MoeModel):
             rope_dim = self.hparams["hidden_size"] // self.hparams["num_attention_heads"]
         self.gguf_writer.add_rope_dimension_count(int(rope_dim * self.rope_parameters.get("partial_rotary_factor", 0.25)))
 
-    @classmethod
-    def filter_tensors(cls, item: tuple[str, Callable[[], Tensor]]) -> tuple[str, Callable[[], Tensor]] | None:
-        name, gen = item
-
-        if name.startswith("mtp"):
-            # ignore MTP layers for now
-            return None
-
-        return super().filter_tensors(item)
-
     def modify_tensors(self, data_torch: Tensor, name: str, bid: int | None) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Tensor]]:
         if name.endswith(".A_log"):
             data_torch = -torch.exp(data_torch)
@@ -536,97 +619,13 @@ class _Qwen35MRopeMixin:
             self.gguf_writer.add_rope_dimension_sections(self._QWEN35_DEFAULT_MROPE_SECTION)
 
 
-class _Qwen35MtpMixin:
-    """Shared MTP wiring for Qwen3.5/3.6 text variants. The HF config carries
-    the MTP block under `mtp_num_hidden_layers` and the tensors under
-    `mtp.*`; we extend block_count, emit the nextn metadata key, and remap
-    `mtp.*` to the standard layer-indexed nextn naming so the existing
-    tensor_map handles them."""
-
-    supports_mtp_export = True
-    hparams: dict[str, Any]
-    model_arch: gguf.MODEL_ARCH
-    gguf_writer: gguf.GGUFWriter
-    block_count: int
-    tensor_map: gguf.TensorNameMap
-    no_mtp: bool
-    mtp_only: bool
-    _original_block_count: int | None = None
-
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        self.block_count = self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"]
-        if not self.no_mtp:
-            self.block_count += self.hparams.get("mtp_num_hidden_layers", 0)
-        self.tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, self.block_count)
-
-    def index_tensors(self, remote_hf_model_id: str | None = None) -> dict[str, Callable[[], Tensor]]:
-        hparams = {**self.hparams, **self.hparams.get("text_config", {})}
-        key = next((k for k in ["n_layers", "num_hidden_layers", "n_layer", "num_layers"] if k in hparams), None)
-        type(self)._original_block_count = hparams.get(key)
-        return super().index_tensors(remote_hf_model_id=remote_hf_model_id)  # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
-
-    @classmethod
-    def filter_tensors(cls, item):
-        assert cls._original_block_count is not None
-        # TODO: change TextModel to super()
-        if (titem := TextModel.filter_tensors(item)) is None:
-            return None
-        name, gen = titem
-        if name.startswith("model.mtp."):
-            name = name.replace("model.", "", 1)
-        if name.startswith("mtp."):
-            if cls.no_mtp:
-                return None
-            remapper = {
-                "fc":                    "eh_proj",
-                "pre_fc_norm_embedding": "enorm",
-                "pre_fc_norm_hidden":    "hnorm",
-                "norm":                  "shared_head.norm",
-            }
-            parts = name.split(".", 3)
-            if len(parts) == 4 and parts[1] == "layers" and parts[2].isdecimal():
-                mtp_idx = int(parts[2])
-                name = f"model.layers.{cls._original_block_count + mtp_idx}.{parts[3]}"
-            elif len(parts) == 3 and parts[1] in remapper:
-                name = f"model.layers.{cls._original_block_count}.{remapper[parts[1]]}.{parts[2]}"
-        elif cls.mtp_only:
-            keep = name in (
-                "model.embed_tokens.weight", "model.norm.weight", "lm_head.weight",
-                "embed_tokens.weight", "norm.weight",
-            )
-            if not keep:
-                return None
-        return name, gen
-
-    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
-        super().set_gguf_parameters()  # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
-        if self.no_mtp:
-            return
-        if (n := self.hparams.get("mtp_num_hidden_layers", 0)) > 0:
-            self.gguf_writer.add_nextn_predict_layers(n)
-
-    def prepare_metadata(self, vocab_only: bool):
-        from_dir = self.fname_out.is_dir()
-        super().prepare_metadata(vocab_only=vocab_only)  # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
-
-        if not self.mtp_only or not from_dir:
-            return
-
-        output_type: str = self.ftype.name.partition("_")[2]  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue] # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
-        fname_default: str = gguf.naming_convention(
-            self.metadata.name, self.metadata.basename, self.metadata.finetune,                  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue] # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
-            self.metadata.version, size_label=None, output_type=output_type, model_type=None)    # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue] # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
-        self.fname_out = self.fname_out.parent / f"mtp-{fname_default}.gguf"
-
-
 @ModelBase.register("Qwen3_5ForConditionalGeneration", "Qwen3_5ForCausalLM")
-class Qwen3_5TextModel(_Qwen35MtpMixin, _Qwen35MRopeMixin, _LinearAttentionVReorderBase):
+class Qwen3_5TextModel(_Qwen35MRopeMixin, _LinearAttentionVReorderBase):
     model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.QWEN35
 
 
 @ModelBase.register("Qwen3_5MoeForConditionalGeneration", "Qwen3_5MoeForCausalLM")
-class Qwen3_5MoeTextModel(_Qwen35MtpMixin, _Qwen35MRopeMixin, _LinearAttentionVReorderBase):
+class Qwen3_5MoeTextModel(_Qwen35MRopeMixin, _LinearAttentionVReorderBase):
     model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.QWEN35MOE
 
 

convert_hf_to_gguf.py

@@ -122,8 +122,12 @@ def parse_args() -> argparse.Namespace:
         help="Export only the multi-token prediction (MTP) head as a separate GGUF, suitable for use as a speculative draft. An 'mtp-' prefix will be added to the output file name.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--no-mtp", action="store_true",
-        help="Exclude the multi-token prediction (MTP) head from the converted GGUF. Pair with --mtp on a second run to publish trunk and MTP as two files. Note: the split form duplicates embeddings, but even though the bundled default is more space-efficient overall, this allows differing quantization which may be more performant.",
+        "--no-nextn", "--no-mtp", dest="no_mtp", action="store_true",
+        help="Exclude NextN speculative draft tensors from the converted GGUF. Pair with --mtp or --dspark on a second run to publish target and draft as two files.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--dspark", action="store_true",
+        help="Export only the DeepSeek-V4 DSpark draft tensors as a separate GGUF.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         "--mistral-format", action="store_true",
@@ -254,13 +258,20 @@ def main() -> None:
             from conversion.mistral import MistralModel
             model_class = MistralModel
 
-        if args.mtp and args.no_mtp:
-            logger.error("--mtp and --no-mtp are mutually exclusive")
+        if sum((args.mtp, args.no_mtp, args.dspark)) > 1:
+            logger.error("--mtp, --no-nextn, and --dspark are mutually exclusive")
             sys.exit(1)
 
+        if args.dspark:
+            if is_mistral_format or model_architecture != "DeepseekV4ForCausalLM":
+                logger.error("--dspark is only supported for DeepseekV4ForCausalLM")
+                sys.exit(1)
+            from conversion.deepseek import DeepseekV4DSparkModel
+            model_class = DeepseekV4DSparkModel
+
         if args.mtp or args.no_mtp:
             if not model_class.supports_mtp_export:
-                logger.error("--mtp / --no-mtp are not supported for %s", model_architecture)
+                logger.error("--mtp / --no-nextn are not supported for %s", model_architecture)
                 sys.exit(1)
             if args.no_mtp:
                 model_class.no_mtp = True

ggml/src/ggml-backend.cpp

@@ -765,8 +765,9 @@ struct ggml_backend_sched_split {
     int backend_id;
     int i_start;
     int i_end;
-    struct ggml_tensor * inputs[GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS];
+    struct ggml_tensor ** inputs;
     int n_inputs;
+    int inputs_capacity;
     // graph view of this split
     struct ggml_cgraph graph;
 };
@@ -805,8 +806,9 @@ struct ggml_backend_sched {
     int cur_copy;
     int next_copy;
     ggml_backend_event_t events[GGML_SCHED_MAX_BACKENDS][GGML_SCHED_MAX_COPIES];
-    struct ggml_tensor * graph_inputs[GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS];
+    struct ggml_tensor ** graph_inputs;
     int n_graph_inputs;
+    int graph_inputs_capacity;
 
     struct ggml_context * ctx;
 
@@ -832,6 +834,36 @@ struct ggml_backend_sched {
 #define tensor_id_copy(id, backend_id, copy_id) sched->hv_tensor_copies[(id) * sched->n_backends * sched->n_copies + (backend_id) * sched->n_copies + (copy_id)]
 #define tensor_copy(tensor, backend_id, copy_id) tensor_id_copy(hash_id(tensor), backend_id, copy_id)
 
+static void ggml_backend_sched_split_inputs_grow(struct ggml_backend_sched_split * split) {
+    int new_cap = GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS;
+    if (split->inputs_capacity > 0) {
+        new_cap = 2*split->inputs_capacity;
+        GGML_LOG_WARN("%s: increasing split inputs capacity from %d to %d\n", __func__, split->inputs_capacity, new_cap);
+    }
+    auto * pnew = (struct ggml_tensor **) realloc((void *) split->inputs, new_cap * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *));
+    if (pnew == NULL) {
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to allocate %zu bytes\n", __func__, new_cap * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *));
+        GGML_ABORT("failed to grow split inputs container");
+    }
+    split->inputs = pnew;
+    split->inputs_capacity = new_cap;
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_sched_graph_inputs_grow(ggml_backend_sched_t sched) {
+    int new_cap = GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS;
+    if (sched->graph_inputs_capacity > 0) {
+        new_cap = 2*sched->graph_inputs_capacity;
+        GGML_LOG_WARN("%s: increasing graph inputs capacity from %d to %d\n", __func__, sched->graph_inputs_capacity, new_cap);
+    }
+    auto * pnew = (struct ggml_tensor **) realloc((void *) sched->graph_inputs, new_cap * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *));
+    if (pnew == NULL) {
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to allocate %zu bytes\n", __func__, new_cap * sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *));
+        GGML_ABORT("failed to grow graph inputs container");
+    }
+    sched->graph_inputs = pnew;
+    sched->graph_inputs_capacity = new_cap;
+}
+
 // returns the priority of the backend, lower id is higher priority
 static int ggml_backend_sched_backend_id(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, ggml_backend_t backend) {
     for (int i = 0; i < sched->n_backends; i++) {
@@ -1297,7 +1329,7 @@ void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgra
                     }
                     // check if the split has too many inputs
                     // FIXME: count the number of inputs instead of only checking when full
-                    if (split->n_inputs == GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS) {
+                    if (split->n_inputs >= split->inputs_capacity) {
                         const size_t id = hash_id(src);
                         int src_backend_id = sched->hv_tensor_backend_ids[id];
                         bool supported = ggml_backend_sched_buffer_supported(sched, src, cur_backend_id);
@@ -1313,10 +1345,14 @@ void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgra
                 split->i_end = i;
                 i_split++;
                 if (i_split >= sched->splits_capacity) {
+                    int old_cap = sched->splits_capacity;
                     sched->splits_capacity *= 2;
                     sched->splits = (ggml_backend_sched_split *)
                         realloc(sched->splits, sched->splits_capacity * sizeof(struct ggml_backend_sched_split));
                     GGML_ASSERT(sched->splits != NULL);
+                    for (int k = old_cap; k < sched->splits_capacity; k++) {
+                        memset(&sched->splits[k], 0, sizeof(struct ggml_backend_sched_split));
+                    }
                 }
                 split = &sched->splits[i_split];
                 split->backend_id = node_backend_id;
@@ -1353,7 +1389,9 @@ void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgra
                             SET_CAUSE(tensor_copy, "4.cpy");
                         }
                         int n_graph_inputs = sched->n_graph_inputs++;
-                        GGML_ASSERT(n_graph_inputs < GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS);
+                        if (n_graph_inputs >= sched->graph_inputs_capacity) {
+                            ggml_backend_sched_graph_inputs_grow(sched);
+                        }
                         sched->graph_inputs[n_graph_inputs] = src;
                     }
                 }
@@ -1373,7 +1411,9 @@ void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgra
                             SET_CAUSE(tensor_copy, "4.cpy");
                         }
                         int n_inputs = split->n_inputs++;
-                        GGML_ASSERT(n_inputs < GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS);
+                        if (n_inputs >= split->inputs_capacity) {
+                            ggml_backend_sched_split_inputs_grow(split);
+                        }
                         split->inputs[n_inputs] = src;
                     }
                     node->src[j] = tensor_id_copy(src_id, cur_backend_id, sched->cur_copy);
@@ -1399,7 +1439,11 @@ void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgra
         sched->prev_leaf_backend_ids = tmp;
     }
 
-    int graph_size = std::max(graph->n_nodes, graph->n_leafs) + sched->n_splits*GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS*2*sched->n_copies;
+    int total_inputs = sched->n_graph_inputs;
+    for (int i = 0; i < sched->n_splits; i++) {
+        total_inputs += sched->splits[i].n_inputs;
+    }
+    int graph_size = std::max(graph->n_nodes, graph->n_leafs) + total_inputs * 2 * sched->n_copies;
 
     // remember the actual graph_size for performing reallocation checks later [GGML_SCHED_DEBUG_REALLOC]
     sched->debug_prev_graph_size = sched->debug_graph_size;
@@ -1782,6 +1826,9 @@ ggml_backend_sched_t ggml_backend_sched_new(
     sched->splits = (ggml_backend_sched_split *) calloc(initial_splits_capacity, sizeof(sched->splits[0]));
     sched->splits_capacity = initial_splits_capacity;
 
+    sched->graph_inputs_capacity = GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS;
+    sched->graph_inputs = (struct ggml_tensor **) calloc(sched->graph_inputs_capacity, sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *));
+
     for (int b = 0; b < n_backends; b++) {
         sched->backends[b] = backends[b];
         sched->bufts[b] = bufts ? bufts[b] : ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(backends[b]);
@@ -1814,7 +1861,11 @@ void ggml_backend_sched_free(ggml_backend_sched_t sched) {
     ggml_gallocr_free(sched->galloc);
     ggml_free(sched->ctx);
     ggml_hash_set_free(&sched->hash_set);
+    for (int i = 0; i < sched->splits_capacity; i++) {
+        free(sched->splits[i].inputs);
+    }
     free(sched->splits);
+    free(sched->graph_inputs);
     free(sched->hv_tensor_backend_ids);
     free(sched->hv_tensor_copies);
     free(sched->node_backend_ids);

ggml/src/ggml-cuda/common.cuh

@@ -627,7 +627,8 @@ template <typename T> struct block_reduce_policy<block_reduce_method::MAX, T> {
 };
 
 template <block_reduce_method reduce_method_t, const unsigned int block_size_template = 0, typename T>
-static __device__ T block_reduce(T val, T * shared_vals) {
+static __device__ T block_reduce(T val, [[maybe_unused]] T * shared_vals) {
+    // for multi-warp reductions, callers must not reuse shared_vals until all reads from this invocation have completed
     val                           = block_reduce_policy<reduce_method_t, T>::reduce(val);
     const unsigned int block_size = block_size_template == 0 ? blockDim.x : block_size_template;
     if (block_size > WARP_SIZE) {

ggml/src/ggml-cuda/norm.cu

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ static __global__ void group_norm_f32(const float * x, float * dst, const int gr
         tmp += xi * xi;
     }
 
-    tmp = block_reduce<block_reduce_method::SUM, block_size>(tmp, s_sum);
+    tmp = block_reduce<block_reduce_method::SUM, block_size>(tmp, s_sum + 32);
 
     const float variance = tmp / group_size;
     const float scale = rsqrtf(variance + eps);
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ static void group_norm_f32_cuda(
         group_norm_f32<WARP_SIZE><<<num_groups, block_dims, 0, stream>>>(x, dst, group_size, ne_elements, eps);
     } else {
         const dim3 block_dims(1024, 1, 1);
-        group_norm_f32<1024><<<num_groups, block_dims, block_dims.x > WARP_SIZE ? 32 * sizeof(float): 0, stream>>>(x, dst, group_size, ne_elements, eps);
+        group_norm_f32<1024><<<num_groups, block_dims, block_dims.x > WARP_SIZE ? 2 * 32 * sizeof(float): 0, stream>>>(x, dst, group_size, ne_elements, eps);
     }
 }
 

ggml/src/ggml-cuda/softmax.cu

@@ -116,6 +116,11 @@ static __global__ void soft_max_f32(
         vals[col] = val;
     }
 
+    if (block_size > WARP_SIZE) {
+        // sync is needed as we reuse buf_iw across block_reduce invocations, see #26385
+        // for block_size <= WARP_SIZE, block_reduce does not access buf_iw
+        __syncthreads();
+    }
     // find the sum of exps in the block
     tmp = block_reduce<block_reduce_method::SUM, block_size_template>(tmp, buf_iw);
 
@@ -142,6 +147,8 @@ static __device__ void soft_max_f32_parallelize_cols_single_row(const float * __
                                                                 float * __restrict__ dst,
                                                                 float * __restrict__ tmp_maxs,
                                                                 float * __restrict__ tmp_sums,
+                                                                float * shared_vals_max,
+                                                                float * shared_vals_sum,
                                                                 const soft_max_params p) {
     namespace cg = cooperative_groups;
 
@@ -154,7 +161,6 @@ static __device__ void soft_max_f32_parallelize_cols_single_row(const float * __
     float     local_vals[n_elem_per_thread] = { -INFINITY, -INFINITY, -INFINITY, -INFINITY };
     float     local_max                     = -INFINITY;
     const int step_size                     = gridDim.x * blockDim.x;
-    __shared__ float shared_vals[32];
 
     // Compute thread-local max
     for (int col = col_start; col < p.ncols;) {
@@ -171,7 +177,7 @@ static __device__ void soft_max_f32_parallelize_cols_single_row(const float * __
     }
 
     // Compute CTA-level max
-    local_max = block_reduce<block_reduce_method::MAX>(local_max, shared_vals);
+    local_max = block_reduce<block_reduce_method::MAX>(local_max, shared_vals_max);
 
     // Store CTA-level max to GMEM
     if (tid == 0) {
@@ -186,7 +192,7 @@ static __device__ void soft_max_f32_parallelize_cols_single_row(const float * __
     } else {
         local_max = -INFINITY;
     }
-    local_max = block_reduce<block_reduce_method::MAX>(local_max, shared_vals);
+    local_max = block_reduce<block_reduce_method::MAX>(local_max, shared_vals_max);
 
     // Compute softmax dividends, accumulate divisor
     float tmp_expf = 0.0f;
@@ -209,7 +215,7 @@ static __device__ void soft_max_f32_parallelize_cols_single_row(const float * __
     }
 
     // Reduce divisor within CTA
-    tmp_expf = block_reduce<block_reduce_method::SUM>(tmp_expf, shared_vals);
+    tmp_expf = block_reduce<block_reduce_method::SUM>(tmp_expf, shared_vals_sum);
 
     // Store CTA-level sum to GMEM
     if (tid == 0) {
@@ -223,7 +229,7 @@ static __device__ void soft_max_f32_parallelize_cols_single_row(const float * __
     } else {
         tmp_expf = 0.0f;
     }
-    tmp_expf = block_reduce<block_reduce_method::SUM>(tmp_expf, shared_vals);
+    tmp_expf = block_reduce<block_reduce_method::SUM>(tmp_expf, shared_vals_sum);
 
     // Divide dividend by global sum + store data
     for (int col = col_start; col < p.ncols;) {
@@ -310,9 +316,11 @@ __launch_bounds__(8*WARP_SIZE, 1) static __global__ void soft_max_f32_paralleliz
 // https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-programming-guide/05-appendices/device-callable-apis.html#grid-synchronization
 // https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-programming-guide/05-appendices/device-callable-apis.html#class-cluster-group
 {
+    __shared__ float shared_vals[2][32];
+
     for (int rowx = 0; rowx < p.ne01 * p.ne02 * p.ne03; rowx++) {
         soft_max_f32_parallelize_cols_single_row(x + int64_t(rowx) * p.ncols, dst + int64_t(rowx) * p.ncols, tmp_maxs,
-                                                 tmp_sums, p);
+                                                 tmp_sums, shared_vals[0], shared_vals[1], p);
     }
 }
 

ggml/src/ggml-metal/ggml-metal-device.cpp

@@ -477,6 +477,41 @@ ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_soft_max(ggml_me
     return res;
 }
 
+ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_lightning_indexer(
+        ggml_metal_library_t lib,
+        const ggml_tensor * op) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(op->op == GGML_OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER);
+
+    char name[256];
+
+    snprintf(name, 256, "kernel_lightning_indexer_%s", ggml_type_name(op->src[1]->type));
+
+    ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params res = ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline(lib, name);
+    if (!res.pipeline) {
+        res = ggml_metal_library_compile_pipeline(lib, name, name, nullptr);
+    }
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_dsv4_hc(ggml_metal_library_t lib, ggml_op op) {
+    const char * name = nullptr;
+
+    switch (op) {
+        case GGML_OP_DSV4_HC_COMB: name = "kernel_dsv4_hc_comb_f32"; break;
+        case GGML_OP_DSV4_HC_PRE:  name = "kernel_dsv4_hc_pre_f32";  break;
+        case GGML_OP_DSV4_HC_POST: name = "kernel_dsv4_hc_post_f32"; break;
+        default: GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+    }
+
+    ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params res = ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline(lib, name);
+    if (!res.pipeline) {
+        res = ggml_metal_library_compile_pipeline(lib, name, name, nullptr);
+    }
+
+    return res;
+}
+
 ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_ssm_conv(ggml_metal_library_t lib, const ggml_tensor * op) {
     GGML_ASSERT(op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
     GGML_ASSERT(op->src[1]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
@@ -2117,6 +2152,23 @@ ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_opt_step_sgd(ggm
     return res;
 }
 
+ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_silu_back(ggml_metal_library_t lib, const ggml_tensor * op) {
+    assert(op->op == GGML_OP_SILU_BACK);
+
+    char base[256];
+    char name[256];
+
+    snprintf(base, 256, "kernel_silu_back_%s", ggml_type_name(op->src[0]->type));
+    snprintf(name, 256, "%s", base);
+
+    ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params res = ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline(lib, name);
+    if (!res.pipeline) {
+        res = ggml_metal_library_compile_pipeline(lib, base, name, nullptr);
+    }
+
+    return res;
+}
+
 ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_memset(ggml_metal_library_t lib, const ggml_tensor *  op) {
     GGML_ASSERT(op->type == GGML_TYPE_I64);
 

ggml/src/ggml-metal/ggml-metal-device.h

@@ -117,6 +117,7 @@ struct ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_diag
 struct ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_repeat            (ggml_metal_library_t lib, enum ggml_type tsrc);
 struct ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_concat            (ggml_metal_library_t lib, enum ggml_type tsrc);
 struct ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_unary             (ggml_metal_library_t lib, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
+struct ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_silu_back         (ggml_metal_library_t lib, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
 struct ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_glu               (ggml_metal_library_t lib, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
 struct ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_sum               (ggml_metal_library_t lib, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
 struct ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_sum_rows          (ggml_metal_library_t lib, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
@@ -124,6 +125,8 @@ struct ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_cumsum_bl
 struct ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_cumsum_add        (ggml_metal_library_t lib, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
 struct ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_tri               (ggml_metal_library_t lib, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
 struct ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_soft_max          (ggml_metal_library_t lib, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
+struct ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_lightning_indexer (ggml_metal_library_t lib, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
+struct ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_dsv4_hc           (ggml_metal_library_t lib, enum ggml_op op);
 struct ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_ssm_conv          (ggml_metal_library_t lib, const struct ggml_tensor * op);
 struct ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_ssm_conv_batched  (ggml_metal_library_t lib, const struct ggml_tensor * op, int ssm_conv_bs);
 struct ggml_metal_pipeline_with_params ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_ssm_scan          (ggml_metal_library_t lib, const struct ggml_tensor * op);

ggml/src/ggml-metal/ggml-metal-device.m

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 #import "ggml-impl.h"
 #import "ggml-backend-impl.h"
+#import "ggml-metal-impl.h"
 
 #include <Foundation/Foundation.h>
 
@@ -1137,6 +1138,14 @@ bool ggml_metal_device_supports_op(ggml_metal_device_t dev, const struct ggml_te
                 default:
                     return false;
             }
+        case GGML_OP_SILU_BACK:
+            return (op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32) &&
+                (op->src[1]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32) &&
+                (op->type == GGML_TYPE_F32) &&
+                ggml_is_contiguous(op->src[0]) &&
+                ggml_is_contiguous(op->src[1]) &&
+                ggml_is_contiguous(op) &&
+                ggml_are_same_shape(op->src[0], op->src[1]);
         case GGML_OP_GLU:
             switch (ggml_get_glu_op(op)) {
                 case GGML_GLU_OP_REGLU:
@@ -1181,6 +1190,7 @@ bool ggml_metal_device_supports_op(ggml_metal_device_t dev, const struct ggml_te
         case GGML_OP_MUL:
         case GGML_OP_DIV:
         case GGML_OP_ADD_ID:
+            return ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[0]) && ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[1]) && (op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 || op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_F16) && (op->src[0]->type == op->src[1]->type);
         case GGML_OP_ACC:
             return ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[0]) && ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[1]) && op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32;
         case GGML_OP_REPEAT:
@@ -1299,6 +1309,72 @@ bool ggml_metal_device_supports_op(ggml_metal_device_t dev, const struct ggml_te
                     return false;
             }
             return has_simdgroup_mm; // TODO: over-restricted for vec-kernels
+        case GGML_OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER:
+            if (op->src[0]->ne[0] != OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_DK ||
+                op->src[0]->ne[1] != OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_NH) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!has_simdgroup_mm ||
+                op->src[0]->type != GGML_TYPE_F32 ||
+                op->src[2]->type != GGML_TYPE_F32 ||
+                op->src[3]->type != GGML_TYPE_F16 ||
+                op->type         != GGML_TYPE_F32 ||
+                !ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[0]) ||
+                !ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[1]) ||
+                !ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[2]) ||
+                !ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[3])) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            switch (op->src[1]->type) {
+                case GGML_TYPE_F32:
+                case GGML_TYPE_F16:
+                case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0:
+                case GGML_TYPE_Q4_1:
+                case GGML_TYPE_Q5_0:
+                case GGML_TYPE_Q5_1:
+                case GGML_TYPE_Q8_0:
+                    return true;
+                case GGML_TYPE_BF16:
+                    return has_bfloat;
+                default:
+                    return false;
+            }
+        case GGML_OP_DSV4_HC_COMB:
+            return has_simdgroup_reduction &&
+                op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 &&
+                op->src[1]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 &&
+                op->src[2]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 &&
+                op->type         == GGML_TYPE_F32 &&
+                op->src[0]->ne[0] == 24 &&
+                op->src[1]->ne[0] >= 3 &&
+                op->src[2]->ne[0] == 24 &&
+                ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[0]) &&
+                ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[1]) &&
+                ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[2]);
+        case GGML_OP_DSV4_HC_PRE:
+            return has_simdgroup_reduction &&
+                op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 &&
+                op->src[1]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 &&
+                op->type         == GGML_TYPE_F32 &&
+                op->src[0]->ne[1] == 4 &&
+                op->src[1]->ne[0] == 4 &&
+                ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[0]) &&
+                ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[1]);
+        case GGML_OP_DSV4_HC_POST:
+            return has_simdgroup_reduction &&
+                op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 &&
+                op->src[1]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 &&
+                op->src[2]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 &&
+                op->src[3]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 &&
+                op->type         == GGML_TYPE_F32 &&
+                op->src[1]->ne[1] == 4 &&
+                op->src[2]->ne[0] == 4 &&
+                op->src[3]->ne[0] == 4 &&
+                op->src[3]->ne[1] == 4 &&
+                ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[0]) &&
+                ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[1]) &&
+                ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[2]) &&
+                ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[3]);
         case GGML_OP_SSM_CONV:
         case GGML_OP_SSM_SCAN:
             return has_simdgroup_reduction;

ggml/src/ggml-metal/ggml-metal-impl.h

@@ -112,6 +112,13 @@
 #define OP_FLASH_ATTN_EXT_VEC_NQPSG 1
 #define OP_FLASH_ATTN_EXT_VEC_NCPSG 32
 
+#define OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_DK    128
+#define OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_NH     64
+#define OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_NHPTG   8
+#define OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_NKPSG   8
+#define OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_NSG     8
+#define OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_NBPTG   8
+
 #define OP_UNARY_NUM_SCALE      10
 #define OP_UNARY_NUM_FILL       11
 #define OP_UNARY_NUM_CLAMP      12
@@ -1171,6 +1178,66 @@ typedef struct {
     int64_t val;
 } ggml_metal_kargs_memset;
 
+typedef struct {
+    int32_t  n_kv;
+    int32_t  n_batch;
+    int32_t  mask_ne3;
+    uint64_t nb1;
+    uint64_t nb3;
+    uint64_t nbq1;
+    uint64_t nbq2;
+    uint64_t nbq3;
+    uint64_t nbk2;
+    uint64_t nbk3;
+    uint64_t nbw1;
+    uint64_t nbw3;
+    uint64_t nbm1;
+    uint64_t nbm3;
+} ggml_metal_kargs_lightning_indexer;
+
+typedef struct {
+    int32_t  n_tokens;
+    int32_t  n_iter;
+    uint64_t nb_m0;
+    uint64_t nb_m1;
+    uint64_t nb_s0;
+    uint64_t nb_b0;
+    uint64_t nb_d0;
+    uint64_t nb_d1;
+    uint64_t nb_d2;
+    float    eps;
+} ggml_metal_kargs_dsv4_hc_comb;
+
+typedef struct {
+    int32_t  n_embd;
+    int32_t  n_tokens;
+    uint64_t nb_x0;
+    uint64_t nb_x1;
+    uint64_t nb_x2;
+    uint64_t nb_w0;
+    uint64_t nb_w1;
+    uint64_t nb_d0;
+    uint64_t nb_d1;
+} ggml_metal_kargs_dsv4_hc_pre;
+
+typedef struct {
+    int32_t  n_embd;
+    int32_t  n_tokens;
+    uint64_t nb_x0;
+    uint64_t nb_x1;
+    uint64_t nb_r0;
+    uint64_t nb_r1;
+    uint64_t nb_r2;
+    uint64_t nb_p0;
+    uint64_t nb_p1;
+    uint64_t nb_c0;
+    uint64_t nb_c1;
+    uint64_t nb_c2;
+    uint64_t nb_d0;
+    uint64_t nb_d1;
+    uint64_t nb_d2;
+} ggml_metal_kargs_dsv4_hc_post;
+
 typedef struct {
     int32_t  ne00;
     int32_t  ne01;
@@ -1222,4 +1289,8 @@ typedef struct {
     int64_t  np;
 } ggml_metal_kargs_opt_step_sgd;
 
+typedef struct {
+    int64_t ne;
+} ggml_metal_kargs_silu_back;
+
 #endif // GGML_METAL_IMPL

ggml/src/ggml-metal/ggml-metal-ops.cpp

@@ -299,6 +299,10 @@ static int ggml_metal_op_encode_impl(ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx) {
             {
                 n_fuse = ggml_metal_op_unary(ctx, idx);
             } break;
+        case GGML_OP_SILU_BACK:
+            {
+                n_fuse = ggml_metal_op_silu_back(ctx, idx);
+            } break;
         case GGML_OP_GLU:
             {
                 n_fuse = ggml_metal_op_glu(ctx, idx);
@@ -316,6 +320,16 @@ static int ggml_metal_op_encode_impl(ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx) {
             {
                 n_fuse = ggml_metal_op_cumsum(ctx, idx);
             } break;
+        case GGML_OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER:
+            {
+                n_fuse = ggml_metal_op_lightning_indexer(ctx, idx);
+            } break;
+        case GGML_OP_DSV4_HC_COMB:
+        case GGML_OP_DSV4_HC_PRE:
+        case GGML_OP_DSV4_HC_POST:
+            {
+                n_fuse = ggml_metal_op_dsv4_hc(ctx, idx);
+            } break;
         case GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX:
             {
                 n_fuse = ggml_metal_op_soft_max(ctx, idx);
@@ -1297,6 +1311,203 @@ int ggml_metal_op_diag(ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx) {
     return 1;
 }
 
+int ggml_metal_op_lightning_indexer(ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx) {
+    ggml_tensor * op = ctx->node(idx);
+
+    ggml_metal_encoder_t enc = ctx->enc;
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(op->op == GGML_OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER);
+
+    const ggml_tensor * q = op->src[0];
+    const ggml_tensor * k = op->src[1];
+    const ggml_tensor * w = op->src[2];
+    const ggml_tensor * m = op->src[3];
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(q->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+    GGML_ASSERT(k->type == GGML_TYPE_F32  ||
+                k->type == GGML_TYPE_F16  ||
+                k->type == GGML_TYPE_BF16 ||
+                k->type == GGML_TYPE_Q4_0 ||
+                k->type == GGML_TYPE_Q4_1 ||
+                k->type == GGML_TYPE_Q5_0 ||
+                k->type == GGML_TYPE_Q5_1 ||
+                k->type == GGML_TYPE_Q8_0);
+    GGML_ASSERT(w->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+    GGML_ASSERT(m->type == GGML_TYPE_F16);
+    GGML_ASSERT(op->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(q->ne[0] == OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_DK);
+    GGML_ASSERT(q->ne[1] == OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_NH);
+
+    ggml_metal_kargs_lightning_indexer args = {
+        /*.n_kv      =*/ (int32_t) k->ne[2],
+        /*.n_batch   =*/ (int32_t) q->ne[2],
+        /*.mask_ne3  =*/ (int32_t) m->ne[3],
+        /*.nb1       =*/ op->nb[1],
+        /*.nb3       =*/ op->nb[3],
+        /*.nbq1      =*/ q->nb[1],
+        /*.nbq2      =*/ q->nb[2],
+        /*.nbq3      =*/ q->nb[3],
+        /*.nbk2      =*/ k->nb[2],
+        /*.nbk3      =*/ k->nb[3],
+        /*.nbw1      =*/ w->nb[1],
+        /*.nbw3      =*/ w->nb[3],
+        /*.nbm1      =*/ m->nb[1],
+        /*.nbm3      =*/ m->nb[3],
+    };
+
+    ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer(enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(q),  1);
+    ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer(enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(k),  2);
+    ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer(enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(w),  3);
+    ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer(enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(m),  4);
+    ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer(enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(op), 5);
+
+    const int nsg   = OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_NSG;
+    const int nkptg = OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_NKPSG*nsg;
+    const int nbptg = OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_NBPTG;
+
+    auto pipeline = ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_lightning_indexer(ctx->lib, op);
+    ggml_metal_encoder_set_pipeline(enc, pipeline);
+    ggml_metal_encoder_set_bytes(enc, &args, sizeof(args), 0);
+    ggml_metal_encoder_dispatch_threadgroups(enc,
+            (k->ne[2] + nkptg - 1)/nkptg,
+            (q->ne[2] + nbptg - 1)/nbptg,
+            q->ne[3], 32, nsg, 1);
+
+    return 1;
+}
+
+int ggml_metal_op_dsv4_hc(ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx) {
+    ggml_tensor * op = ctx->node(idx);
+
+    ggml_metal_encoder_t enc = ctx->enc;
+    auto pipeline = ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_dsv4_hc(ctx->lib, op->op);
+
+    ggml_metal_encoder_set_pipeline(enc, pipeline);
+
+    switch (op->op) {
+        case GGML_OP_DSV4_HC_COMB:
+            {
+                const ggml_tensor * mixes = op->src[0];
+                const ggml_tensor * scale = op->src[1];
+                const ggml_tensor * base  = op->src[2];
+
+                GGML_ASSERT(mixes->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+                GGML_ASSERT(scale->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+                GGML_ASSERT(base->type  == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+                GGML_ASSERT(op->type    == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+                GGML_ASSERT(mixes->ne[0] == 24);
+                GGML_ASSERT(op->ne[0] == 4 && op->ne[1] == 4);
+
+                ggml_metal_kargs_dsv4_hc_comb args = {
+                    /*.n_tokens =*/ (int32_t) mixes->ne[1],
+                    /*.n_iter   =*/ ggml_get_op_params_i32(op, 1),
+                    /*.nb_m0    =*/ mixes->nb[0],
+                    /*.nb_m1    =*/ mixes->nb[1],
+                    /*.nb_s0    =*/ scale->nb[0],
+                    /*.nb_b0    =*/ base->nb[0],
+                    /*.nb_d0    =*/ op->nb[0],
+                    /*.nb_d1    =*/ op->nb[1],
+                    /*.nb_d2    =*/ op->nb[2],
+                    /*.eps      =*/ ggml_get_op_params_f32(op, 0),
+                };
+
+                ggml_metal_encoder_set_bytes (enc, &args, sizeof(args), 0);
+                ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer(enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(mixes), 1);
+                ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer(enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(scale), 2);
+                ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer(enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(base),  3);
+                ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer(enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(op),    4);
+
+                // One SIMDgroup owns one 4x4 Sinkhorn matrix. Packing up to four
+                // independent tokens per threadgroup keeps both decode and prompt
+                // dispatches compact without any threadgroup-memory synchronization.
+                const int nsg = std::min(4, args.n_tokens);
+                ggml_metal_encoder_dispatch_threadgroups(
+                        enc, (args.n_tokens + nsg - 1)/nsg, 1, 1, 32, nsg, 1);
+            } break;
+        case GGML_OP_DSV4_HC_PRE:
+            {
+                const ggml_tensor * x       = op->src[0];
+                const ggml_tensor * weights = op->src[1];
+
+                GGML_ASSERT(x->type       == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+                GGML_ASSERT(weights->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+                GGML_ASSERT(op->type      == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+                GGML_ASSERT(x->ne[1] == 4);
+
+                ggml_metal_kargs_dsv4_hc_pre args = {
+                    /*.n_embd   =*/ (int32_t) x->ne[0],
+                    /*.n_tokens =*/ (int32_t) x->ne[2],
+                    /*.nb_x0    =*/ x->nb[0],
+                    /*.nb_x1    =*/ x->nb[1],
+                    /*.nb_x2    =*/ x->nb[2],
+                    /*.nb_w0    =*/ weights->nb[0],
+                    /*.nb_w1    =*/ weights->nb[1],
+                    /*.nb_d0    =*/ op->nb[0],
+                    /*.nb_d1    =*/ op->nb[1],
+                };
+
+                ggml_metal_encoder_set_bytes (enc, &args, sizeof(args), 0);
+                ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer(enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(x),       1);
+                ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer(enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(weights), 2);
+                ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer(enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(op),      3);
+
+                const int n_tiles = (args.n_embd + 31)/32;
+                const int nsg = std::min(4, n_tiles);
+                ggml_metal_encoder_dispatch_threadgroups(
+                        enc, (n_tiles + nsg - 1)/nsg, args.n_tokens, 1, 32, nsg, 1);
+            } break;
+        case GGML_OP_DSV4_HC_POST:
+            {
+                const ggml_tensor * x        = op->src[0];
+                const ggml_tensor * residual = op->src[1];
+                const ggml_tensor * post     = op->src[2];
+                const ggml_tensor * comb     = op->src[3];
+
+                GGML_ASSERT(x->type        == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+                GGML_ASSERT(residual->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+                GGML_ASSERT(post->type     == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+                GGML_ASSERT(comb->type     == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+                GGML_ASSERT(op->type       == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+                GGML_ASSERT(residual->ne[1] == 4);
+
+                ggml_metal_kargs_dsv4_hc_post args = {
+                    /*.n_embd   =*/ (int32_t) x->ne[0],
+                    /*.n_tokens =*/ (int32_t) x->ne[1],
+                    /*.nb_x0    =*/ x->nb[0],
+                    /*.nb_x1    =*/ x->nb[1],
+                    /*.nb_r0    =*/ residual->nb[0],
+                    /*.nb_r1    =*/ residual->nb[1],
+                    /*.nb_r2    =*/ residual->nb[2],
+                    /*.nb_p0    =*/ post->nb[0],
+                    /*.nb_p1    =*/ post->nb[1],
+                    /*.nb_c0    =*/ comb->nb[0],
+                    /*.nb_c1    =*/ comb->nb[1],
+                    /*.nb_c2    =*/ comb->nb[2],
+                    /*.nb_d0    =*/ op->nb[0],
+                    /*.nb_d1    =*/ op->nb[1],
+                    /*.nb_d2    =*/ op->nb[2],
+                };
+
+                ggml_metal_encoder_set_bytes (enc, &args, sizeof(args), 0);
+                ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer(enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(x),        1);
+                ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer(enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(residual), 2);
+                ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer(enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(post),     3);
+                ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer(enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(comb),     4);
+                ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer(enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(op),       5);
+
+                const int n_tiles = (args.n_embd + 31)/32;
+                const int nsg = std::min(4, n_tiles);
+                ggml_metal_encoder_dispatch_threadgroups(
+                        enc, (n_tiles + nsg - 1)/nsg, args.n_tokens, 1, 32, nsg, 1);
+            } break;
+        default:
+            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+    }
+
+    return 1;
+}
+
 int ggml_metal_op_soft_max(ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx) {
     ggml_tensor * op = ctx->node(idx);
 
@@ -3197,9 +3408,6 @@ int ggml_metal_op_bin(ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx) {
     GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS( int32_t, ne,  op,         ne);
     GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(uint64_t, nb,  op,         nb);
 
-    GGML_ASSERT(op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
-    GGML_ASSERT(op->src[1]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
-
     GGML_ASSERT(ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[0]));
     GGML_ASSERT(ggml_is_contiguous_rows(op->src[1]));
 
@@ -3339,6 +3547,36 @@ int ggml_metal_op_bin(ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx) {
     return n_fuse;
 }
 
+int ggml_metal_op_silu_back(ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx) {
+    ggml_tensor * op = ctx->node(idx);
+
+    ggml_metal_library_t lib = ctx->lib;
+    ggml_metal_encoder_t enc = ctx->enc;
+
+    auto pipeline = ggml_metal_library_get_pipeline_silu_back(lib, op);
+
+    const int64_t ne = ggml_nelements(op);
+
+    ggml_metal_kargs_silu_back args = {
+        /*.ne =*/ ne,
+    };
+
+    int arg_idx{0};
+
+    ggml_metal_encoder_set_pipeline(enc, pipeline);
+    ggml_metal_encoder_set_bytes   (enc, &args, sizeof(args), arg_idx++);
+    ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer  (enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(op->src[0]), arg_idx++);
+    ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer  (enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(op->src[1]), arg_idx++);
+    ggml_metal_encoder_set_buffer  (enc, ggml_metal_get_buffer_id(op), arg_idx++);
+
+    const int nth = std::min<int64_t>(ggml_metal_pipeline_max_theads_per_threadgroup(pipeline), ne);
+    const int64_t n = (ne + nth - 1) / nth;
+
+    ggml_metal_encoder_dispatch_threadgroups(enc, n, 1, 1, nth, 1, 1);
+
+    return 1;
+}
+
 int ggml_metal_op_l2_norm(ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx) {
     ggml_tensor * op = ctx->node(idx);
 

ggml/src/ggml-metal/ggml-metal-ops.h

@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ int ggml_metal_op_cumsum            (ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx);
 int ggml_metal_op_get_rows          (ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx);
 int ggml_metal_op_set_rows          (ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx);
 int ggml_metal_op_diag              (ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx);
+int ggml_metal_op_lightning_indexer (ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx);
+int ggml_metal_op_dsv4_hc           (ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx);
 int ggml_metal_op_soft_max          (ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx);
 int ggml_metal_op_ssm_conv          (ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx);
 int ggml_metal_op_ssm_scan          (ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx);
@@ -70,6 +72,7 @@ int ggml_metal_op_mul_mat_id        (ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx);
 int ggml_metal_op_add_id            (ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx);
 int ggml_metal_op_flash_attn_ext    (ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx);
 int ggml_metal_op_bin               (ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx);
+int ggml_metal_op_silu_back         (ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx);
 int ggml_metal_op_l2_norm           (ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx);
 int ggml_metal_op_group_norm        (ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx);
 int ggml_metal_op_norm              (ggml_metal_op_t ctx, int idx);

ggml/src/ggml-metal/ggml-metal.metal

@@ -1255,6 +1255,20 @@ template [[host_name("kernel_unary_f32_f32_4")]] kernel kernel_unary_t kernel_un
 template [[host_name("kernel_unary_f16_f16")]]   kernel kernel_unary_t kernel_unary_impl<half,   half,   float>;
 template [[host_name("kernel_unary_f16_f16_4")]] kernel kernel_unary_t kernel_unary_impl<half4,  half4,  float4>;
 
+kernel void kernel_silu_back_f32(
+        constant ggml_metal_kargs_silu_back & args,
+        device const float * dy,
+        device const float * x,
+        device       float * dx,
+        uint gid [[thread_position_in_grid]]) {
+    if (gid >= args.ne) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const float s = 1.0f / (1.0f + exp(-x[gid]));
+    dx[gid] = dy[gid] * s * (1.0f + x[gid] * (1.0f - s));
+}
+
 // OP: 0 - add, 1 - sub, 2 - mul, 3 - div
 constant short FC_bin_op [[function_constant(FC_BIN + 0)]];
 constant short FC_bin_f  [[function_constant(FC_BIN + 1)]];
@@ -1418,6 +1432,8 @@ typedef decltype(kernel_bin_fuse_impl<float, float, float>) kernel_bin_fuse_t;
 
 template [[host_name("kernel_bin_fuse_f32_f32_f32")]]   kernel kernel_bin_fuse_t kernel_bin_fuse_impl<float,  float,  float>;
 template [[host_name("kernel_bin_fuse_f32_f32_f32_4")]] kernel kernel_bin_fuse_t kernel_bin_fuse_impl<float4, float4, float4>;
+template [[host_name("kernel_bin_fuse_f16_f16_f16")]]   kernel kernel_bin_fuse_t kernel_bin_fuse_impl<half,   half,   half>;
+template [[host_name("kernel_bin_fuse_f16_f16_f16_4")]] kernel kernel_bin_fuse_t kernel_bin_fuse_impl<half4,  half4,  half4>;
 
 kernel void kernel_add_id(
         constant ggml_metal_kargs_add_id & args,
@@ -11278,3 +11294,310 @@ kernel void kernel_count_equal(
 typedef decltype(kernel_count_equal<int32_t>) kernel_count_equal_t;
 
 template [[host_name("kernel_count_equal_i32")]] kernel kernel_count_equal_t kernel_count_equal<int32_t>;
+
+template<
+    typename kd4x4_t,
+    short nl_k,
+    void (*deq_k)(device const kd4x4_t *, short, thread half4x4 &)>
+kernel void kernel_lightning_indexer(
+        constant ggml_metal_kargs_lightning_indexer & args,
+        device const char * q,
+        device const char * k,
+        device const char * w,
+        device const char * m,
+        device       char * dst,
+        uint3  tgpig[[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
+        ushort tiitg[[thread_index_in_threadgroup]],
+        ushort tiisg[[thread_index_in_simdgroup]],
+        ushort sgitg[[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]]) {
+    constexpr short DK    = OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_DK;
+    constexpr short NH    = OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_NH;
+    constexpr short NHPTG = OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_NHPTG;
+    constexpr short NKPSG = OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_NKPSG;
+    constexpr short NSG   = OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_NSG;
+    constexpr short NBPTG = OP_LIGHTNING_INDEXER_NBPTG;
+
+    constexpr short DK4  = DK/4;
+    constexpr short DK8  = DK/8;
+    constexpr short DK16 = DK/16;
+
+    constexpr short NK  = NKPSG*NSG; // keys    per threadgroup
+    constexpr short NTG = 32*NSG;    // threads per threadgroup
+
+    const int i_stream = tgpig.z;
+    const int i_kv_0   = tgpig.x*NK;            // first key of this threadgroup
+    const int i_kv     = i_kv_0 + sgitg*NKPSG;  // first key of this simdgroup
+
+    threadgroup half4x4   sk4x4[NK*DK16];
+    threadgroup half    * sk = (threadgroup half *) sk4x4;
+
+    for (short i = tiitg; i < NK*DK16; i += NTG) {
+        const short ik  = i/DK16;
+        const short i16 = i%DK16;
+
+        half4x4 tmp;
+
+        if (i_kv_0 + ik < args.n_kv) {
+            device const kd4x4_t * kr = (device const kd4x4_t *) (k + (i_kv_0 + ik)*args.nbk2 + i_stream*args.nbk3);
+
+            deq_k(kr + i16/nl_k, i16%nl_k, tmp);
+        } else {
+            FOR_UNROLL (short j = 0; j < 4; ++j) {
+                tmp[j] = half4(0.0h);
+            }
+        }
+
+        sk4x4[i] = tmp;
+    }
+
+    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
+
+    // K tile of this simdgroup, transposed to [DK, NKPSG]
+    simdgroup_half8x8 mk[DK8];
+
+    FOR_UNROLL (short i = 0; i < DK8; ++i) {
+        simdgroup_load(mk[i], sk + sgitg*NKPSG*DK + 8*i, DK, 0, true);
+    }
+
+    threadgroup half4   sq4[NHPTG*DK4];
+    threadgroup half  * sq = (threadgroup half *) sq4;
+
+    threadgroup float sw [NHPTG];
+    threadgroup float sqk[NSG*NHPTG*NKPSG];
+
+    const int i_batch_0 = tgpig.y*NBPTG;
+    const int n_batch   = min((int) NBPTG, args.n_batch - i_batch_0);
+
+    for (short ib = 0; ib < n_batch; ++ib) {
+        const int i_batch = i_batch_0 + ib;
+
+        device const char * pq = q + i_batch*args.nbq2 + i_stream*args.nbq3;
+        device const char * pw = w + i_batch*args.nbw1 + i_stream*args.nbw3;
+
+        float score = 0.0f;
+
+        FOR_UNROLL (short i_head = 0; i_head < NH; i_head += NHPTG) {
+            // stage the Q tile [DK, NHPTG] and the (prescaled) head weights
+            for (short i = tiitg; i < NHPTG*DK4; i += NTG) {
+                const short ih = i/DK4;
+                const short i4 = i%DK4;
+
+                device const float4 * q4 = (device const float4 *) (pq + (i_head + ih)*args.nbq1);
+
+                sq4[ih*DK4 + i4] = half4(q4[i4]);
+            }
+
+            if (tiitg < NHPTG) {
+                sw[tiitg] = ((device const float *) pw)[i_head + tiitg];
+            }
+
+            threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
+
+            simdgroup_float8x8 mqk = make_filled_simdgroup_matrix<float, 8>(0.0f);
+
+            FOR_UNROLL (short i = 0; i < DK8; ++i) {
+                simdgroup_half8x8 mq;
+
+                simdgroup_load(mq, sq + 8*i, DK, 0, false);
+                simdgroup_multiply_accumulate(mqk, mq, mk[i], mqk);
+            }
+
+            threadgroup float * pqk = sqk + sgitg*NHPTG*NKPSG;
+
+            simdgroup_store(mqk, pqk, NKPSG, 0, false);
+            simdgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
+
+            // one lane per key: ReLU, apply the head weight and accumulate over the head tile
+            if (tiisg < NKPSG) {
+                FOR_UNROLL (short ih = 0; ih < NHPTG; ++ih) {
+                    score += max(pqk[ih*NKPSG + tiisg], 0.0f)*sw[ih];
+                }
+            }
+
+            threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
+        }
+
+        if (tiisg < NKPSG) {
+            const int ik = i_kv + tiisg;
+            if (ik < args.n_kv) {
+                device const half  * pm = (device const half  *) (m   + i_batch*args.nbm1 + (i_stream % args.mask_ne3)*args.nbm3);
+                device       float * pd = (device       float *) (dst + i_batch*args.nb1  + i_stream*args.nb3);
+
+                pd[ik] = score + (float) pm[ik];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+typedef decltype(kernel_lightning_indexer<half4x4, 1, dequantize_f16>) kernel_lightning_indexer_t;
+
+template [[host_name("kernel_lightning_indexer_f32")]]  kernel kernel_lightning_indexer_t kernel_lightning_indexer<float4x4, 1, dequantize_f32>;
+template [[host_name("kernel_lightning_indexer_f16")]]  kernel kernel_lightning_indexer_t kernel_lightning_indexer<half4x4,  1, dequantize_f16>;
+
+#if defined(GGML_METAL_HAS_BF16)
+template [[host_name("kernel_lightning_indexer_bf16")]] kernel kernel_lightning_indexer_t kernel_lightning_indexer<bfloat4x4, 1, dequantize_bf16>;
+#endif
+
+template [[host_name("kernel_lightning_indexer_q4_0")]] kernel kernel_lightning_indexer_t kernel_lightning_indexer<block_q4_0, 2, dequantize_q4_0>;
+template [[host_name("kernel_lightning_indexer_q4_1")]] kernel kernel_lightning_indexer_t kernel_lightning_indexer<block_q4_1, 2, dequantize_q4_1>;
+template [[host_name("kernel_lightning_indexer_q5_0")]] kernel kernel_lightning_indexer_t kernel_lightning_indexer<block_q5_0, 2, dequantize_q5_0>;
+template [[host_name("kernel_lightning_indexer_q5_1")]] kernel kernel_lightning_indexer_t kernel_lightning_indexer<block_q5_1, 2, dequantize_q5_1>;
+template [[host_name("kernel_lightning_indexer_q8_0")]] kernel kernel_lightning_indexer_t kernel_lightning_indexer<block_q8_0, 2, dequantize_q8_0>;
+
+kernel void kernel_dsv4_hc_comb_f32(
+        constant ggml_metal_kargs_dsv4_hc_comb & args,
+        device const char * mixes,
+        device const char * scale,
+        device const char * base,
+        device       char * dst,
+        uint3   tgpig[[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
+        ushort  tiisg[[thread_index_in_simdgroup]],
+        ushort  sgitg[[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]],
+        ushort3   ntg[[threads_per_threadgroup]]) {
+    constexpr ushort hc = 4;
+    constexpr ushort comb_offset = 2*hc;
+
+    const int it = tgpig.x*ntg.y + sgitg;
+    if (it >= args.n_tokens) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    float scale_lane = 0.0f;
+    if (tiisg == 0) {
+        scale_lane = *(device const float *) (scale + 2*args.nb_s0);
+    }
+    const float scale_comb = simd_shuffle(scale_lane, 0);
+
+    float v = 0.0f;
+    if (tiisg < hc*hc) {
+        v = *(device const float *) (mixes + (comb_offset + tiisg)*args.nb_m0 + it*args.nb_m1)*scale_comb
+          + *(device const float *) (base   + (comb_offset + tiisg)*args.nb_b0);
+    }
+
+    // Softmax across destinations (the four contiguous lanes for each source).
+    float vmax = max(v, simd_shuffle_xor(v, 1));
+    vmax = max(vmax, simd_shuffle_xor(vmax, 2));
+    v = exp(v - vmax);
+
+    float sum = v + simd_shuffle_xor(v, 1);
+    sum += simd_shuffle_xor(sum, 2);
+    v = v/sum + args.eps;
+
+    // Normalize columns: equal destination indices are four lanes apart.
+    sum = v + simd_shuffle_xor(v, 4);
+    sum += simd_shuffle_xor(sum, 8);
+    v /= sum + args.eps;
+
+    for (int i = 1; i < args.n_iter; ++i) {
+        sum = v + simd_shuffle_xor(v, 1);
+        sum += simd_shuffle_xor(sum, 2);
+        v /= sum + args.eps;
+
+        sum = v + simd_shuffle_xor(v, 4);
+        sum += simd_shuffle_xor(sum, 8);
+        v /= sum + args.eps;
+    }
+
+    if (tiisg < hc*hc) {
+        const ushort idst = tiisg & 3;
+        const ushort isrc = tiisg >> 2;
+        *(device float *) (dst + idst*args.nb_d0 + isrc*args.nb_d1 + it*args.nb_d2) = v;
+    }
+}
+
+kernel void kernel_dsv4_hc_pre_f32(
+        constant ggml_metal_kargs_dsv4_hc_pre & args,
+        device const char * x,
+        device const char * weights,
+        device       char * dst,
+        uint3   tgpig[[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
+        ushort  tiisg[[thread_index_in_simdgroup]],
+        ushort  sgitg[[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]],
+        ushort3   ntg[[threads_per_threadgroup]]) {
+    constexpr ushort hc = 4;
+
+    const int it = tgpig.y;
+    const int i0 = ((int) tgpig.x*ntg.y + sgitg)*32 + tiisg;
+
+    float weight_lane = 0.0f;
+    if (tiisg < hc) {
+        weight_lane = *(device const float *) (weights + tiisg*args.nb_w0 + it*args.nb_w1);
+    }
+
+    float w[hc];
+    FOR_UNROLL (ushort ih = 0; ih < hc; ++ih) {
+        w[ih] = simd_shuffle(weight_lane, ih);
+    }
+
+    if (i0 >= args.n_embd) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    device const char * xb = x + i0*args.nb_x0 + it*args.nb_x2;
+    float result = 0.0f;
+    FOR_UNROLL (ushort ih = 0; ih < hc; ++ih) {
+        result = fma(*(device const float *) (xb + ih*args.nb_x1), w[ih], result);
+    }
+
+    *(device float *) (dst + i0*args.nb_d0 + it*args.nb_d1) = result;
+}
+
+kernel void kernel_dsv4_hc_post_f32(
+        constant ggml_metal_kargs_dsv4_hc_post & args,
+        device const char * x,
+        device const char * residual,
+        device const char * post,
+        device const char * comb,
+        device       char * dst,
+        uint3   tgpig[[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
+        ushort  tiisg[[thread_index_in_simdgroup]],
+        ushort  sgitg[[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]],
+        ushort3   ntg[[threads_per_threadgroup]]) {
+    constexpr ushort hc = 4;
+
+    const int it = tgpig.y;
+    const int i0 = ((int) tgpig.x*ntg.y + sgitg)*32 + tiisg;
+
+    float coeff_lane = 0.0f;
+    if (tiisg < hc) {
+        coeff_lane = *(device const float *) (post + tiisg*args.nb_p0 + it*args.nb_p1);
+    } else if (tiisg < hc + hc*hc) {
+        const ushort idx  = tiisg - hc;
+        const ushort idst = idx & 3;
+        const ushort isrc = idx >> 2;
+        coeff_lane = *(device const float *) (comb + idst*args.nb_c0 + isrc*args.nb_c1 + it*args.nb_c2);
+    }
+
+    float post_reg[hc];
+    float comb_reg[hc][hc];
+    FOR_UNROLL (ushort idst = 0; idst < hc; ++idst) {
+        post_reg[idst] = simd_shuffle(coeff_lane, idst);
+    }
+    FOR_UNROLL (ushort isrc = 0; isrc < hc; ++isrc) {
+        FOR_UNROLL (ushort idst = 0; idst < hc; ++idst) {
+            comb_reg[isrc][idst] = simd_shuffle(coeff_lane, hc + idst + hc*isrc);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (i0 >= args.n_embd) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const float xv = *(device const float *) (x + i0*args.nb_x0 + it*args.nb_x1);
+    float result[hc];
+    FOR_UNROLL (ushort idst = 0; idst < hc; ++idst) {
+        result[idst] = xv*post_reg[idst];
+    }
+
+    device const char * rb = residual + i0*args.nb_r0 + it*args.nb_r2;
+    FOR_UNROLL (ushort isrc = 0; isrc < hc; ++isrc) {
+        const float rv = *(device const float *) (rb + isrc*args.nb_r1);
+        FOR_UNROLL (ushort idst = 0; idst < hc; ++idst) {
+            result[idst] = fma(rv, comb_reg[isrc][idst], result[idst]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    FOR_UNROLL (ushort idst = 0; idst < hc; ++idst) {
+        *(device float *) (dst + i0*args.nb_d0 + idst*args.nb_d1 + it*args.nb_d2) = result[idst];
+    }
+}

ggml/src/ggml-opencl/ggml-opencl.cpp

@@ -7065,7 +7065,7 @@ static inline bool use_flat_gemv_for_large_m_q4_K(const ggml_tensor *tensor) {
     return tensor->ne[1] >= 32768 && tensor->ne[2] == 1 && tensor->ne[3] == 1;
 }
 
-static inline bool use_flat_gemv_for_large_m_q6_K(const ggml_tensor *tensor) {
+static inline bool use_flat_gemv_for_large_m_q6_K(const ggml_backend_opencl_context *backend_ctx, const ggml_tensor *tensor) {
     // gemv_noshuffle variant perf drops for large M, use flat variant for large M.
     // threshold is well above typical hidden/FFN dims, but below typical vocab sizes.
     // q6_K flat gemv is worse for smaller K; 2048 seems to be a reasonable threshold.
@@ -7083,7 +7083,15 @@ static inline bool use_flat_gemv_for_large_m_q6_K(const ggml_tensor *tensor) {
     if ((tensor->ne[1] % 128 != 0) && tensor->ne[2] == 1 && tensor->ne[3] == 1) {
         return true;
     }
-    return tensor->ne[1] >= 32768 && tensor->ne[0] >= 2048 && tensor->ne[2] == 1 && tensor->ne[3] == 1;
+
+    // The gemv_noshuffle slowdown tracks TOTAL weight size, not ne0 alone; ne0 >= 2048 is a
+    // proxy for "large weight" that misses a narrow-hidden vocab-scale lm_head.
+    // Add a direct size escape so such weights also take the flat path, without changing
+    // which weights ne0 >= 2048 already routes there.
+    // The size escape is not taken on the A7X since its compiler miscompiles the flat K-quant GEMV
+    return tensor->ne[1] >= 32768
+        && (tensor->ne[0] >= 2048 || (backend_ctx->adreno_gen != ADRENO_GPU_GEN::A7X && ggml_nbytes(tensor) >= (256ull << 20)))
+        && tensor->ne[2] == 1 && tensor->ne[3] == 1;
 }
 
 static bool ggml_opencl_supports_op(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const struct ggml_tensor * op) {
@@ -7495,6 +7503,7 @@ static ggml_backend_i ggml_backend_opencl_i = {
 ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_opencl_init(void) {
     ggml_backend_dev_t dev = ggml_backend_reg_dev_get(ggml_backend_opencl_reg(), 0);
     ggml_backend_opencl_context *backend_ctx = ggml_cl_init(dev);
+    backend_ctx->ref_count++;
 
     ggml_backend_t backend = new ggml_backend {
         /* .guid    = */ ggml_backend_opencl_guid(),
@@ -9402,7 +9411,7 @@ static void ggml_backend_opencl_buffer_set_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer,
         cl_kernel kernel;
 #ifdef GGML_OPENCL_USE_ADRENO_KERNELS
         kernel = backend_ctx->kernel_convert_block_q6_K;
-        if (use_adreno_kernels(backend_ctx, tensor) && !use_flat_gemv_for_large_m_q6_K(tensor)) {
+        if (use_adreno_kernels(backend_ctx, tensor) && !use_flat_gemv_for_large_m_q6_K(backend_ctx, tensor)) {
             kernel = backend_ctx->kernel_convert_block_q6_K_noshuffle;
         }
 #else
@@ -9435,7 +9444,7 @@ static void ggml_backend_opencl_buffer_set_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer,
         tensor->extra  = extra;
 
 #ifdef GGML_OPENCL_USE_ADRENO_KERNELS
-        if (use_adreno_kernels(backend_ctx, tensor) && !use_flat_gemv_for_large_m_q6_K(tensor)) {
+        if (use_adreno_kernels(backend_ctx, tensor) && !use_flat_gemv_for_large_m_q6_K(backend_ctx, tensor)) {
             cl_int M = tensor->ne[1];   // ne01
             cl_int K = tensor->ne[0];   // ne00
 
@@ -10472,7 +10481,7 @@ static void ggml_backend_opencl_buffer_get_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer,
             CL_CHECK(clReleaseMemObject(data_device));
             return;
         }
-        if (use_adreno_kernels(backend_ctx, tensor) && !use_flat_gemv_for_large_m_q6_K(tensor)) {
+        if (use_adreno_kernels(backend_ctx, tensor) && !use_flat_gemv_for_large_m_q6_K(backend_ctx, tensor)) {
             static ggml_cl_buffer buf_trans_ql;
             static ggml_cl_buffer buf_trans_qh;
             static ggml_cl_buffer buf_trans_s;
@@ -18894,7 +18903,7 @@ static void ggml_cl_mul_mat(ggml_backend_t backend, const ggml_tensor * src0, co
         }
 
         // q6_K x fp32
-        if (src0t == GGML_TYPE_Q6_K && src1t == GGML_TYPE_F32 && !use_flat_gemv_for_large_m_q6_K(src0)) {
+        if (src0t == GGML_TYPE_Q6_K && src1t == GGML_TYPE_F32 && !use_flat_gemv_for_large_m_q6_K(backend_ctx, src0)) {
             ggml_cl_mul_mat_q6_K_f32_adreno(backend, src0, src1, dst);
             return;
         }
@@ -24259,7 +24268,7 @@ static void ggml_cl_glu(ggml_backend_t backend, const ggml_tensor * src0, const
     }
 
     const size_t nrows = ggml_nrows(src0);
-    size_t nth = 512;
+    size_t nth = backend_ctx->max_workgroup_size < 512 ? backend_ctx->max_workgroup_size : 512;
     size_t global_work_size[] = {nrows*nth, 1, 1};
     size_t local_work_size[] = {nth, 1, 1};
 

ggml/src/ggml-sycl/common.hpp

@@ -235,6 +235,7 @@ struct sycl_device_info {
     int max_wg_per_cu; // max work groups per compute unit - refer to
                        // cudaOccupancyMaxActiveBlocksPerMultiprocessor
     bool    vmm;                // virtual memory support
+    bool    l0_device_type_valid;
     bool    l0_discrete_gpu;    // Level Zero backend and not an integrated GPU
     size_t  vmm_granularity;    // granularity of virtual memory
     size_t  total_vram;

ggml/src/ggml-sycl/ggml-sycl.cpp

@@ -167,7 +167,10 @@ static ggml_sycl_device_info ggml_sycl_init() {
             ze_device_properties_t props = {};
             props.stype = ZE_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_PROPERTIES;
             ze_result_t r = zeDeviceGetProperties(ze_dev, &props);
-            info.devices[i].l0_discrete_gpu = r == ZE_RESULT_SUCCESS && !(props.flags & ZE_DEVICE_PROPERTY_FLAG_INTEGRATED);
+            if (r == ZE_RESULT_SUCCESS) {
+                info.devices[i].l0_device_type_valid = true;
+                info.devices[i].l0_discrete_gpu = !(props.flags & ZE_DEVICE_PROPERTY_FLAG_INTEGRATED);
+            }
         }
 #endif
     }
@@ -5606,7 +5609,11 @@ static void ggml_backend_sycl_device_get_memory(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, size_t *
 }
 
 static enum ggml_backend_dev_type ggml_backend_sycl_device_get_type(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
-    GGML_UNUSED(dev);
+    ggml_backend_sycl_device_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_sycl_device_context *)dev->context;
+    const sycl_device_info & info = ggml_sycl_info().devices[ctx->device];
+    if (info.l0_device_type_valid && !info.l0_discrete_gpu) {
+        return GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_IGPU;
+    }
     return GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU;
 }
 

ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/ggml-vulkan.cpp

@@ -610,6 +610,13 @@ static constexpr std::initializer_list<ggml_op> topk_moe_sigmoid_norm_bias{ GGML
                                                                             GGML_OP_RESHAPE,  GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS, GGML_OP_CLAMP,
                                                                             GGML_OP_DIV,      GGML_OP_RESHAPE };
 
+static constexpr std::initializer_list<ggml_op> topk_moe_sqrt_softplus_norm_bias{ GGML_OP_UNARY,    GGML_OP_SQRT,
+                                                                                  GGML_OP_RESHAPE,  GGML_OP_ADD,
+                                                                                  GGML_OP_ARGSORT,  GGML_OP_VIEW,
+                                                                                  GGML_OP_GET_ROWS, GGML_OP_RESHAPE,
+                                                                                  GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS, GGML_OP_CLAMP,
+                                                                                  GGML_OP_DIV,      GGML_OP_RESHAPE };
+
 static constexpr std::initializer_list<ggml_op> topk_moe_early_softmax     { GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX, GGML_OP_RESHAPE,  GGML_OP_ARGSORT,
                                                                              GGML_OP_VIEW,     GGML_OP_GET_ROWS };
 
@@ -673,6 +680,22 @@ static constexpr std::initializer_list<std::array<int, 3>> topk_moe_sigmoid_norm
     {10, 0, 9 }, // reshape->src[0]  == div
 };
 
+static constexpr std::initializer_list<std::array<int, 3>> topk_moe_sqrt_softplus_norm_bias_edges {
+    { 1, 0, 0 }, // sqrt->src[0]     == softplus
+    { 2, 0, 1 }, // reshape->src[0]  == sqrt
+    { 3, 0, 1 }, // add->src[0]      == sqrt
+    { 4, 0, 3 }, // argsort->src[0]  == add
+    { 5, 0, 4 }, // view->src[0]     == argsort
+    { 6, 0, 2 }, // get_rows->src[0] == reshape
+    { 6, 1, 5 }, // get_rows->src[1] == view
+    { 7, 0, 6 }, // reshape->src[0]  == get_rows
+    { 8, 0, 7 }, // sum_rows->src[0] == reshape
+    { 9, 0, 8 }, // clamp->src[0]    == sum_rows
+    {10, 0, 7 }, // div->src[0]      == reshape
+    {10, 1, 9 }, // div->src[1]      == clamp
+    {11, 0,10 }, // reshape->src[0]  == div
+};
+
 // same as early_softmax_norm but ending after the get_rows
 static constexpr std::initializer_list<std::array<int, 3>> topk_moe_early_softmax_edges {
     { 1, 0, 0 }, // reshape->src[0]  == softmax
@@ -701,6 +724,7 @@ enum topk_moe_mode {
     TOPK_MOE_EARLY_SOFTMAX_NORM,
     TOPK_MOE_LATE_SOFTMAX,
     TOPK_MOE_SIGMOID_NORM_BIAS,
+    TOPK_MOE_SQRT_SOFTPLUS_NORM_BIAS,
     TOPK_MOE_COUNT,
 };
 
@@ -998,6 +1022,7 @@ struct vk_device_struct {
     vk_pipeline pipeline_snake_f32;
     vk_pipeline pipeline_snake_f16;
     vk_pipeline pipeline_snake_bf16;
+    vk_pipeline pipeline_pool1d_f32;
     vk_pipeline pipeline_pool2d_f32;
     vk_pipeline pipeline_rwkv_wkv6_f32;
     vk_pipeline pipeline_rwkv_wkv7_f32;
@@ -1687,6 +1712,17 @@ struct vk_op_snake_push_constants {
     uint32_t ne1;
 };
 
+struct vk_op_pool1d_push_constants {
+    uint32_t IL;
+    uint32_t OL;
+    uint32_t OC;
+    uint32_t pelements;
+    uint32_t op;
+    int32_t k0;
+    int32_t s0;
+    int32_t p0;
+};
+
 struct vk_op_pool2d_push_constants {
     uint32_t IW; uint32_t IH;
     uint32_t OW; uint32_t OH;
@@ -1934,6 +1970,7 @@ struct ggml_vk_garbage_collector {
 static void ggml_vk_preallocate_buffers(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context subctx);
 static void ggml_vk_load_shaders(vk_device& device, vk_pipeline requested = nullptr);
 static void ggml_pipeline_allocate_descriptor_sets(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx);
+static bool ggml_vk_intel_windows_driver_equals_or_newer_than(uint32_t driver_version, uint32_t threshold_major, uint32_t threshold_minor);
 
 static bool vk_memory_logger_enabled = false;
 
@@ -5552,8 +5589,11 @@ static void ggml_vk_load_shaders(vk_device& device, vk_pipeline requested) {
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_argmax_f32, "argmax_f32", argmax_f32_len, argmax_f32_data, "main", 2, sizeof(vk_op_push_constants), {1, 1, 1}, { device->subgroup_size }, 1);
 
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_sum_rows_f32, "sum_rows_f32", sum_rows_f32_len, sum_rows_f32_data, "main", 2, sizeof(vk_op_sum_rows_push_constants), {1, 1, 1}, { device->subgroup_size }, 1);
-    // Intel Arc B390 was observed segfaulting with this shader.
-    if (device->subgroup_basic && device->subgroup_shuffle && device->vendor_id != VK_VENDOR_ID_INTEL) {
+    // Intel Windows driver older than 32.0.101.8860 will crash when using fwht kernels on Xe2+ GPUS so we gate that here
+    const bool can_use_fwht = device->driver_id != vk::DriverId::eIntelProprietaryWindows ||
+        device->architecture != vk_device_architecture::INTEL_XE2 ||
+        (device->architecture == vk_device_architecture::INTEL_XE2 && ggml_vk_intel_windows_driver_equals_or_newer_than(device->properties.driverVersion, 101, 8860));
+    if (can_use_fwht && device->subgroup_basic && device->subgroup_shuffle) {
         int idx = 0;
         for (uint32_t n : {64, 128, 256, 512}) {
             if (device->subgroup_size <= n) {
@@ -5561,8 +5601,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_load_shaders(vk_device& device, vk_pipeline requested) {
             }
             ++idx;
         }
-    } else if (device->driver_id != vk::DriverId::eIntelProprietaryWindows) {
-        // Disabled on Intel Windows due to a driver bug: https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/23964#issuecomment-4598226147
+    } else if (can_use_fwht) {
         int idx = 0;
         for (uint32_t n : {64, 128, 256, 512}) {
             const uint32_t block_size = std::min(device->subgroup_size, n);
@@ -5619,6 +5658,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_load_shaders(vk_device& device, vk_pipeline requested) {
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_snake_f16,  "snake_f16",  snake_f16_len,  snake_f16_data,  "main", 4, sizeof(vk_op_snake_push_constants), {256, 1, 1}, {}, 1);
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_snake_bf16, "snake_bf16", snake_bf16_len, snake_bf16_data, "main", 4, sizeof(vk_op_snake_push_constants), {256, 1, 1}, {}, 1);
 
+    ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_pool1d_f32, "pool1d_f32", pool1d_f32_len, pool1d_f32_data, "main", 2, sizeof(vk_op_pool1d_push_constants), {512, 1, 1}, {}, 1);
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_pool2d_f32, "pool2d_f32", pool2d_f32_len, pool2d_f32_data, "main", 2, sizeof(vk_op_pool2d_push_constants), {512, 1, 1}, {}, 1);
 
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_rwkv_wkv6_f32, "rwkv_wkv6_f32", rwkv_wkv6_f32_len, rwkv_wkv6_f32_data, "main", 7, sizeof(vk_op_rwkv_wkv6_push_constants), {1, 1, 1}, {device->subgroup_size}, 1);
@@ -11332,6 +11372,11 @@ static vk_pipeline ggml_vk_op_get_pipeline(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, const
             case GGML_TYPE_BF16: return ctx->device->pipeline_col2im_1d_bf16;
             default:             return nullptr;
         }
+    case GGML_OP_POOL_1D:
+        if (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F32) {
+            return ctx->device->pipeline_pool1d_f32;
+        }
+        return nullptr;
     case GGML_OP_POOL_2D:
         if (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F32) {
             return ctx->device->pipeline_pool2d_f32;
@@ -11854,6 +11899,13 @@ static void ggml_vk_op_f32(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, co
         {
             elements = { uint32_t(dst->ne[0]), uint32_t(dst->ne[1]), 1 };
         } break;
+    case GGML_OP_POOL_1D:
+        {
+            const uint32_t N = dst->ne[3] * dst->ne[2];
+            const uint32_t OC = dst->ne[1];
+            const uint32_t OL = dst->ne[0];
+            elements = { N * OC * OL, 1, 1};
+        } break;
     case GGML_OP_POOL_2D:
         {
             const uint32_t N = dst->ne[3];
@@ -13175,12 +13227,16 @@ static void ggml_vk_soft_max_back(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& sub
 
 static void ggml_vk_topk_moe(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, ggml_cgraph * cgraph, int node_idx) {
     topk_moe_mode mode = ctx->fused_topk_moe_mode;
+    const bool has_bias = mode == TOPK_MOE_SIGMOID_NORM_BIAS || mode == TOPK_MOE_SQRT_SOFTPLUS_NORM_BIAS;
     ggml_tensor * logits = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 0]->src[0];
-    ggml_tensor * bias = (mode == TOPK_MOE_SIGMOID_NORM_BIAS) ? cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 2]->src[1] : logits;
+    ggml_tensor * bias = mode == TOPK_MOE_SIGMOID_NORM_BIAS       ? cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 2]->src[1] :
+                         mode == TOPK_MOE_SQRT_SOFTPLUS_NORM_BIAS ? cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 3]->src[1] :
+                                                                   logits;
     ggml_tensor * weights = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + ctx->num_additional_fused_ops];
-    ggml_tensor * ids = (mode == TOPK_MOE_SIGMOID_NORM_BIAS) ? cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 4] :
-                        (mode == TOPK_MOE_LATE_SOFTMAX) ?      cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 1] :
-                                                               cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 3];
+    ggml_tensor * ids = mode == TOPK_MOE_SIGMOID_NORM_BIAS       ? cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 4] :
+                        mode == TOPK_MOE_SQRT_SOFTPLUS_NORM_BIAS ? cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 5] :
+                        mode == TOPK_MOE_LATE_SOFTMAX             ? cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 1] :
+                                                                   cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 3];
 
     GGML_ASSERT(logits->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
     GGML_ASSERT(bias->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
@@ -13220,16 +13276,24 @@ static void ggml_vk_topk_moe(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx,
         pc.clamp_min = ggml_get_op_params_f32(clamp, 0);
         pc.clamp_max = ggml_get_op_params_f32(clamp, 1);
     }
+    if (mode == TOPK_MOE_SQRT_SOFTPLUS_NORM_BIAS) {
+        ggml_tensor * clamp = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 9];
+        GGML_ASSERT(clamp->op == GGML_OP_CLAMP);
+        pc.clamp_min = ggml_get_op_params_f32(clamp, 0);
+        pc.clamp_max = ggml_get_op_params_f32(clamp, 1);
+    }
 
 #define GATING_FUNC_SOFTMAX 0
 #define GATING_FUNC_SIGMOID 1
 #define GATING_FUNC_SOFTMAX_WEIGHT 2
+#define GATING_FUNC_SQRT_SOFTPLUS 3
 
-    pc.gating_func = mode == TOPK_MOE_SIGMOID_NORM_BIAS ? GATING_FUNC_SIGMOID :
-                     mode == TOPK_MOE_LATE_SOFTMAX ?      GATING_FUNC_SOFTMAX_WEIGHT :
-                                                          GATING_FUNC_SOFTMAX;
-    pc.has_bias = mode == TOPK_MOE_SIGMOID_NORM_BIAS;
-    pc.with_norm = mode == TOPK_MOE_EARLY_SOFTMAX_NORM || mode == TOPK_MOE_SIGMOID_NORM_BIAS;
+    pc.gating_func = mode == TOPK_MOE_SIGMOID_NORM_BIAS       ? GATING_FUNC_SIGMOID :
+                     mode == TOPK_MOE_SQRT_SOFTPLUS_NORM_BIAS ? GATING_FUNC_SQRT_SOFTPLUS :
+                     mode == TOPK_MOE_LATE_SOFTMAX             ? GATING_FUNC_SOFTMAX_WEIGHT :
+                                                                 GATING_FUNC_SOFTMAX;
+    pc.has_bias = has_bias;
+    pc.with_norm = mode == TOPK_MOE_EARLY_SOFTMAX_NORM || has_bias;
     if (ctx->fused_topk_moe_scale) {
         GGML_ASSERT(weights->op == GGML_OP_SCALE);
         pc.output_scale = ggml_get_op_params_f32(weights, 0);
@@ -13773,6 +13837,29 @@ static void ggml_vk_snake_dispatch_fused(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_conte
     ggml_vk_dispatch_pipeline(ctx, subctx, pipeline, { x_buf, a_buf, inv_b_buf, dst_buf }, pc, elements);
 }
 
+static void ggml_vk_pool_1d(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, ggml_tensor * dst) {
+    uint32_t op = static_cast<uint32_t>(dst->op_params[0]);
+    const int32_t k0 = dst->op_params[1];
+    const int32_t s0 = dst->op_params[2];
+    const int32_t p0 = dst->op_params[3];
+
+    const uint32_t IL = src0->ne[0];
+
+    const uint32_t N = dst->ne[3] * dst->ne[2];
+
+    const uint32_t OC = dst->ne[1];
+    const uint32_t OL = dst->ne[0];
+
+    const uint32_t parallel_elements = N * OC * OL;
+
+    ggml_vk_op_f32<vk_op_pool1d_push_constants>(ctx, subctx, src0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, dst, GGML_OP_POOL_1D, {
+        IL, OL, OC,
+        parallel_elements,
+        op,
+        k0, s0, p0,
+    });
+}
+
 static void ggml_vk_pool_2d(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, ggml_tensor * dst) {
     uint32_t op = static_cast<uint32_t>(dst->op_params[0]);
     const int32_t k1 = dst->op_params[1];
@@ -15284,6 +15371,10 @@ static bool ggml_vk_build_graph(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_cgraph * cgr
     case GGML_OP_CONV_TRANSPOSE_1D:
         ggml_vk_conv_transpose_1d(ctx, compute_ctx, src0, src1, node);
 
+        break;
+    case GGML_OP_POOL_1D:
+        ggml_vk_pool_1d(ctx, compute_ctx, src0, node);
+
         break;
     case GGML_OP_POOL_2D:
         ggml_vk_pool_2d(ctx, compute_ctx, src0, node);
@@ -16311,6 +16402,20 @@ static bool ggml_vk_can_fuse_topk_moe(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, const struc
             return false;
         }
         break;
+    case TOPK_MOE_SQRT_SOFTPLUS_NORM_BIAS:
+        softmax = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 0]; // really softplus
+        weights = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 11];
+        get_rows = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 6];
+        argsort = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 4];
+        if (ggml_get_unary_op(softmax) != GGML_UNARY_OP_SOFTPLUS) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // bias is expected to be 1D
+        if (ggml_nrows(cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 3]->src[1]) != 1 ||
+            !ggml_is_contiguous(cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 3]->src[1])) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        break;
     case TOPK_MOE_EARLY_SOFTMAX:
         softmax = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 0];
         weights = cgraph->nodes[node_idx + 4];
@@ -16334,7 +16439,9 @@ static bool ggml_vk_can_fuse_topk_moe(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, const struc
     probs = probs->src[0];
     ggml_tensor * selection_probs = argsort->src[0];
 
-    if (probs != selection_probs && mode != TOPK_MOE_SIGMOID_NORM_BIAS) {
+    if (probs != selection_probs &&
+        mode != TOPK_MOE_SIGMOID_NORM_BIAS &&
+        mode != TOPK_MOE_SQRT_SOFTPLUS_NORM_BIAS) {
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -16702,7 +16809,7 @@ static ggml_status ggml_backend_vk_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_cg
         // the fused result in an elementwise-way. This affects whether the memory for
         // the src is allowed to overlap the memory for the destination.
         // The array is sized to handle the largest fusion (asserted later).
-        bool op_srcs_fused_elementwise[12];
+        bool op_srcs_fused_elementwise[13];
 
         ctx->fused_topk_moe_mode = TOPK_MOE_COUNT;
         ctx->fused_topk_moe_scale = false;
@@ -16813,6 +16920,15 @@ static ggml_status ggml_backend_vk_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_cg
                 ctx->fused_topk_moe_mode = TOPK_MOE_SIGMOID_NORM_BIAS;
                 fusion_string = "TOPK_MOE_SIGMOID_NORM_BIAS";
                 std::fill_n(op_srcs_fused_elementwise, ctx->num_additional_fused_ops + 1, false);
+            } else if (ggml_can_fuse_subgraph(cgraph, i, topk_moe_sqrt_softplus_norm_bias, { i + 5, i + 11 }) &&
+                       ggml_check_edges(cgraph, i, topk_moe_sqrt_softplus_norm_bias_edges) &&
+                       ggml_vk_can_fuse_topk_moe(ctx, cgraph, i, TOPK_MOE_SQRT_SOFTPLUS_NORM_BIAS)) {
+                ctx->num_additional_fused_ops = topk_moe_sqrt_softplus_norm_bias.size() - 1;
+                // view of argsort writes to memory
+                ctx->fused_ops_write_mask |= 1 << 5;
+                ctx->fused_topk_moe_mode = TOPK_MOE_SQRT_SOFTPLUS_NORM_BIAS;
+                fusion_string = "TOPK_MOE_SQRT_SOFTPLUS_NORM_BIAS";
+                std::fill_n(op_srcs_fused_elementwise, ctx->num_additional_fused_ops + 1, false);
             } else if (ggml_can_fuse_subgraph(cgraph, i, topk_moe_early_softmax, { i + 3, i + 4 }) &&
                        ggml_check_edges(cgraph, i, topk_moe_early_softmax_edges) &&
                        ggml_vk_can_fuse_topk_moe(ctx, cgraph, i, TOPK_MOE_EARLY_SOFTMAX)) {
@@ -17079,6 +17195,9 @@ static void ggml_vk_graph_optimize(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph *
         if (keep_pattern(topk_moe_sigmoid_norm_bias)) {
             continue;
         }
+        if (keep_pattern(topk_moe_sqrt_softplus_norm_bias)) {
+            continue;
+        }
         if (keep_pattern(topk_moe_early_softmax)) {
             continue;
         }
@@ -17109,6 +17228,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_graph_optimize(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph *
             // Don't pull forward nodes from fusion patterns
             if (match_pattern(topk_moe_early_softmax_norm, j) ||
                 match_pattern(topk_moe_sigmoid_norm_bias, j) ||
+                match_pattern(topk_moe_sqrt_softplus_norm_bias, j) ||
                 match_pattern(topk_moe_early_softmax, j) ||
                 match_pattern(topk_moe_late_softmax, j) ||
                 match_pattern(snake_pattern, j)) {
@@ -18001,6 +18121,8 @@ static bool ggml_backend_vk_device_supports_op(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const ggm
         case GGML_OP_CONV_2D_DW:
             return (op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 || op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_F16)
                 && op->src[1]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32;
+        case GGML_OP_POOL_1D:
+            return ggml_is_contiguous(op->src[0]) && op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32;
         case GGML_OP_POOL_2D:
             return ggml_is_contiguous(op->src[0]) && op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32;
         case GGML_OP_RWKV_WKV6:
@@ -18466,6 +18588,22 @@ static uint32_t ggml_vk_intel_shader_core_count(const vk::PhysicalDevice& vkdev)
     }
 }
 
+static bool ggml_vk_intel_windows_driver_equals_or_newer_than(uint32_t driver_version, uint32_t threshold_major, uint32_t threshold_minor) {
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    // Intel Windows encodes xxx.yyyy as [31:14].[13:0].
+    const uint32_t major = driver_version >> 14;
+    const uint32_t minor = driver_version & 0x3fff;
+
+    return major > threshold_major || (major == threshold_major && minor >= threshold_minor);
+#else
+    GGML_UNUSED(driver_version);
+    GGML_UNUSED(threshold_major);
+    GGML_UNUSED(threshold_minor);
+    return true;
+#endif
+}
+
+
 // checks
 
 #ifdef GGML_VULKAN_CHECK_RESULTS
@@ -18920,6 +19058,13 @@ static void ggml_vk_check_results_0(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_cgraph *
             const int32_t oc     = tensor->op_params[1];
             const int32_t p0     = tensor->op_params[2];
             tensor_clone = ggml_col2im_1d(ggml_ctx, src_clone[0], stride, oc, p0);
+        } else if (tensor->op == GGML_OP_POOL_1D) {
+            enum ggml_op_pool op = static_cast<ggml_op_pool>(tensor->op_params[0]);
+            const int32_t k0 = tensor->op_params[1];
+            const int32_t s0 = tensor->op_params[2];
+            const int32_t p0 = tensor->op_params[3];
+
+            tensor_clone = ggml_pool_1d(ggml_ctx, src_clone[0], op, k0, s0, p0);
         } else if (tensor->op == GGML_OP_POOL_2D) {
             enum ggml_op_pool op = static_cast<ggml_op_pool>(tensor->op_params[0]);
             const int32_t k0 = tensor->op_params[1];

ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/vulkan-shaders/pool1d.comp

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#version 450
+
+#include "types.glsl"
+
+#extension GL_EXT_shader_16bit_storage : require
+
+layout(push_constant) uniform parameter {
+    uint IL;
+    uint OL;
+    uint OC;
+    uint pelements;
+    uint op;
+    int k0;
+    int s0;
+    int p0;
+} p;
+
+#define BLOCK_SIZE 512
+#define FLT_MAX 3.402823466e+38F
+#define OP_POOL_MAX 0u
+#define OP_POOL_AVG 1u
+
+layout (local_size_x = BLOCK_SIZE, local_size_y = 1, local_size_z = 1) in;
+
+layout(binding = 0) readonly buffer X {A_TYPE data_a[];};
+layout(binding = 1) writeonly buffer D {D_TYPE data_d[];};
+
+void main() {
+    const uint idx = gl_GlobalInvocationID.x;
+    if (idx >= p.pelements) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const uint nc = idx / p.OL;
+    const uint cur_ol = idx % p.OL;
+
+    const int start = int(cur_ol) * p.s0 - p.p0;
+    const int bl = max(start, 0);
+    const int el = min(max(start + p.k0, 0), int(p.IL));
+
+    const int window_size = el - bl;
+    const float scale = window_size > 0 ? 1.0 / float(window_size) : 0.0;
+    float res;
+
+    if (p.op == OP_POOL_AVG) {
+        res = 0.0;
+    } else if (p.op == OP_POOL_MAX) {
+        res = -FLT_MAX;
+    } else {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    #pragma unroll
+    for (uint i = bl; i < el; i++) {
+        const float cur = D_TYPE(data_a[nc * p.IL + i]);
+
+        if (p.op == OP_POOL_AVG) {
+            res += cur * scale;
+        } else if (p.op == OP_POOL_MAX) {
+            res = max(res, cur);
+        }
+    }
+
+    data_d[nc * p.OL + cur_ol] = res;
+}

ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/vulkan-shaders/topk_moe.comp

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #define GATING_FUNC_SOFTMAX 0
 #define GATING_FUNC_SIGMOID 1
 #define GATING_FUNC_SOFTMAX_WEIGHT 2
+#define GATING_FUNC_SQRT_SOFTPLUS 3
 
 layout (push_constant) uniform parameter
 {
@@ -120,6 +121,13 @@ void main() {
             const uint expert = i + lane;
             probs[i / WARP_SIZE] = (n_experts % WARP_SIZE == 0 || expert < n_experts) ? 1.f / (1.f + exp(-probs[i / WARP_SIZE])) : -INFINITY;
         }
+    } else if (gating_func == GATING_FUNC_SQRT_SOFTPLUS) {
+        [[unroll]]
+        for (uint i = 0; i < n_experts; i += WARP_SIZE) {
+            const uint expert = i + lane;
+            const float val = probs[i / WARP_SIZE];
+            probs[i / WARP_SIZE] = (n_experts % WARP_SIZE == 0 || expert < n_experts) ? sqrt(val > 20.0f ? val : log(1.0f + exp(val))) : -INFINITY;
+        }
     }
 
     float selection_probs[experts_per_thread];

ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/vulkan-shaders/vulkan-shaders-gen.cpp

@@ -1052,6 +1052,7 @@ void process_shaders() {
     string_to_spv("snake_f16",  "snake.comp", {{"DATA_A_F16", "1"},  {"A_TYPE", "float16_t"}, {"D_TYPE", "float16_t"}});
     string_to_spv("snake_bf16", "snake.comp", {{"DATA_A_BF16", "1"}, {"DATA_D_BF16", "1"}, {"A_TYPE", "uint16_t"},  {"D_TYPE", "uint16_t"}});
 
+    string_to_spv("pool1d_f32", "pool1d.comp", merge_maps(base_dict, {{"A_TYPE", "float"}, {"D_TYPE", "float"}}));
     string_to_spv("pool2d_f32", "pool2d.comp", merge_maps(base_dict, {{"A_TYPE", "float"}, {"D_TYPE", "float"}}));
 
     string_to_spv("rwkv_wkv6_f32", "wkv6.comp", merge_maps(base_dict, {{"A_TYPE", "float"}}));

ggml/src/ggml-webgpu/ggml-webgpu-shader-lib.hpp

@@ -2774,6 +2774,10 @@ class ggml_webgpu_shader_lib {
                 defines.push_back("TYPE_F32");
                 variant += "_f32";
                 break;
+            case GGML_TYPE_F16:
+                defines.push_back("TYPE_F16");
+                variant += "_f16";
+                break;
             case GGML_TYPE_I32:
                 defines.push_back("TYPE_I32");
                 variant += "_i32";

ggml/src/ggml-webgpu/ggml-webgpu.cpp

@@ -4290,7 +4290,8 @@ static bool ggml_backend_webgpu_device_supports_op(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const
             supports_op = (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 || src0->type == GGML_TYPE_I32);
             break;
         case GGML_OP_REPEAT:
-            supports_op = (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 || src0->type == GGML_TYPE_I32 || src0->type == GGML_TYPE_I16);
+            supports_op = (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 || src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F16 || src0->type == GGML_TYPE_I32 ||
+                           src0->type == GGML_TYPE_I16);
             break;
         case GGML_OP_CPY:
         case GGML_OP_CONT:

ggml/src/ggml-webgpu/wgsl-shaders/repeat.wgsl

@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ struct Params {
 #ifdef TYPE_I32
 #define DataType i32
 #endif
+#ifdef TYPE_F16
+#define DataType f16
+#endif
 #ifdef TYPE_I16
 // same size (16-bit) is sufficient for repeat
 #define DataType f16

gguf-py/gguf/constants.py

@@ -353,6 +353,7 @@ class Keys:
         class Attention:
             HEAD_COUNT      = "clip.vision.attention.head_count"
             HEAD_COUNT_KV   = "clip.vision.attention.head_count_kv" # used by mimovl (GQA)
+            HEAD_DIM        = "clip.vision.attention.head_dim" # set when qkv width != n_embd
             LAYERNORM_EPS   = "clip.vision.attention.layer_norm_epsilon"
 
         class Projector:
@@ -2328,7 +2329,13 @@ MODEL_TENSORS: dict[MODEL_ARCH, list[MODEL_TENSOR]] = {
         MODEL_TENSOR.SSM_NORM,
         MODEL_TENSOR.SSM_IN,
         MODEL_TENSOR.SSM_BETA_ALPHA,
-        MODEL_TENSOR.SSM_OUT
+        MODEL_TENSOR.SSM_OUT,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_EH_PROJ,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_EMBED_TOKENS,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_ENORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_HNORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_HEAD,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_NORM,
     ],
     MODEL_ARCH.QWEN3VL: [
         MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD,
@@ -3330,6 +3337,12 @@ MODEL_TENSORS: dict[MODEL_ARCH, list[MODEL_TENSOR]] = {
         MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_GATE_SHEXP,
         MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN_SHEXP,
         MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP_SHEXP,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_EH_PROJ,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_EMBED_TOKENS,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_ENORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_HNORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_HEAD,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_NORM,
     ],
     MODEL_ARCH.ERNIE4_5_MOE: [
         MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD,
@@ -4376,10 +4389,35 @@ MODEL_TENSORS: dict[MODEL_ARCH, list[MODEL_TENSOR]] = {
         MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_OUT,
         MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_Q_NORM,
         MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_K_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_SINKS,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_Q_A,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_Q_B,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_Q_A_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_KV,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_KV_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_OUT_A,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_OUT_B,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.HC_ATTN_FN,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.HC_ATTN_BASE,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.HC_ATTN_SCALE,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.HC_FFN_FN,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.HC_FFN_BASE,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.HC_FFN_SCALE,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.HC_HEAD_FN,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.HC_HEAD_BASE,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.HC_HEAD_SCALE,
         MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_NORM,
         MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_GATE,
         MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN,
         MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_GATE_INP,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_EXP_PROBS_B,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_GATE_EXP,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN_EXP,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP_EXP,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_GATE_SHEXP,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN_SHEXP,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP_SHEXP,
         MODEL_TENSOR.FC,
         MODEL_TENSOR.ENC_OUTPUT_NORM,
         # optional DSpark heads

gguf-py/gguf/gguf_writer.py

@@ -1226,6 +1226,9 @@ class GGUFWriter:
     def add_vision_head_count_kv(self, value: int) -> None:
         self.add_uint32(Keys.ClipVision.Attention.HEAD_COUNT_KV, value)
 
+    def add_vision_head_dim(self, value: int) -> None:
+        self.add_uint32(Keys.ClipVision.Attention.HEAD_DIM, value)
+
     def add_vision_attention_layernorm_eps(self, value: float) -> None:
         self.add_float32(Keys.ClipVision.Attention.LAYERNORM_EPS, value)
 

include/llama.h

@@ -337,6 +337,7 @@ extern "C" {
         bool use_extra_bufts; // use extra buffer types (used for weight repacking)
         bool no_host;         // bypass host buffer allowing extra buffers to be used
         bool no_alloc;        // only load metadata and simulate memory allocations
+        bool load_mtp;        // whether to load MTP layers
     };
 
     struct llama_sampler_seq_config {
@@ -1255,6 +1256,7 @@ extern "C" {
         struct ggml_tensor * probs;
         struct ggml_tensor * sampled;
         struct ggml_tensor * candidates;
+        int64_t              n_vocab;
     };
 
     // user code can implement the interface below in order to create custom llama_sampler
@@ -1424,9 +1426,9 @@ extern "C" {
     /// NOTE: Avoid using on the full vocabulary as searching for repeated tokens can become slow. For example, apply top-k or top-p sampling first.
     LLAMA_API struct llama_sampler * llama_sampler_init_penalties(
                              int32_t   penalty_last_n,   // last n tokens to penalize (0 = disable penalty, -1 = context size)
-                               float   penalty_repeat,   // 1.0 = disabled
-                               float   penalty_freq,     // 0.0 = disabled
-                               float   penalty_present); // 0.0 = disabled
+                               float   penalty_repeat,   // must be > 0.0, 1.0 = disabled
+                               float   penalty_freq,     // must be finite, 0.0 = disabled
+                               float   penalty_present); // must be finite, 0.0 = disabled
 
     ///  @details DRY sampler, designed by p-e-w, as described in: https://github.com/oobabooga/text-generation-webui/pull/5677, porting Koboldcpp implementation authored by pi6am: https://github.com/LostRuins/koboldcpp/pull/982
     LLAMA_API struct llama_sampler * llama_sampler_init_dry(

skills/code-review/SKILL.md

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ Mandatory on every review; any finding here is **blocking**. Rule of thumb: GGUF
 - **Sizes/counts from tensor dims:** validate before allocating. Products like `ne[i]*nb[i]`/nbytes can overflow on crafted dims into an undersized alloc then heap overflow. Overflow checks must run BEFORE the arithmetic they guard - padding/alignment macros wrap to 0 near `SIZE_MAX`, so a guard after the pad passes.
 - **GGUF strings/arrays:** cap declared lengths and element counts before using them to size a loop or buffer; validate element type and length before casting an array to a pointer or reading fixed indices (`[i+1]`, `[0..2]`).
 - **File-supplied counts indexing fixed arrays:** bound any count (e.g. layer/block count into a `LLAMA_MAX_*` array) before indexing; watch checks that only fire when an optional key is present.
+- **Declared vs actual array length:** check the declared length of a GGUF array against the count actually read, not just against a buffer size.
 - **Bounds comparisons:** flag narrowing casts (`size_t`->`int32_t`) and signed/unsigned mixing that can bypass a length check and copy past a buffer.
 - **Parsed/derived indices:** range-check `stoi`/`atoi` results and catch parse throws; never use a default or derived token id (EOS/BOS/...) as an index without a bounds check.
 - **Reused/reserved buffers:** recheck bounds after a buffer is shrunk or reused; watch `reserve()` then index-by-assumed-size, and header fields read before their length is checked.
@@ -131,6 +132,8 @@ Enforce the `AGENTS.md` / `CONTRIBUTING.md` coding and naming guidelines on ever
 - Reuse existing infrastructure over introducing new components; no new third-party dependencies, extra headers, or files unless clearly justified.
 - Keep it simple: a simpler change doing 90% is often preferable to a complex one doing 100%. Flag unnecessary templates/fancy STL; basic `for` loops are fine here.
 - Every added line should be something the contributor can explain and defend to a reviewer without AI help - flag anything that looks copied-in without understanding.
+- `Co-authored-by:` must be reserved for human co-authors; AI contributions (claude, cursor, codex, etc.) must use `Assisted-by:`; if this point is violated, it's a blocking finding.
+- Any mentions of Minja must be treated as blocking; see `AGENTS.md` for why.
 
 ## Reporting
 

src/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ add_library(llama
             llama-kv-cache.cpp
             llama-kv-cache-iswa.cpp
             llama-kv-cache-dsa.cpp
+            llama-kv-cache-msa.cpp
             llama-kv-cache-dsv4.cpp
             llama-memory.cpp
             llama-memory-hybrid.cpp

src/llama-arch.cpp

@@ -968,6 +968,7 @@ bool llm_arch_is_hybrid(const llm_arch & arch) {
         case LLM_ARCH_KIMI_LINEAR:
         case LLM_ARCH_QWEN35:
         case LLM_ARCH_QWEN35MOE:
+        case LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK4:
             return true;
         default:
             return false;
@@ -990,6 +991,7 @@ bool llm_arch_supports_rs_rollback(const llm_arch & arch) {
     switch (arch) {
         case LLM_ARCH_QWEN35:
         case LLM_ARCH_QWEN35MOE:
+        case LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK4:
             return true;
         default:
             return false;

src/llama-context.cpp

@@ -120,8 +120,9 @@ llama_context::llama_context(
     cparams.no_perf                 = params.no_perf;
     cparams.warmup                  = false;
 
-    cparams.embeddings_layer_inp.resize(hparams.n_layer(), false);
-    embd_layer_inp.resize(hparams.n_layer());
+    // +1: id n_layer() taps the output of the last layer ("input" of the head)
+    cparams.embeddings_layer_inp.resize(hparams.n_layer() + 1, false);
+    embd_layer_inp.resize(hparams.n_layer() + 1);
 
     cparams.ctx_type     = params.ctx_type;
     cparams.pooling_type = params.pooling_type;
@@ -1164,7 +1165,7 @@ void llama_context::set_embeddings_nextn(bool value, bool masked) {
 void llama_context::set_embeddings_layer_inp(uint32_t lid, bool enable) {
     LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: lid = %d, enable = %d\n", __func__, lid, enable);
 
-    GGML_ASSERT(lid < model.hparams.n_layer());
+    GGML_ASSERT(lid <= model.hparams.n_layer());
 
     cparams.embeddings_layer_inp[lid] = enable;
 
@@ -1716,7 +1717,8 @@ int llama_context::decode(const llama_batch & batch_inp) {
     const auto & hparams = model.hparams;
 
     const int64_t n_vocab = vocab.n_tokens();
-    const int64_t n_embd  = hparams.n_embd_inp();
+    const bool    mtp_embd = cparams.ctx_type == LLAMA_CONTEXT_TYPE_MTP && batch_inp.embd;
+    const int64_t n_embd  = mtp_embd ? hparams.n_embd_out() : hparams.n_embd_inp();
 
     // when computing embeddings, all tokens are output
     const bool output_all   = cparams.embeddings;
@@ -2275,8 +2277,9 @@ void llama_context::extract_layer_inputs(const llm_graph_result * res, size_t to
 }
 
 void llama_context::output_reorder() {
-    const uint64_t n_vocab = model.vocab.n_tokens();
-    const uint64_t n_embd  = model.hparams.n_embd;
+    const uint64_t n_vocab     = model.vocab.n_tokens();
+    const uint64_t n_embd      = model.hparams.n_embd;
+    const uint64_t n_embd_out  = model.hparams.n_embd_out();
 
     for (size_t s = 0; s < output_swaps.size(); ++s) {
         const uint64_t i0 = output_swaps[s].i0;
@@ -2289,14 +2292,14 @@ void llama_context::output_reorder() {
         }
 
         if (embd.size > 0) {
-            for (uint64_t k = 0; k < n_embd; k++) {
-                std::swap(embd.data[i0*n_embd + k], embd.data[i1*n_embd + k]);
+            for (uint64_t k = 0; k < n_embd_out; k++) {
+                std::swap(embd.data[i0*n_embd_out + k], embd.data[i1*n_embd_out + k]);
             }
         }
 
         if (embd_nextn.size > 0) {
-            for (uint64_t k = 0; k < n_embd; k++) {
-                std::swap(embd_nextn.data[i0*n_embd + k], embd_nextn.data[i1*n_embd + k]);
+            for (uint64_t k = 0; k < n_embd_out; k++) {
+                std::swap(embd_nextn.data[i0*n_embd_out + k], embd_nextn.data[i1*n_embd_out + k]);
             }
         }
 
@@ -2351,6 +2354,7 @@ uint32_t llama_context::graph_max_nodes(uint32_t n_tokens) const {
         model.arch == LLM_ARCH_QWEN35 ||
         model.arch == LLM_ARCH_QWEN35MOE ||
         model.arch == LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK4 ||
+        (model.arch == LLM_ARCH_DFLASH && model.hparams.dsv4_hc_mult > 0) ||
         model.arch == LLM_ARCH_NANBEIGE ||
         model.arch == LLM_ARCH_MINIMAX_M3) {
         return std::max<uint32_t>(n_tokens * 40, 32u * model.n_tensors());

src/llama-graph.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "llama-kv-cache.h"
 #include "llama-kv-cache-iswa.h"
 #include "llama-kv-cache-dsa.h"
+#include "llama-kv-cache-msa.h"
 #include "llama-kv-cache-dsv4.h"
 #include "llama-memory-hybrid.h"
 #include "llama-memory-hybrid-iswa.h"
@@ -518,6 +519,40 @@ bool llm_graph_input_attn_k::can_reuse(const llm_graph_params & params) {
     return res;
 }
 
+llm_graph_input_attn_kv_msa::llm_graph_input_attn_kv_msa(
+        const llama_hparams & hparams,
+        const llama_cparams & cparams,
+        const llama_kv_cache_msa_context * mctx) :
+    llm_graph_input_attn_kv(hparams, cparams, mctx->get_base()),
+    mctx_msa(mctx) {
+}
+
+void llm_graph_input_attn_kv_msa::set_input(const llama_ubatch * ubatch) {
+    llm_graph_input_attn_kv::set_input(ubatch);
+
+    if (self_k_idxs_idx) {
+        mctx_msa->get_idx()->set_input_k_idxs(self_k_idxs_idx, ubatch);
+    }
+}
+
+bool llm_graph_input_attn_kv_msa::can_reuse(const llm_graph_params & params) {
+    mctx_msa = static_cast<const llama_kv_cache_msa_context *>(params.mctx);
+
+    // the parent class operates on the base cache context
+    this->mctx = mctx_msa->get_base();
+
+    bool res = true;
+
+    res &= self_k_idxs->ne[0] == params.ubatch.n_tokens;
+    if (self_k_idxs_idx) {
+        res &= self_k_idxs_idx->ne[0] == params.ubatch.n_tokens;
+    }
+
+    res &= can_reuse_kq_mask(self_kq_mask, this->mctx, params.ubatch, params.cparams);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
 void llm_graph_input_attn_k_dsa::set_input(const llama_ubatch * ubatch) {
     mctx->get_mla()->set_input_k_idxs(self_k_idxs_mla, ubatch);
 
@@ -619,6 +654,63 @@ bool llm_graph_input_attn_kv_iswa::can_reuse(const llm_graph_params & params) {
     return res;
 }
 
+void llm_graph_input_attn_k_iswa::set_input(const llama_ubatch * ubatch) {
+    // base tensors may not be allocated if there are no non-SWA attention layers
+    if (self_k_idxs && self_k_idxs->buffer) {
+        mctx->get_base()->set_input_k_idxs(self_k_idxs, ubatch);
+    }
+
+    // the kq mask guards on its own buffer: shared cells leave idxs unbacked while the mask stays live
+    if (self_kq_mask && self_kq_mask->buffer) {
+        mctx->get_base()->set_input_kq_mask(self_kq_mask, ubatch, cparams.causal_attn);
+    }
+
+    // swa tensors may not be allocated if there are no SWA attention layers
+    if (self_k_idxs_swa && self_k_idxs_swa->buffer) {
+        mctx->get_swa()->set_input_k_idxs(self_k_idxs_swa, ubatch);
+    }
+
+    if (self_kq_mask_swa && self_kq_mask_swa->buffer) {
+        mctx->get_swa()->set_input_kq_mask(self_kq_mask_swa, ubatch, cparams.causal_attn);
+    }
+
+    if (self_k_rot && self_k_rot->buffer) {
+        mctx->get_base()->set_input_k_rot(self_k_rot);
+    }
+
+    if (self_k_rot_swa && self_k_rot_swa->buffer) {
+        mctx->get_swa()->set_input_k_rot(self_k_rot_swa);
+    }
+}
+
+bool llm_graph_input_attn_k_iswa::can_reuse(const llm_graph_params & params) {
+    const auto * mctx = static_cast<const llama_kv_cache_iswa_context *>(params.mctx);
+
+    this->mctx = mctx;
+
+    bool res = true;
+
+    // base tensors may not be allocated if there are no non-SWA attention layers
+    if (self_k_idxs && self_k_idxs->buffer) {
+        res &= self_k_idxs->ne[0] == params.ubatch.n_tokens;
+    }
+
+    if (self_kq_mask && self_kq_mask->buffer) {
+        res &= can_reuse_kq_mask(self_kq_mask, mctx->get_base(), params.ubatch, params.cparams);
+    }
+
+    // swa tensors may not be allocated if there are no SWA attention layers
+    if (self_k_idxs_swa && self_k_idxs_swa->buffer) {
+        res &= self_k_idxs_swa->ne[0] == params.ubatch.n_tokens;
+    }
+
+    if (self_kq_mask_swa && self_kq_mask_swa->buffer) {
+        res &= can_reuse_kq_mask(self_kq_mask_swa, mctx->get_swa(), params.ubatch, params.cparams);
+    }
+
+    return res;
+}
+
 static void dsv4_set_i64(ggml_tensor * dst, const std::vector<int64_t> & src) {
     if (!dst || !dst->buffer) {
         return;
@@ -754,6 +846,10 @@ static void dsv4_set_comp_inputs(
     dsv4_set_i32(inp.state_pos, plan.state_pos);
     dsv4_set_i32(inp.state_persist_src_idxs, plan.state_persist_src_idxs);
     dsv4_set_i32(inp.state_persist_dst_idxs, plan.state_persist_dst_idxs);
+    dsv4_set_i32(inp.state_restore_src_idxs, plan.state_restore_src_idxs);
+    dsv4_set_i32(inp.state_restore_dst_idxs, plan.state_restore_dst_idxs);
+    dsv4_set_i32(inp.state_snapshot_src_idxs, plan.state_snapshot_src_idxs);
+    dsv4_set_i32(inp.state_snapshot_dst_idxs, plan.state_snapshot_dst_idxs);
     dsv4_set_i32(inp.state_read_idxs, plan.state_read_idxs);
     dsv4_set_i64(inp.state_write_idxs, plan.state_write_idxs);
     dsv4_set_i32(inp.state_write_pos, plan.state_write_pos);
@@ -798,6 +894,10 @@ static bool dsv4_can_reuse_comp_input(
     res &= dsv4_can_reuse_tensor_1d(inp.state_pos, plan.state_pos.size());
     res &= dsv4_can_reuse_tensor_1d(inp.state_persist_src_idxs, plan.state_persist_src_idxs.size());
     res &= dsv4_can_reuse_tensor_1d(inp.state_persist_dst_idxs, plan.state_persist_dst_idxs.size());
+    res &= dsv4_can_reuse_tensor_1d(inp.state_restore_src_idxs, plan.state_restore_src_idxs.size());
+    res &= dsv4_can_reuse_tensor_1d(inp.state_restore_dst_idxs, plan.state_restore_dst_idxs.size());
+    res &= dsv4_can_reuse_tensor_1d(inp.state_snapshot_src_idxs, plan.state_snapshot_src_idxs.size());
+    res &= dsv4_can_reuse_tensor_1d(inp.state_snapshot_dst_idxs, plan.state_snapshot_dst_idxs.size());
     res &= dsv4_can_reuse_tensor_1d(inp.state_read_idxs, plan.state_read_idxs.size());
     res &= dsv4_can_reuse_tensor_1d(inp.state_write_idxs, plan.state_write_idxs.size());
     res &= dsv4_can_reuse_tensor_1d(inp.state_write_pos, plan.state_write_pos.size());
@@ -832,6 +932,10 @@ static void dsv4_build_comp_inputs(
     inp.state_pos = dsv4_build_input_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_I32, plan.state_pos.size(), std::string("dsv4_") + name + "_state_pos");
     inp.state_persist_src_idxs = dsv4_build_input_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_I32, plan.state_persist_src_idxs.size(), std::string("dsv4_") + name + "_state_persist_src_idxs");
     inp.state_persist_dst_idxs = dsv4_build_input_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_I32, plan.state_persist_dst_idxs.size(), std::string("dsv4_") + name + "_state_persist_dst_idxs");
+    inp.state_restore_src_idxs = dsv4_build_input_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_I32, plan.state_restore_src_idxs.size(), std::string("dsv4_") + name + "_state_restore_src_idxs");
+    inp.state_restore_dst_idxs = dsv4_build_input_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_I32, plan.state_restore_dst_idxs.size(), std::string("dsv4_") + name + "_state_restore_dst_idxs");
+    inp.state_snapshot_src_idxs = dsv4_build_input_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_I32, plan.state_snapshot_src_idxs.size(), std::string("dsv4_") + name + "_state_snapshot_src_idxs");
+    inp.state_snapshot_dst_idxs = dsv4_build_input_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_I32, plan.state_snapshot_dst_idxs.size(), std::string("dsv4_") + name + "_state_snapshot_dst_idxs");
     inp.state_read_idxs = dsv4_build_input_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_I32, plan.state_read_idxs.size(), std::string("dsv4_") + name + "_state_read_idxs");
     inp.state_write_idxs = dsv4_build_input_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_I64, plan.state_write_idxs.size(), std::string("dsv4_") + name + "_state_write_idxs");
     inp.state_write_pos = dsv4_build_input_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_I32, plan.state_write_pos.size(), std::string("dsv4_") + name + "_state_write_pos");
@@ -1195,7 +1299,7 @@ void llm_graph_result::reset() {
     t_embd_pooled = nullptr;
     t_h_nextn     = nullptr;
 
-    t_layer_inp.resize(LLAMA_MAX_LAYERS);
+    t_layer_inp.resize(LLAMA_MAX_LAYERS + 1);
     std::fill(t_layer_inp.begin(), t_layer_inp.end(), nullptr);
 
     t_sampled.clear();
@@ -1650,7 +1754,7 @@ ggml_tensor * llm_graph_context::build_ffn(
                         tmp = ggml_clamp(ctx0, tmp, -limit, limit);
                         cb(tmp, "ffn_up_clamped", il);
 
-                        if (arch == LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK4) {
+                        if (arch == LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK4 || (arch == LLM_ARCH_DFLASH && hparams.dsv4_hc_mult > 0)) {
                             cur = ggml_clamp(ctx0, cur, -INFINITY, limit);
                             cb(cur, "ffn_gate_clamped", il);
                             cur = ggml_swiglu_split(ctx0, cur, tmp);
@@ -2045,7 +2149,7 @@ ggml_tensor * llm_graph_context::build_moe_ffn(
                         up = ggml_clamp(ctx0, up, -limit, limit);
                         cb(up, "ffn_moe_up_clamped", il);
 
-                        if (arch == LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK4) {
+                        if (arch == LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK4 || (arch == LLM_ARCH_DFLASH && hparams.dsv4_hc_mult > 0)) {
                             cur = ggml_clamp(ctx0, cur, -INFINITY, limit);
                             cb(cur, "ffn_moe_gate_clamped", il);
                             cur = ggml_swiglu_split(ctx0, cur, up);
@@ -2962,6 +3066,75 @@ ggml_tensor * llm_graph_context::build_attn(
     return cur;
 }
 
+ggml_tensor * llm_graph_context::build_attn(
+        llm_graph_input_attn_k_iswa * inp,
+        ggml_tensor * wo,
+        ggml_tensor * wo_b,
+        ggml_tensor * wo_s,
+        ggml_tensor * q_cur,
+        ggml_tensor * k_cur,
+        ggml_tensor * v_cur,
+        ggml_tensor * kq_b,
+        ggml_tensor * sinks,
+        ggml_tensor * v_mla,
+            float     kq_scale,
+            int       il) const {
+    const bool is_swa = hparams.is_swa(il);
+
+    GGML_UNUSED(v_cur);
+
+    auto * k_rot = is_swa ? inp->self_k_rot_swa : inp->self_k_rot;
+
+    if (k_rot) {
+        q_cur = llama_mul_mat_hadamard(ctx0, q_cur, k_rot);
+        if (k_cur) {
+            k_cur = llama_mul_mat_hadamard(ctx0, k_cur, k_rot);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // these nodes are added to the graph together so that they are not reordered
+    // by doing so, the number of splits in the graph is reduced
+    ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, q_cur);
+
+    if (k_cur) {
+        ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, k_cur);
+    }
+
+    const auto * mctx_iswa = inp->mctx;
+    const auto * mctx_cur = is_swa ? mctx_iswa->get_swa() : mctx_iswa->get_base();
+
+    // optionally store to KV cache
+    if (k_cur) {
+        const auto & k_idxs = is_swa ? inp->get_k_idxs_swa() : inp->get_k_idxs();
+
+        ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, mctx_cur->cpy_k(ctx0, k_cur, k_idxs, il));
+    }
+
+    const auto & kq_mask = is_swa ? inp->get_kq_mask_swa() : inp->get_kq_mask();
+
+    // MLA-style attention: the cached K is used as V
+    ggml_tensor * q = q_cur;
+    ggml_tensor * k = mctx_cur->get_k(ctx0, il);
+    ggml_tensor * v = k;
+
+    ggml_tensor * cur = build_attn_mha(q, k, v, kq_b, kq_mask, sinks, v_mla, kq_scale, il);
+    cb(cur, "kqv_out", il);
+
+    if (k_rot) {
+        cur = llama_mul_mat_hadamard(ctx0, cur, k_rot);
+    }
+
+    if (wo) {
+        cur = build_lora_mm(wo, cur, wo_s);
+    }
+
+    if (wo_b) {
+        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, wo_b);
+    }
+
+    return cur;
+}
+
 llm_graph_input_attn_cross * llm_graph_context::build_attn_inp_cross() const {
     auto inp = std::make_unique<llm_graph_input_attn_cross>(cross);
 
@@ -3049,6 +3222,34 @@ llm_graph_input_attn_k_dsa * llm_graph_context::build_attn_inp_k_dsa() const {
     return (llm_graph_input_attn_k_dsa *) res->add_input(std::move(inp));
 }
 
+llm_graph_input_attn_kv_msa * llm_graph_context::build_attn_inp_kv_msa(bool msa_enabled) const {
+    const auto * mctx_cur = static_cast<const llama_kv_cache_msa_context *>(mctx);
+
+    auto inp = std::make_unique<llm_graph_input_attn_kv_msa>(hparams, cparams, mctx_cur);
+
+    const auto * mctx_base = mctx_cur->get_base();
+    const auto * mctx_idx  = mctx_cur->get_idx();
+
+    {
+        GGML_ASSERT(hparams.swa_type == LLAMA_SWA_TYPE_NONE && "Use llama_kv_cache_iswa for SWA");
+
+        inp->self_k_idxs = mctx_base->build_input_k_idxs(ctx0, ubatch);
+        inp->self_v_idxs = mctx_base->build_input_v_idxs(ctx0, ubatch);
+
+        inp->self_kq_mask = build_attn_inp_kq_mask(ctx0, mctx_base, ubatch, cparams);
+        inp->self_kq_mask_cnv = inp->self_kq_mask;
+    }
+
+    inp->self_k_rot = mctx_base->build_input_k_rot(ctx0);
+    inp->self_v_rot = mctx_base->build_input_v_rot(ctx0);
+
+    if (msa_enabled) {
+        inp->self_k_idxs_idx = mctx_idx->build_input_k_idxs(ctx0, ubatch);
+    }
+
+    return (llm_graph_input_attn_kv_msa *) res->add_input(std::move(inp));
+}
+
 // TODO: maybe separate the inner implementation into a separate function
 //       like with the non-sliding window equivalent
 //       once sliding-window hybrid caches are a thing.
@@ -3084,6 +3285,34 @@ llm_graph_input_attn_kv_iswa * llm_graph_context::build_attn_inp_kv_iswa() const
     return (llm_graph_input_attn_kv_iswa *) res->add_input(std::move(inp));
 }
 
+llm_graph_input_attn_k_iswa * llm_graph_context::build_attn_inp_k_iswa() const {
+    const auto * mctx_cur = static_cast<const llama_kv_cache_iswa_context *>(mctx);
+
+    auto inp = std::make_unique<llm_graph_input_attn_k_iswa>(hparams, cparams, mctx_cur);
+
+    {
+        inp->self_k_idxs = mctx_cur->get_base()->build_input_k_idxs(ctx0, ubatch);
+
+        inp->self_kq_mask = build_attn_inp_kq_mask(ctx0, mctx_cur->get_base(), ubatch, cparams);
+        inp->self_kq_mask_cnv = inp->self_kq_mask;
+    }
+
+    {
+        GGML_ASSERT(hparams.swa_type != LLAMA_SWA_TYPE_NONE && "Use llama_kv_cache for non-SWA");
+
+        inp->self_k_idxs_swa = mctx_cur->get_swa()->build_input_k_idxs(ctx0, ubatch);
+
+        inp->self_kq_mask_swa = build_attn_inp_kq_mask(ctx0, mctx_cur->get_swa(), ubatch, cparams);
+        inp->self_kq_mask_swa_cnv = inp->self_kq_mask_swa;
+    }
+
+    inp->self_k_rot = mctx_cur->get_base()->build_input_k_rot(ctx0);
+
+    inp->self_k_rot_swa = mctx_cur->get_swa()->build_input_k_rot(ctx0);
+
+    return (llm_graph_input_attn_k_iswa *) res->add_input(std::move(inp));
+}
+
 llm_graph_input_dsv4 * llm_graph_context::build_inp_dsv4() const {
     const auto * mctx_cur = static_cast<const llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context *>(mctx);
     const auto * raw_ctx  = mctx_cur->get_raw();
@@ -3454,6 +3683,7 @@ void llm_graph_context::build_sampling() const {
             /*.probs       =*/ nullptr,
             /*.sampled     =*/ nullptr,
             /*.candidates  =*/ nullptr,
+            /*.n_vocab     =*/ logits_seq->ne[0],
         };
 
         assert(sampler->iface->backend_apply);

src/llama-graph.h

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ struct llama_memory_context_i;
 
 class llama_kv_cache_context;
 class llama_kv_cache_dsa_context;
+class llama_kv_cache_msa_context;
 class llama_kv_cache_dsv4_raw_context;
 class llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context;
 class llama_kv_cache_iswa_context;
@@ -425,6 +426,26 @@ public:
     const llama_kv_cache_dsa_context * mctx;
 };
 
+// standard K/V attention input against the base cache, plus destination indices for the indexer key cache
+class llm_graph_input_attn_kv_msa : public llm_graph_input_attn_kv {
+public:
+    llm_graph_input_attn_kv_msa(
+            const llama_hparams & hparams,
+            const llama_cparams & cparams,
+            const llama_kv_cache_msa_context * mctx);
+    ~llm_graph_input_attn_kv_msa() = default;
+
+    void set_input(const llama_ubatch * ubatch) override;
+
+    bool can_reuse(const llm_graph_params & params) override;
+
+    ggml_tensor * get_k_idxs_idx() const { return self_k_idxs_idx; }
+
+    ggml_tensor * self_k_idxs_idx = nullptr; // I64 [n_batch]
+
+    const llama_kv_cache_msa_context * mctx_msa;
+};
+
 class llm_graph_input_attn_kv_iswa : public llm_graph_input_i {
 public:
     llm_graph_input_attn_kv_iswa(
@@ -471,6 +492,45 @@ public:
     const llama_kv_cache_iswa_context * mctx;
 };
 
+class llm_graph_input_attn_k_iswa : public llm_graph_input_i {
+public:
+    llm_graph_input_attn_k_iswa(
+            const llama_hparams & hparams,
+            const llama_cparams & cparams,
+            const llama_kv_cache_iswa_context * mctx) :
+        hparams(hparams),
+        cparams(cparams),
+        mctx(mctx) {
+    }
+    ~llm_graph_input_attn_k_iswa() = default;
+
+    void set_input(const llama_ubatch * ubatch) override;
+
+    bool can_reuse(const llm_graph_params & params) override;
+
+    ggml_tensor * get_k_idxs()     const { return self_k_idxs; }
+    ggml_tensor * get_k_idxs_swa() const { return self_k_idxs_swa; }
+
+    ggml_tensor * get_kq_mask()     const { return self_kq_mask_cnv; }
+    ggml_tensor * get_kq_mask_swa() const { return self_kq_mask_swa_cnv; }
+
+    ggml_tensor * self_k_idxs     = nullptr; // I64 [n_batch]
+    ggml_tensor * self_k_idxs_swa = nullptr; // I64 [n_batch]
+
+    ggml_tensor * self_kq_mask         = nullptr; // F32/F16 [n_kv, n_batch/n_stream, 1, n_stream]
+    ggml_tensor * self_kq_mask_cnv     = nullptr; //         [n_kv, n_batch/n_stream, 1, n_stream]
+    ggml_tensor * self_kq_mask_swa     = nullptr; // F32/F16 [n_kv, n_batch/n_stream, 1, n_stream]
+    ggml_tensor * self_kq_mask_swa_cnv = nullptr; //         [n_kv, n_batch/n_stream, 1, n_stream]
+
+    ggml_tensor * self_k_rot = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * self_k_rot_swa = nullptr;
+
+    const llama_hparams hparams;
+    const llama_cparams cparams;
+
+    const llama_kv_cache_iswa_context * mctx;
+};
+
 // DSV4 raw graph inputs are SWA-only, but their mask may be stream-shaped
 // so raw K can be concatenated with DSV4 compressed K in one attention op.
 class llm_graph_input_dsv4_raw {
@@ -505,6 +565,10 @@ public:
         ggml_tensor * state_pos        = nullptr; // I32 [n_state]
         ggml_tensor * state_persist_src_idxs = nullptr; // I32 [n_state_persist]
         ggml_tensor * state_persist_dst_idxs = nullptr; // I32 [n_state_persist]
+        ggml_tensor * state_restore_src_idxs = nullptr; // I32 [n_state_restore]
+        ggml_tensor * state_restore_dst_idxs = nullptr; // I32 [n_state_restore]
+        ggml_tensor * state_snapshot_src_idxs = nullptr; // I32 [n_state_snapshot]
+        ggml_tensor * state_snapshot_dst_idxs = nullptr; // I32 [n_state_snapshot]
         ggml_tensor * state_read_idxs  = nullptr; // I32 [ratio*n_state_write]
         ggml_tensor * state_write_idxs = nullptr; // I64 [n_state_write]
         ggml_tensor * state_write_pos  = nullptr; // I32 [n_state_write]
@@ -1068,7 +1132,7 @@ struct llm_graph_context {
     ggml_tensor * build_attn_mha(
             ggml_tensor * q,       // [n_embd_head_q, n_head_q, n_tokens]
             ggml_tensor * k,       // [n_embd_head_k, n_head_k, n_tokens]
-            ggml_tensor * v,       // [n_embd_head_v, n_head_v, n_tokens] (v_trans == false)
+            ggml_tensor * v,       // [n_embd_head_v, n_head_v, n_tokens] (v_trans = false)
             ggml_tensor * kq_b,
             ggml_tensor * kq_mask,
             ggml_tensor * sinks,   // [n_head_q]
@@ -1126,6 +1190,8 @@ struct llm_graph_context {
 
     llm_graph_input_attn_k_dsa * build_attn_inp_k_dsa() const;
 
+    llm_graph_input_attn_kv_msa * build_attn_inp_kv_msa(bool msa_enabled) const;
+
     ggml_tensor * build_attn(
             llm_graph_input_attn_k_dsa * inp,
             ggml_tensor * wo,
@@ -1160,6 +1226,24 @@ struct llm_graph_context {
                   float   kq_scale,
                     int   il) const;
 
+    llm_graph_input_attn_k_iswa * build_attn_inp_k_iswa() const;
+
+    // note: if k_cur is not provided, it will not be stored in the memory
+    // note: the K cache is used as V (MLA-style attention)
+    ggml_tensor * build_attn(
+            llm_graph_input_attn_k_iswa * inp,
+            ggml_tensor * wo,
+            ggml_tensor * wo_b,
+            ggml_tensor * wo_s,
+            ggml_tensor * q_cur, // [n_embd_head_q, n_head_q, n_tokens]
+            ggml_tensor * k_cur, // [n_embd_head_k, n_head_k, n_tokens] optional
+            ggml_tensor * v_cur, // [n_embd_head_v, n_head_v, n_tokens] optional
+            ggml_tensor * kq_b,
+            ggml_tensor * sinks, // [n_head_q]
+            ggml_tensor * v_mla, // [n_embd_head_v_mla, n_embd_head_v, n_head_v]
+                  float   kq_scale,
+                    int   il) const;
+
     llm_graph_input_attn_cross * build_attn_inp_cross() const;
 
     ggml_tensor * build_attn(

src/llama-hparams.cpp

@@ -180,16 +180,6 @@ uint32_t llama_hparams::n_embd_v_gqa_max() const {
     return val;
 }
 
-uint32_t llama_hparams::n_embd_k_idx(uint32_t il) const {
-    if (!indexer_kv || indexer_head_size == 0) {
-        return 0; // arch without a MSA indexer
-    }
-    if (il < n_layer_dense_lead) {
-        return 0; // leading dense layers carry no indexer
-    }
-    return indexer_head_size; // 128
-}
-
 uint32_t llama_hparams::n_embd_r() const {
     if (wkv_head_size != 0) {
         // for RWKV models

src/llama-hparams.h

@@ -230,8 +230,6 @@ struct llama_hparams {
     // MSA
     uint32_t indexer_block_size  = 0;
     uint32_t indexer_local_blocks = 0;
-    // MSA stores its indexer keys in the main KV cache (k_idx tensors);
-    bool indexer_kv = false;
 
     // Indexer is "full" (1) or "shared" (0)
     // Shared indexers reuse top-k from previous full layer
@@ -356,9 +354,6 @@ struct llama_hparams {
     uint32_t n_embd_k_gqa_max() const;
     uint32_t n_embd_v_gqa_max() const;
 
-    // dimension of the single-head MSA indexer key stream
-    uint32_t n_embd_k_idx(uint32_t il = 0) const;
-
     // dimension of the rolling state embeddings
     // corresponds to Mamba's conv_states size or RWKV's token_shift states size
     uint32_t n_embd_r() const;

src/llama-kv-cache-dsa.cpp

@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ llama_kv_cache_dsa::llama_kv_cache_dsa(
                  uint32_t   n_pad,
                  uint32_t   n_swa,
            llama_swa_type   swa_type,
-    const layer_filter_cb & filter,
+    const layer_filter_cb & filter_mla,
+    const layer_filter_cb & filter_lid,
     const  layer_reuse_cb & reuse) :
     hparams_lid(model.hparams), n_stream(unified ? 1 : n_seq_max) {
 
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ llama_kv_cache_dsa::llama_kv_cache_dsa(
     kv_mla = std::make_unique<llama_kv_cache>(
             model, model.hparams, type_k, type_v,
             v_trans, offload, unified, kv_size, n_seq_max, n_pad,
-            n_swa, swa_type, nullptr, filter, reuse, nullptr);
+            n_swa, swa_type, nullptr, filter_mla, reuse, nullptr);
 
     // we use llama_kv_cache for caching indexer keys
     // by hand-tweaking some hparams we fool it to create
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ llama_kv_cache_dsa::llama_kv_cache_dsa(
     kv_lid = std::make_unique<llama_kv_cache>(
             model, hparams_lid, type_k, type_v,
             v_trans, offload, unified, kv_size, n_seq_max, n_pad,
-            n_swa, swa_type, nullptr, filter, reuse, nullptr);
+            n_swa, swa_type, nullptr, filter_lid, reuse, nullptr);
 }
 
 void llama_kv_cache_dsa::clear(bool data) {

src/llama-kv-cache-dsa.h

@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ public:
                      uint32_t   n_pad,
                      uint32_t   n_swa,
                llama_swa_type   swa_type,
-        const layer_filter_cb & filter,
+        const layer_filter_cb & filter_mla,
+        const layer_filter_cb & filter_lid,
         const  layer_reuse_cb & reuse);
 
     ~llama_kv_cache_dsa() = default;

src/llama-kv-cache-dsv4.cpp

@@ -252,7 +252,8 @@ static void dsv4_state_write_tensor_streams(
         uint32_t           tensor_rows,
         uint32_t           n_rows,
         uint32_t           s0,
-        uint32_t           ns) {
+        uint32_t           ns,
+        const std::vector<uint32_t> * stream_ids = nullptr) {
     const int32_t  type_i   = (int32_t) tensor->type;
     const uint64_t ne0      = tensor->ne[0];
     const uint64_t rows     = n_rows;
@@ -273,8 +274,16 @@ static void dsv4_state_write_tensor_streams(
         return;
     }
 
+    if (stream_ids && stream_ids->size() != ns) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("DSV4 state tensor stream map size mismatch");
+    }
+
     for (uint32_t s = 0; s < ns; ++s) {
-        const size_t offset = (size_t) (s0 + s)*stream_stride;
+        const uint32_t stream = stream_ids ? (*stream_ids)[s] : s0 + s;
+        if ((int64_t) stream >= tensor->ne[2]) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("DSV4 state tensor stream out of range");
+        }
+        const size_t offset = (size_t) stream*stream_stride;
         io.write_tensor(tensor, offset, size);
     }
 }
@@ -421,7 +430,9 @@ static llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::comp_plan dsv4_build_comp_plan(
         bool overlap,
         uint32_t state_size,
         uint32_t kv_size,
-        uint32_t n_stream) {
+        uint32_t n_stream,
+        uint32_t n_rs_seq,
+        const std::vector<uint32_t> & rs_idx) {
     llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::comp_plan plan;
     plan.n_visible.resize(ubatch.n_tokens);
     plan.n_stream = dsv4_comp_graph_n_stream(ubatch, n_stream);
@@ -451,6 +462,7 @@ static llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::comp_plan dsv4_build_comp_plan(
     std::vector<int32_t> overlap_cur_reads;
 
     std::map<std::pair<llama_seq_id, llama_pos>, int64_t> curr_token_idx_map;
+    std::map<llama_seq_id, uint32_t> state_write_counts;
 
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < ubatch.n_tokens; ++i) {
         for (int32_t s = 0; s < ubatch.n_seq_id[i]; ++s) {
@@ -513,6 +525,7 @@ static llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::comp_plan dsv4_build_comp_plan(
 
             plan.state_write_idxs.push_back(cache_off + pos/ratio);
             plan.state_write_pos.push_back((int32_t) source_start);
+            ++state_write_counts[seq_id];
 
             if (overlap) {
                 const llama_pos prev_start = source_start - ratio;
@@ -531,33 +544,57 @@ static llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::comp_plan dsv4_build_comp_plan(
         }
     }
 
-    if (ratio == DSV4_CSA_RATIO && plan.state_write_idxs.empty() && !plan.state_pos.empty()) {
-        // Non-boundary CSA steps still need a write op so their graph matches
-        // boundary steps. Use a padded scratch row that is masked from attention.
+    if (ratio == DSV4_CSA_RATIO && !plan.state_pos.empty()) {
         assert(kv_size > 0);
 
-        uint32_t i = 0;
-        while (i < ubatch.n_tokens && ubatch.pos[i] < 0) {
-            ++i;
-        }
-        assert(i < ubatch.n_tokens);
+        // Pad each stream to the reserve plan's block count.
+        const auto append_dummy_block = [&](llama_seq_id seq_id, uint32_t i) {
+            const int64_t cache_off = dsv4_stream_offset(n_stream, seq_id, kv_size);
+            const int32_t source_idx = state_source_idx(seq_id, ubatch.pos[i]);
 
-        const llama_pos    pos    = ubatch.pos[i];
-        const llama_seq_id seq_id = ubatch.seq_id[i][0];
-        const int64_t cache_off = dsv4_stream_offset(n_stream, seq_id, kv_size);
-        const int32_t source_idx = state_source_idx(seq_id, pos);
+            plan.state_write_idxs.push_back(cache_off + kv_size - 1);
+            plan.state_write_pos .push_back(0);
 
-        plan.state_write_idxs.push_back(cache_off + kv_size - 1);
-        plan.state_write_pos .push_back(0);
+            if (overlap) {
+                for (uint32_t j = 0; j < ratio; ++j) {
+                    overlap_prev_reads.push_back(source_idx);
+                    overlap_cur_reads .push_back(source_idx);
+                }
+            } else {
+                for (uint32_t j = 0; j < ratio; ++j) {
+                    plan.state_read_idxs.push_back(source_idx);
+                }
+            }
+        };
 
-        if (overlap) {
-            for (uint32_t j = 0; j < ratio; ++j) {
-                overlap_prev_reads.push_back(source_idx);
-                overlap_cur_reads .push_back(source_idx);
+        if (dsv4_ubatch_has_coupled(ubatch)) {
+            if (plan.state_write_idxs.empty()) {
+                uint32_t i = 0;
+                while (i < ubatch.n_tokens && ubatch.pos[i] < 0) {
+                    ++i;
+                }
+                assert(i < ubatch.n_tokens);
+                append_dummy_block(ubatch.seq_id[i][0], i);
             }
         } else {
-            for (uint32_t j = 0; j < ratio; ++j) {
-                plan.state_read_idxs.push_back(source_idx);
+            const uint32_t n_blocks = (std::max<uint32_t>(1, ubatch.n_seq_tokens) + ratio - 1)/ratio;
+
+            for (uint32_t s = 0; s < ubatch.n_seqs_unq; ++s) {
+                const llama_seq_id seq_id = ubatch.seq_id_unq[s];
+                const uint32_t n_writes = state_write_counts[seq_id];
+                if (n_writes >= n_blocks) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (n_writes + 1 != n_blocks) {
+                    throw std::runtime_error("DSV4 CSA sequence positions are not contiguous");
+                }
+
+                uint32_t i = 0;
+                while (i < ubatch.n_tokens && (ubatch.pos[i] < 0 || !dsv4_token_has_seq(ubatch, i, seq_id))) {
+                    ++i;
+                }
+                assert(i < ubatch.n_tokens);
+                append_dummy_block(seq_id, i);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -583,6 +620,63 @@ static llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::comp_plan dsv4_build_comp_plan(
         plan.state_persist_dst_idxs.push_back(row.dst);
     }
 
+
+    if (n_rs_seq > 0) {
+        for (uint32_t s = 0; s < ubatch.n_seqs_unq; ++s) {
+            const llama_seq_id seq_id = ubatch.seq_id_unq[s];
+            if (seq_id < 0 || (uint32_t) seq_id >= n_stream) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            const int64_t stream_off = dsv4_stream_offset(n_stream, seq_id, state_size);
+            const uint32_t rollback = (uint32_t) seq_id < rs_idx.size() ? rs_idx[seq_id] : 0;
+            // Keep the restore graph fixed-width when no rollback is pending.
+            const int64_t src_plane = rollback > 0 && rollback <= n_rs_seq ? (int64_t) rollback*state_rows : 0;
+            for (uint32_t r = 0; r < state_size; ++r) {
+                plan.state_restore_src_idxs.push_back((int32_t) (src_plane + stream_off + r));
+                plan.state_restore_dst_idxs.push_back((int32_t) (stream_off + r));
+            }
+
+            std::vector<uint32_t> token_idxs;
+            token_idxs.reserve(ubatch.n_tokens);
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < ubatch.n_tokens; ++i) {
+                if (dsv4_token_has_seq(ubatch, i, seq_id)) {
+                    token_idxs.push_back(i);
+                }
+            }
+            if (token_idxs.empty()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            const uint32_t n_seq_tokens = (uint32_t) token_idxs.size();
+            const int64_t scratch_off = (int64_t) state_rows*(1 + n_rs_seq);
+            for (uint32_t d = 1; d <= n_rs_seq; ++d) {
+                const int64_t dst_plane = (int64_t) d*state_rows;
+
+                for (uint32_t r = 0; r < state_size; ++r) {
+                    int32_t src;
+                    if (d <= n_seq_tokens) {
+                        const uint32_t prefix = n_seq_tokens - d;
+                        src = (int32_t) (stream_off + r);
+
+                        for (uint32_t j = 0; j < prefix; ++j) {
+                            const uint32_t i_tok = token_idxs[j];
+                            if (ubatch.pos[i_tok] >= 0 && (uint32_t) (ubatch.pos[i_tok]%state_size) == r) {
+                                src = (int32_t) (scratch_off + i_tok);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        const int64_t src_plane = (int64_t) (d - n_seq_tokens)*state_rows;
+                        src = (int32_t) (src_plane + stream_off + r);
+                    }
+
+                    plan.state_snapshot_src_idxs.push_back(src);
+                    plan.state_snapshot_dst_idxs.push_back((int32_t) (dst_plane + stream_off + r));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     static const bool debug = []() {
         const char * env = getenv("LLAMA_DSV4_COMPRESS_DEBUG");
         return env && atoi(env) > 0;
@@ -604,12 +698,14 @@ static std::vector<llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::comp_plan> dsv4_build_comp_plans
         bool overlap,
         uint32_t state_size,
         uint32_t kv_size,
-        uint32_t n_stream) {
+        uint32_t n_stream,
+        uint32_t n_rs_seq,
+        const std::vector<uint32_t> & rs_idx) {
     std::vector<llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::comp_plan> plans;
     plans.reserve(ubatches.size());
 
     for (const llama_ubatch & ubatch : ubatches) {
-        plans.push_back(dsv4_build_comp_plan(ubatch, ratio, overlap, state_size, kv_size, n_stream));
+        plans.push_back(dsv4_build_comp_plan(ubatch, ratio, overlap, state_size, kv_size, n_stream, n_rs_seq, rs_idx));
     }
 
     return plans;
@@ -696,7 +792,8 @@ static llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::comp_plan dsv4_build_reserve_comp_plan(
         bool overlap,
         uint32_t state_size,
         uint32_t kv_size,
-        uint32_t n_stream) {
+        uint32_t n_stream,
+        uint32_t n_rs_seq) {
     llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::comp_plan plan;
     plan.n_visible.resize(ubatch.n_tokens);
     plan.n_stream = dsv4_comp_graph_n_stream(ubatch, n_stream);
@@ -714,10 +811,16 @@ static llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::comp_plan dsv4_build_reserve_comp_plan(
 
     const uint64_t state_rows = (uint64_t) state_size*n_stream;
     const size_t n_persist = (size_t) std::min<uint64_t>(ubatch.n_tokens, state_rows);
+    const size_t n_restore = n_rs_seq > 0 ? (size_t) state_size*std::max<uint32_t>(1, ubatch.n_seqs_unq) : 0;
+    const size_t n_snapshot = (size_t) n_rs_seq*state_size*std::max<uint32_t>(1, ubatch.n_seqs_unq);
 
     plan.state_pos .resize(ubatch.n_tokens);
     plan.state_persist_src_idxs.resize(n_persist);
     plan.state_persist_dst_idxs.resize(n_persist);
+    plan.state_restore_src_idxs.resize(n_restore);
+    plan.state_restore_dst_idxs.resize(n_restore);
+    plan.state_snapshot_src_idxs.resize(n_snapshot);
+    plan.state_snapshot_dst_idxs.resize(n_snapshot);
     plan.state_read_idxs .resize((overlap ? 2u : 1u)*ratio*n_blocks);
     plan.state_write_idxs.resize(n_blocks);
     plan.state_write_pos .resize(n_blocks);
@@ -743,12 +846,14 @@ llama_dsv4_comp_state::llama_dsv4_comp_state(
             uint32_t        ratio,
             uint32_t        state_size,
             uint32_t        n_embd_state,
+            uint32_t        n_rs_seq,
         const char    * name,
         const llama_memory_i::layer_filter_cb & filter) :
     ratio(ratio),
     state_size(state_size),
     n_embd_state(n_embd_state),
-    n_stream(unified ? 1 : n_seq_max) {
+    n_stream(unified ? 1 : n_seq_max),
+    n_rs_seq(n_rs_seq) {
     const llama_hparams & hparams = model.hparams;
 
     struct ggml_backend_buft_comparator {
@@ -804,8 +909,9 @@ llama_dsv4_comp_state::llama_dsv4_comp_state(
             throw std::runtime_error("failed to create ggml context for DSV4 compressor state");
         }
 
-        ggml_tensor * kv    = ggml_new_tensor_3d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd_state, state_size, n_stream);
-        ggml_tensor * score = ggml_new_tensor_3d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd_state, state_size, n_stream);
+        const uint32_t n_planes = n_stream*(1 + n_rs_seq);
+        ggml_tensor * kv    = ggml_new_tensor_3d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd_state, state_size, n_planes);
+        ggml_tensor * score = ggml_new_tensor_3d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd_state, state_size, n_planes);
 
         ggml_format_name(kv,    "dsv4_%s_state_kv_l%d",    name, il);
         ggml_format_name(score, "dsv4_%s_state_score_l%d", name, il);
@@ -837,8 +943,8 @@ llama_dsv4_comp_state::llama_dsv4_comp_state(
         ctxs_bufs.emplace_back(std::move(ctx), buf);
     }
 
-    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: %s ratio = %u, state = %u x %u, streams = %u, layers = %zu, size = %7.2f MiB\n",
-            __func__, name, ratio, state_size, n_embd_state, n_stream, layers.size(), total_size()/1024.0/1024.0);
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: %s ratio = %u, state = %u x %u, streams = %u, rs_seq = %u, layers = %zu, size = %7.2f MiB\n",
+            __func__, name, ratio, state_size, n_embd_state, n_stream, n_rs_seq, layers.size(), total_size()/1024.0/1024.0);
 }
 
 void llama_dsv4_comp_state::clear(llama_seq_id seq_id, bool data) {
@@ -848,9 +954,13 @@ void llama_dsv4_comp_state::clear(llama_seq_id seq_id, bool data) {
 
     if (seq_id >= 0) {
         GGML_ASSERT((uint32_t) seq_id < n_stream);
+
         for (const auto & layer : layers) {
-            dsv4_clear_tensor_stream(layer.kv,    (uint32_t) seq_id);
-            dsv4_clear_tensor_stream(layer.score, (uint32_t) seq_id);
+            for (uint32_t d = 0; d <= n_rs_seq; ++d) {
+                const uint32_t stream = d*n_stream + (uint32_t) seq_id;
+                dsv4_clear_tensor_stream(layer.kv,    stream);
+                dsv4_clear_tensor_stream(layer.score, stream);
+            }
         }
         return;
     }
@@ -868,6 +978,8 @@ void llama_dsv4_comp_state::seq_cp(llama_seq_id seq_id_src, llama_seq_id seq_id_
         return;
     }
 
+    clear(seq_id_dst, true);
+
     sc_info.ssrc.push_back((uint32_t) seq_id_src);
     sc_info.sdst.push_back((uint32_t) seq_id_dst);
 }
@@ -896,6 +1008,14 @@ uint32_t llama_dsv4_comp_state::get_n_stream() const {
     return n_stream;
 }
 
+uint32_t llama_dsv4_comp_state::get_n_rs_seq() const {
+    return n_rs_seq;
+}
+
+uint32_t llama_dsv4_comp_state::get_n_rows() const {
+    return state_size*n_stream;
+}
+
 std::map<ggml_backend_buffer_type_t, size_t> llama_dsv4_comp_state::memory_breakdown() const {
     std::map<ggml_backend_buffer_type_t, size_t> ret;
     for (const auto & [_, buf] : ctxs_bufs) {
@@ -905,13 +1025,26 @@ std::map<ggml_backend_buffer_type_t, size_t> llama_dsv4_comp_state::memory_break
     return ret;
 }
 
-void llama_dsv4_comp_state::state_write(llama_io_write_i & io, llama_seq_id seq_id, llama_state_seq_flags flags) const {
+void llama_dsv4_comp_state::state_write(
+        llama_io_write_i & io,
+        llama_seq_id seq_id,
+        llama_state_seq_flags flags,
+        const std::vector<uint32_t> & rs_idx) const {
     GGML_UNUSED(flags);
 
     uint32_t s0;
     uint32_t ns;
     dsv4_state_src_stream_range(n_stream, seq_id, s0, ns);
 
+    std::vector<uint32_t> stream_ids(ns);
+    for (uint32_t s = 0; s < ns; ++s) {
+        const uint32_t seq = seq_id >= 0 ? (uint32_t) seq_id : s0 + s;
+        if (seq >= rs_idx.size() || rs_idx[seq] > n_rs_seq) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("DSV4 recurrent state rollback index out of range");
+        }
+        stream_ids[s] = rs_idx[seq]*n_stream + s0 + s;
+    }
+
     const uint32_t version      = DSV4_COMP_STATE_VER;
     const uint32_t n_layer      = layers.size();
 
@@ -925,8 +1058,8 @@ void llama_dsv4_comp_state::state_write(llama_io_write_i & io, llama_seq_id seq_
     for (const auto & layer : layers) {
         io.write(&layer.il, sizeof(layer.il));
 
-        dsv4_state_write_tensor_streams(io, layer.kv,    state_size, state_size, s0, ns);
-        dsv4_state_write_tensor_streams(io, layer.score, state_size, state_size, s0, ns);
+        dsv4_state_write_tensor_streams(io, layer.kv,    state_size, state_size, s0, ns, &stream_ids);
+        dsv4_state_write_tensor_streams(io, layer.score, state_size, state_size, s0, ns, &stream_ids);
     }
 }
 
@@ -972,28 +1105,40 @@ void llama_dsv4_comp_state::state_read(llama_io_read_i & io, llama_seq_id seq_id
     }
 }
 
-ggml_tensor * llama_dsv4_comp_state::get_kv(ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il) const {
+ggml_tensor * llama_dsv4_comp_state::get_kv_all(ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il) const {
     const int32_t ids = map_layer_ids.at(il);
-
     ggml_tensor * state = layers[ids].kv;
 
-    return ggml_reshape_2d(ctx, state, state->ne[0], state->ne[1]*state->ne[2]);
+    return ggml_view_2d(ctx, state, state->ne[0], get_n_rows()*(1 + n_rs_seq), state->nb[1], 0);
+}
+
+ggml_tensor * llama_dsv4_comp_state::get_score_all(ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il) const {
+    const int32_t ids = map_layer_ids.at(il);
+    ggml_tensor * state = layers[ids].score;
+
+    return ggml_view_2d(ctx, state, state->ne[0], get_n_rows()*(1 + n_rs_seq), state->nb[1], 0);
+}
+
+ggml_tensor * llama_dsv4_comp_state::get_kv(ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il) const {
+    ggml_tensor * state = get_kv_all(ctx, il);
+    const size_t row_size = ggml_row_size(state->type, state->ne[0]);
+
+    return ggml_view_2d(ctx, state, state->ne[0], get_n_rows(), state->nb[1], 0*row_size);
 }
 
 ggml_tensor * llama_dsv4_comp_state::get_score(ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il) const {
-    const int32_t ids = map_layer_ids.at(il);
+    ggml_tensor * state = get_score_all(ctx, il);
+    const size_t row_size = ggml_row_size(state->type, state->ne[0]);
 
-    ggml_tensor * state = layers[ids].score;
-
-    return ggml_reshape_2d(ctx, state, state->ne[0], state->ne[1]*state->ne[2]);
+    return ggml_view_2d(ctx, state, state->ne[0], get_n_rows(), state->nb[1], 0*row_size);
 }
 
 ggml_tensor * llama_dsv4_comp_state::cpy_kv(ggml_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * cur, ggml_tensor * idxs, int32_t il) const {
-    return ggml_set_rows(ctx, get_kv(ctx, il), cur, idxs);
+    return ggml_set_rows(ctx, get_kv_all(ctx, il), cur, idxs);
 }
 
 ggml_tensor * llama_dsv4_comp_state::cpy_score(ggml_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * cur, ggml_tensor * idxs, int32_t il) const {
-    return ggml_set_rows(ctx, get_score(ctx, il), cur, idxs);
+    return ggml_set_rows(ctx, get_score_all(ctx, il), cur, idxs);
 }
 
 size_t llama_dsv4_comp_state::total_size() const {
@@ -1022,13 +1167,16 @@ llama_kv_cache_dsv4::llama_kv_cache_dsv4(
                  uint32_t   n_seq_max,
                  uint32_t   n_ubatch,
                  uint32_t   n_pad,
+                 uint32_t   n_rs_seq,
     const layer_filter_cb & filter,
     const  layer_reuse_cb & reuse) :
     hparams_raw(model.hparams),
     hparams_csa(model.hparams),
     hparams_hca(model.hparams),
     hparams_lid(model.hparams),
-    n_seq_max(n_seq_max) {
+    n_seq_max(n_seq_max),
+    n_rs_seq(n_rs_seq),
+    rs_idx(n_seq_max, 0) {
 
     const layer_filter_cb filter_raw = [&](int32_t il) {
         if (filter && !filter(il)) {
@@ -1043,6 +1191,11 @@ llama_kv_cache_dsv4::llama_kv_cache_dsv4(
     // Keep DSV4 KV/state streams per sequence even when public KV mode is unified.
     const bool unified_raw = false;
 
+    hparams_raw.n_layer_nextn = 0;
+    hparams_csa.n_layer_nextn = 0;
+    hparams_hca.n_layer_nextn = 0;
+    hparams_lid.n_layer_nextn = 0;
+
     LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: creating DSV4 raw KV cache\n", __func__);
 
     dsv4_make_k_only(hparams_raw);
@@ -1109,19 +1262,19 @@ llama_kv_cache_dsv4::llama_kv_cache_dsv4(
 
     csa_state = std::make_unique<llama_dsv4_comp_state>(
             model, offload, unified_compressed, n_seq_max, DSV4_CSA_RATIO, 2*DSV4_CSA_RATIO,
-            2*model.hparams.n_embd_head_k(), "csa", filter_csa);
+            2*model.hparams.n_embd_head_k(), n_rs_seq, "csa", filter_csa);
 
     LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: creating DSV4 HCA compressor state\n", __func__);
 
     hca_state = std::make_unique<llama_dsv4_comp_state>(
             model, offload, unified_compressed, n_seq_max, DSV4_HCA_RATIO, DSV4_HCA_RATIO,
-            model.hparams.n_embd_head_k(), "hca", filter_hca);
+            model.hparams.n_embd_head_k(), n_rs_seq, "hca", filter_hca);
 
     LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: creating DSV4 lightning-indexer compressor state\n", __func__);
 
     lid_state = std::make_unique<llama_dsv4_comp_state>(
             model, offload, unified_compressed, n_seq_max, DSV4_CSA_RATIO, 2*DSV4_CSA_RATIO,
-            2*model.hparams.indexer_head_size, "lid", filter_csa);
+            2*model.hparams.indexer_head_size, n_rs_seq, "lid", filter_csa);
 
     // DSV4 attention reads compressed-K / compressor-state rows that the current
     // graph does not necessarily overwrite; uninitialized buffer contents would
@@ -1255,17 +1408,35 @@ bool llama_kv_cache_dsv4::seq_rm(llama_seq_id seq_id, llama_pos p0, llama_pos p1
     }
 
     if (p0 > 0) {
-        if (seq_id < 0 || (uint32_t) seq_id >= n_seq_max ||
-                p0 <= kv_raw->seq_pos_max(seq_id)) {
+        if (seq_id < 0 || (uint32_t) seq_id >= n_seq_max) {
             return false;
         }
 
-        bool res = true;
+        const llama_pos pos_max = kv_raw->seq_pos_max(seq_id);
+        if (p0 > pos_max) {
+            bool res = true;
 
-        res = res & kv_raw->seq_rm(seq_id, p0, -1);
-        res = res & kv_csa->seq_rm(seq_id, p0/DSV4_CSA_RATIO, -1);
-        res = res & kv_hca->seq_rm(seq_id, p0/DSV4_HCA_RATIO, -1);
-        res = res & kv_lid->seq_rm(seq_id, p0/DSV4_CSA_RATIO, -1);
+            res = res & kv_raw->seq_rm(seq_id, p0, -1);
+            res = res & kv_csa->seq_rm(seq_id, p0/DSV4_CSA_RATIO, -1);
+            res = res & kv_hca->seq_rm(seq_id, p0/DSV4_HCA_RATIO, -1);
+            res = res & kv_lid->seq_rm(seq_id, p0/DSV4_CSA_RATIO, -1);
+
+            return res;
+        }
+
+        if (n_rs_seq == 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        const llama_pos rollback = pos_max - (p0 - 1);
+        if (rollback < 1 || rollback > (llama_pos) n_rs_seq) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        const bool res = kv_raw->seq_rm(seq_id, p0, p1);
+        if (res) {
+            rs_idx[seq_id] = (uint32_t) rollback;
+        }
 
         return res;
     }
@@ -1290,6 +1461,10 @@ void llama_kv_cache_dsv4::seq_cp(llama_seq_id seq_id_src, llama_seq_id seq_id_ds
     csa_state->seq_cp(seq_id_src, seq_id_dst);
     hca_state->seq_cp(seq_id_src, seq_id_dst);
     lid_state->seq_cp(seq_id_src, seq_id_dst);
+
+    if (seq_id_src != seq_id_dst) {
+        rs_idx[seq_id_dst] = 0;
+    }
 }
 
 void llama_kv_cache_dsv4::seq_keep(llama_seq_id seq_id) {
@@ -1386,9 +1561,9 @@ void llama_kv_cache_dsv4::state_write(llama_io_write_i & io, llama_seq_id seq_id
         dsv4_state_write_k_cache(io, kv_lid.get(), seq_id, flags, n_rows_lid);
     }
 
-    csa_state->state_write(io, seq_id, flags);
-    hca_state->state_write(io, seq_id, flags);
-    lid_state->state_write(io, seq_id, flags);
+    csa_state->state_write(io, seq_id, flags, rs_idx);
+    hca_state->state_write(io, seq_id, flags, rs_idx);
+    lid_state->state_write(io, seq_id, flags, rs_idx);
 }
 
 void llama_kv_cache_dsv4::state_read(llama_io_read_i & io, llama_seq_id seq_id, llama_state_seq_flags flags) {
@@ -1432,6 +1607,12 @@ void llama_kv_cache_dsv4::state_read(llama_io_read_i & io, llama_seq_id seq_id,
     hca_state->state_read(io, seq_id, flags);
     lid_state->state_read(io, seq_id, flags);
 
+    if (seq_id >= 0) {
+        GGML_ASSERT((uint32_t) seq_id < n_seq_max);
+        rs_idx[seq_id] = 0;
+    } else {
+        std::fill(rs_idx.begin(), rs_idx.end(), 0);
+    }
 }
 
 llama_kv_cache_iswa * llama_kv_cache_dsv4::get_raw() const {
@@ -1462,6 +1643,31 @@ llama_dsv4_comp_state * llama_kv_cache_dsv4::get_lid_state() const {
     return lid_state.get();
 }
 
+uint32_t llama_kv_cache_dsv4::get_n_rs_seq() const {
+    return n_rs_seq;
+}
+
+const std::vector<uint32_t> & llama_kv_cache_dsv4::get_rs_idx() const {
+    return rs_idx;
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_dsv4::reset_rs_idx_for_ubatches(const std::vector<llama_ubatch> & ubatches) {
+    if (n_rs_seq == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for (const llama_ubatch & ubatch : ubatches) {
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < ubatch.n_tokens; ++i) {
+            for (int32_t s = 0; s < ubatch.n_seq_id[i]; ++s) {
+                const llama_seq_id seq_id = ubatch.seq_id[i][s];
+                if (seq_id >= 0 && (uint32_t) seq_id < n_seq_max) {
+                    rs_idx[seq_id] = 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 void llama_kv_cache_dsv4::clear_compressed(llama_seq_id seq_id, bool data) {
     if (seq_id < 0) {
         kv_csa->clear(data);
@@ -1488,6 +1694,12 @@ void llama_kv_cache_dsv4::clear_compressed(llama_seq_id seq_id, bool data) {
     csa_state->clear(seq_id, data);
     hca_state->clear(seq_id, data);
     lid_state->clear(seq_id, data);
+
+    if (seq_id >= 0) {
+        rs_idx[seq_id] = 0;
+    } else {
+        std::fill(rs_idx.begin(), rs_idx.end(), 0);
+    }
 }
 
 //
@@ -1779,10 +1991,14 @@ llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context(
         std::vector<llama_ubatch> ubatches_raw) :
     ubatches(std::move(ubatches)),
     plans_csa(dsv4_build_comp_plans(this->ubatches, DSV4_CSA_RATIO, true,
-                kv->get_csa_state()->get_state_size(), kv->get_csa()->get_size(), kv->get_csa_state()->get_n_stream())),
+                kv->get_csa_state()->get_state_size(), kv->get_csa()->get_size(), kv->get_csa_state()->get_n_stream(),
+                kv->get_n_rs_seq(), kv->get_rs_idx())),
     plans_hca(dsv4_build_comp_plans(this->ubatches, DSV4_HCA_RATIO, false,
-                kv->get_hca_state()->get_state_size(), kv->get_hca()->get_size(), kv->get_hca_state()->get_n_stream())),
-    plans_lid(plans_csa),
+                kv->get_hca_state()->get_state_size(), kv->get_hca()->get_size(), kv->get_hca_state()->get_n_stream(),
+                kv->get_n_rs_seq(), kv->get_rs_idx())),
+    plans_lid(dsv4_build_comp_plans(this->ubatches, DSV4_CSA_RATIO, true,
+                kv->get_lid_state()->get_state_size(), kv->get_lid()->get_size(), kv->get_lid_state()->get_n_stream(),
+                kv->get_n_rs_seq(), kv->get_rs_idx())),
     ctx_raw(std::make_unique<llama_kv_cache_dsv4_raw_context>(
                 kv->get_raw(),
                 std::move(sinfos_raw_base_write),
@@ -1809,6 +2025,7 @@ llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context(
     hca_state(kv->get_hca_state()),
     lid_state(kv->get_lid_state()),
     status(ctx_raw->get_status()) {
+    kv->reset_rs_idx_for_ubatches(this->ubatches);
 }
 
 llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::~llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context() = default;
@@ -1944,7 +2161,7 @@ const llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::comp_plan & llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::get_
 
     reserve_plan_csa = dsv4_build_reserve_comp_plan(
             ubatch, DSV4_CSA_RATIO, true,
-            csa_state->get_state_size(), get_csa()->get_n_kv(), csa_state->get_n_stream());
+            csa_state->get_state_size(), get_csa()->get_n_kv(), csa_state->get_n_stream(), csa_state->get_n_rs_seq());
 
     return reserve_plan_csa;
 }
@@ -1958,7 +2175,7 @@ const llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::comp_plan & llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::get_
 
     reserve_plan_hca = dsv4_build_reserve_comp_plan(
             ubatch, DSV4_HCA_RATIO, false,
-            hca_state->get_state_size(), get_hca()->get_n_kv(), hca_state->get_n_stream());
+            hca_state->get_state_size(), get_hca()->get_n_kv(), hca_state->get_n_stream(), hca_state->get_n_rs_seq());
 
     return reserve_plan_hca;
 }
@@ -1972,7 +2189,7 @@ const llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::comp_plan & llama_kv_cache_dsv4_context::get_
 
     reserve_plan_lid = dsv4_build_reserve_comp_plan(
             ubatch, DSV4_CSA_RATIO, true,
-            lid_state->get_state_size(), get_lid()->get_n_kv(), lid_state->get_n_stream());
+            lid_state->get_state_size(), get_lid()->get_n_kv(), lid_state->get_n_stream(), lid_state->get_n_rs_seq());
 
     return reserve_plan_lid;
 }

src/llama-kv-cache-dsv4.h

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ public:
             uint32_t        ratio,
             uint32_t        state_size,
             uint32_t        n_embd_state,
+            uint32_t        n_rs_seq,
             const char    * name,
         const llama_memory_i::layer_filter_cb & filter);
 
@@ -29,17 +30,21 @@ public:
     void seq_cp(llama_seq_id seq_id_src, llama_seq_id seq_id_dst);
     void apply_copies(const stream_copy_info & sc_info) const;
 
-    uint32_t get_ratio()    const;
+    uint32_t get_ratio()      const;
     uint32_t get_state_size() const;
-    uint32_t get_n_stream() const;
+    uint32_t get_n_stream()   const;
+    uint32_t get_n_rs_seq()   const;
+    uint32_t get_n_rows()     const;
 
     std::map<ggml_backend_buffer_type_t, size_t> memory_breakdown() const;
 
-    void state_write(llama_io_write_i & io, llama_seq_id seq_id, llama_state_seq_flags flags) const;
+    void state_write(llama_io_write_i & io, llama_seq_id seq_id, llama_state_seq_flags flags, const std::vector<uint32_t> & rs_idx) const;
     void state_read (llama_io_read_i  & io, llama_seq_id seq_id, llama_state_seq_flags flags);
 
-    ggml_tensor * get_kv   (ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il) const;
-    ggml_tensor * get_score(ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il) const;
+    ggml_tensor * get_kv       (ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il) const;
+    ggml_tensor * get_score    (ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il) const;
+    ggml_tensor * get_kv_all   (ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il) const;
+    ggml_tensor * get_score_all(ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il) const;
 
     ggml_tensor * cpy_kv   (ggml_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * cur, ggml_tensor * idxs, int32_t il) const;
     ggml_tensor * cpy_score(ggml_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * cur, ggml_tensor * idxs, int32_t il) const;
@@ -59,6 +64,7 @@ private:
     const uint32_t state_size;
     const uint32_t n_embd_state;
     const uint32_t n_stream;
+    const uint32_t n_rs_seq;
 
     std::vector<std::pair<ggml_context_ptr, ggml_backend_buffer_ptr>> ctxs_bufs;
 
@@ -93,6 +99,7 @@ public:
                      uint32_t   n_seq_max,
                      uint32_t   n_ubatch,
                      uint32_t   n_pad,
+                     uint32_t   n_rs_seq,
         const layer_filter_cb & filter,
         const  layer_reuse_cb & reuse);
 
@@ -141,6 +148,10 @@ public:
     llama_dsv4_comp_state * get_hca_state() const;
     llama_dsv4_comp_state * get_lid_state() const;
 
+    uint32_t get_n_rs_seq() const;
+    const std::vector<uint32_t> & get_rs_idx() const;
+    void reset_rs_idx_for_ubatches(const std::vector<llama_ubatch> & ubatches);
+
 private:
     llama_hparams hparams_raw;
     llama_hparams hparams_csa;
@@ -148,6 +159,9 @@ private:
     llama_hparams hparams_lid;
 
     const uint32_t n_seq_max;
+    const uint32_t n_rs_seq;
+
+    std::vector<uint32_t> rs_idx;
 
     std::unique_ptr<llama_kv_cache_iswa> kv_raw;
     std::unique_ptr<llama_kv_cache>      kv_csa;
@@ -268,6 +282,17 @@ public:
         std::vector<int32_t> state_persist_src_idxs;
         std::vector<int32_t> state_persist_dst_idxs;
 
+        // Device-side rollback restore copies snapshot planes back to the
+        // current compressor-state plane before the graph reads it.
+        std::vector<int32_t> state_restore_src_idxs;
+        std::vector<int32_t> state_restore_dst_idxs;
+
+        // Device-side rollback snapshots copy rows from the graph-local
+        // [persistent_state | current_ubatch_scratch] tensor into rollback
+        // planes after the graph has computed current-token compressor state.
+        std::vector<int32_t> state_snapshot_src_idxs;
+        std::vector<int32_t> state_snapshot_dst_idxs;
+
         // Flattened source row ids used for state-backed commits. Source rows
         // index the graph-local [persistent_state | current_ubatch_scratch]
         // tensor. For overlapped compression the first half is previous rows

src/llama-kv-cache-msa.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+#include "llama-kv-cache-msa.h"
+
+#include "llama-impl.h"
+#include "llama-batch.h"
+#include "llama-model.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cmath>
+
+// llama_kv_cache_msa
+
+llama_kv_cache_msa::llama_kv_cache_msa(
+        const llama_model & model,
+                ggml_type   type_k,
+                ggml_type   type_v,
+                     bool   v_trans,
+                     bool   offload,
+                     bool   unified,
+                 uint32_t   kv_size,
+                 uint32_t   n_seq_max,
+                 uint32_t   n_pad,
+                 uint32_t   n_swa,
+           llama_swa_type   swa_type,
+    const layer_filter_cb & filter,
+    const layer_filter_cb & filter_idx,
+    const  layer_reuse_cb & reuse) :
+    hparams_idx(model.hparams),
+    n_stream(unified ? 1 : n_seq_max), n_seq_max(n_seq_max), n_pad(n_pad),
+    n_swa(n_swa), swa_type(swa_type) {
+
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: creating main KV cache, size = %u cells\n", __func__, kv_size);
+
+    kv_base = std::make_unique<llama_kv_cache>(
+            model, model.hparams, type_k, type_v,
+            v_trans, offload, unified, kv_size, n_seq_max, n_pad,
+            n_swa, swa_type, nullptr, filter, reuse, nullptr);
+
+    // the MSA indexer uses a single key head per layer
+    std::fill(hparams_idx.n_head_kv_arr.begin(), hparams_idx.n_head_kv_arr.end(), 1);
+    hparams_idx.n_embd_head_k_full = model.hparams.indexer_head_size;
+    // the rope parameters are kept identical to the main cache
+
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: creating indexer KV cache, size = %u cells\n", __func__, kv_size);
+
+    kv_idx = std::make_unique<llama_kv_cache>(
+            model, hparams_idx, type_k, type_v,
+            v_trans, offload, unified, kv_size, n_seq_max, n_pad,
+            n_swa, swa_type, nullptr, filter_idx, reuse, nullptr);
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_msa::clear(bool data) {
+    kv_base->clear(data);
+    kv_idx ->clear(data);
+}
+
+bool llama_kv_cache_msa::seq_rm(llama_seq_id seq_id, llama_pos p0, llama_pos p1) {
+    bool res = true;
+
+    res = res & kv_base->seq_rm(seq_id, p0, p1);
+    res = res & kv_idx ->seq_rm(seq_id, p0, p1);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_msa::seq_cp(llama_seq_id seq_id_src, llama_seq_id seq_id_dst, llama_pos p0, llama_pos p1) {
+    kv_base->seq_cp(seq_id_src, seq_id_dst, p0, p1);
+    kv_idx ->seq_cp(seq_id_src, seq_id_dst, p0, p1);
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_msa::seq_keep(llama_seq_id seq_id) {
+    kv_base->seq_keep(seq_id);
+    kv_idx ->seq_keep(seq_id);
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_msa::seq_add(llama_seq_id seq_id, llama_pos p0, llama_pos p1, llama_pos shift) {
+    kv_base->seq_add(seq_id, p0, p1, shift);
+    kv_idx ->seq_add(seq_id, p0, p1, shift);
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_msa::seq_div(llama_seq_id seq_id, llama_pos p0, llama_pos p1, int d) {
+    kv_base->seq_div(seq_id, p0, p1, d);
+    kv_idx ->seq_div(seq_id, p0, p1, d);
+}
+
+llama_pos llama_kv_cache_msa::seq_pos_min(llama_seq_id seq_id) const {
+    return kv_base->seq_pos_min(seq_id);
+}
+
+llama_pos llama_kv_cache_msa::seq_pos_max(llama_seq_id seq_id) const {
+    return kv_base->seq_pos_max(seq_id);
+}
+
+std::map<ggml_backend_buffer_type_t, size_t> llama_kv_cache_msa::memory_breakdown() const {
+    std::map<ggml_backend_buffer_type_t, size_t> mb = kv_base->memory_breakdown();
+    for (const auto & buft_size : kv_idx->memory_breakdown()) {
+        mb[buft_size.first] += buft_size.second;
+    }
+    return mb;
+}
+
+llama_memory_context_ptr llama_kv_cache_msa::init_batch(
+            llama_batch_allocr & balloc,
+            uint32_t n_ubatch,
+            bool embd_all) {
+    GGML_UNUSED(embd_all);
+
+    do {
+        balloc.split_reset();
+
+        std::vector<llama_ubatch> ubatches;
+        while (true) {
+            auto ubatch = n_stream == 1 ? balloc.split_simple(n_ubatch) : balloc.split_equal(n_ubatch, true, 0);
+
+            if (ubatch.n_tokens == 0) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            ubatches.push_back(std::move(ubatch));
+        }
+
+        if (balloc.get_n_used() < balloc.get_n_tokens()) {
+            // failed to find a suitable split
+            break;
+        }
+
+        auto sinfos_base = kv_base->prepare(ubatches);
+        if (sinfos_base.empty()) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        auto sinfos_idx = kv_idx->prepare(ubatches);
+        if (sinfos_idx.empty()) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        assert(sinfos_base.size() == sinfos_idx.size());
+
+        return std::make_unique<llama_kv_cache_msa_context>(
+                this, std::move(sinfos_base), std::move(sinfos_idx), std::move(ubatches));
+    } while (false);
+
+    return std::make_unique<llama_kv_cache_msa_context>(LLAMA_MEMORY_STATUS_FAILED_PREPARE);
+}
+
+llama_memory_context_ptr llama_kv_cache_msa::init_full() {
+    return std::make_unique<llama_kv_cache_msa_context>(this);
+}
+
+llama_memory_context_ptr llama_kv_cache_msa::init_update(llama_context * lctx, bool optimize) {
+    return std::make_unique<llama_kv_cache_msa_context>(this, lctx, optimize);
+}
+
+bool llama_kv_cache_msa::get_can_shift() const {
+    return kv_base->get_can_shift() &&
+           kv_idx ->get_can_shift() &&
+           kv_base->get_size() == kv_idx->get_size();
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_msa::state_write(llama_io_write_i & io, llama_seq_id seq_id, llama_state_seq_flags flags) const {
+    kv_base->state_write(io, seq_id, flags);
+    kv_idx ->state_write(io, seq_id, flags);
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_msa::state_read(llama_io_read_i & io, llama_seq_id seq_id, llama_state_seq_flags flags) {
+    kv_base->state_read(io, seq_id, flags);
+    kv_idx ->state_read(io, seq_id, flags);
+}
+
+llama_kv_cache * llama_kv_cache_msa::get_base() const {
+    return kv_base.get();
+}
+
+llama_kv_cache * llama_kv_cache_msa::get_idx() const {
+    return kv_idx.get();
+}
+
+// llama_kv_cache_msa_context
+
+llama_kv_cache_msa_context::llama_kv_cache_msa_context(llama_memory_status status) :
+    kv(nullptr), status(status) {}
+
+llama_kv_cache_msa_context::llama_kv_cache_msa_context(
+        llama_kv_cache_msa * kv) :
+    kv(kv),
+    ctx_base(kv->get_base()->init_full()),
+    ctx_idx (kv->get_idx ()->init_full()),
+    status(llama_memory_status_combine(ctx_base->get_status(), ctx_idx->get_status())) {
+}
+
+llama_kv_cache_msa_context::llama_kv_cache_msa_context(
+        llama_kv_cache_msa * kv,
+        llama_context * lctx,
+        bool optimize) :
+    kv(kv),
+    ctx_base(kv->get_base()->init_update(lctx, optimize)),
+    ctx_idx (kv->get_idx ()->init_update(lctx, optimize)),
+    status(llama_memory_status_combine(ctx_base->get_status(), ctx_idx->get_status())) {
+}
+
+llama_kv_cache_msa_context::llama_kv_cache_msa_context(
+        llama_kv_cache_msa * kv,
+        slot_info_vec_t sinfos_base,
+        slot_info_vec_t sinfos_idx,
+        std::vector<llama_ubatch> ubatches) :
+    kv(kv),
+    ubatches(std::move(ubatches)),
+    // here we copy the ubatches. not sure if this is ideal
+    ctx_base(new llama_kv_cache_context(kv->get_base(), std::move(sinfos_base), this->ubatches)),
+    ctx_idx (new llama_kv_cache_context(kv->get_idx (), std::move(sinfos_idx),  this->ubatches)),
+    status(llama_memory_status_combine(ctx_base->get_status(), ctx_idx->get_status())) {
+}
+
+llama_kv_cache_msa_context::~llama_kv_cache_msa_context() = default;
+
+bool llama_kv_cache_msa_context::next() {
+    assert(status == LLAMA_MEMORY_STATUS_SUCCESS);
+
+    ctx_base->next();
+    ctx_idx ->next();
+
+    if (++i_next >= ubatches.size()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool llama_kv_cache_msa_context::apply() {
+    assert(!llama_memory_status_is_fail(status));
+
+    bool res = true;
+
+    res = res & ctx_base->apply();
+    res = res & ctx_idx ->apply();
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+llama_memory_status llama_kv_cache_msa_context::get_status() const {
+    return status;
+}
+
+const llama_ubatch & llama_kv_cache_msa_context::get_ubatch() const {
+    assert(status == LLAMA_MEMORY_STATUS_SUCCESS);
+
+    return ubatches[i_next];
+}
+
+const llama_kv_cache_context * llama_kv_cache_msa_context::get_base() const {
+    assert(status == LLAMA_MEMORY_STATUS_SUCCESS);
+
+    return static_cast<const llama_kv_cache_context *>(ctx_base.get());
+}
+
+const llama_kv_cache_context * llama_kv_cache_msa_context::get_idx() const {
+    assert(status == LLAMA_MEMORY_STATUS_SUCCESS);
+
+    return static_cast<const llama_kv_cache_context *>(ctx_idx.get());
+}
+
+uint32_t llama_kv_cache_msa_context::get_n_pos() const {
+    // pad the value so that the graph remains constant across batches and can be reused
+    const uint32_t n_pad_cur = std::max(kv->get_n_pad(), 256u);
+
+    llama_pos pos_max = -1;
+
+    for (llama_seq_id seq_id = 0; seq_id < (llama_seq_id) kv->get_n_seq_max(); ++seq_id) {
+        pos_max = std::max(pos_max, kv->seq_pos_max(seq_id));
+    }
+
+    return std::max(n_pad_cur, GGML_PAD((uint32_t) (pos_max + 1), n_pad_cur));
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_msa_context::set_input_cell_pos(ggml_tensor * dst, const llama_ubatch * ubatch, int32_t div) const {
+    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_backend_buffer_is_host(dst->buffer));
+    GGML_ASSERT(dst->type == GGML_TYPE_I32);
+    GGML_ASSERT(div > 0);
+
+    const int64_t n_tokens    = ubatch->n_tokens;
+    const int64_t n_kv        = dst->ne[0];
+    const int64_t n_stream_ub = dst->ne[1];
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(n_tokens % n_stream_ub == 0);
+    const int64_t n_tps = n_tokens/n_stream_ub;
+
+    int32_t * data = (int32_t *) dst->data;
+
+    for (int64_t s = 0; s < n_stream_ub; ++s) {
+        const llama_seq_id seq_id = ubatch->seq_id[s*n_tps][0];
+
+        const auto & cells = kv->get_base()->get_cells(seq_id);
+
+        for (int64_t j = 0; j < n_kv; ++j) {
+            // the value for empty or other-sequence cells is irrelevant as consumers mask them
+            data[s*n_kv + j] =
+                cells.is_empty(j) || !cells.seq_has(j, seq_id)
+                    ? 0
+                    : (int32_t) (cells.pos_get(j)/div);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_msa_context::set_input_pos_slot(ggml_tensor * dst, const llama_ubatch * ubatch) const {
+    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_backend_buffer_is_host(dst->buffer));
+    GGML_ASSERT(dst->type == GGML_TYPE_I32 || dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+
+    const int64_t n_tokens    = ubatch->n_tokens;
+    const int64_t n_pos       = dst->ne[0];
+    const int64_t n_stream_ub = dst->ne[1];
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(n_tokens % n_stream_ub == 0);
+    const int64_t n_tps = n_tokens/n_stream_ub;
+
+    for (int64_t s = 0; s < n_stream_ub; ++s) {
+        const llama_seq_id seq_id = ubatch->seq_id[s*n_tps][0];
+
+        const auto & cells = kv->get_base()->get_cells(seq_id);
+
+        std::vector<int32_t> map(n_pos, 0);
+
+        for (uint32_t j = 0; j < cells.size(); ++j) {
+            if (cells.is_empty(j) || !cells.seq_has(j, seq_id)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            const llama_pos p0 = cells.pos_get(j);
+
+            if (p0 < 0 || p0 >= n_pos) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            map[p0] = (int32_t) j;
+        }
+
+        if (dst->type == GGML_TYPE_I32) {
+            int32_t * data = (int32_t *) dst->data + s*n_pos;
+            std::copy(map.begin(), map.end(), data);
+        } else {
+            float * data = (float *) dst->data + s*n_pos;
+            for (int64_t p = 0; p < n_pos; ++p) {
+                data[p] = (float) map[p];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void llama_kv_cache_msa_context::set_input_pos_mask(ggml_tensor * dst, const llama_ubatch * ubatch) const {
+    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_backend_buffer_is_host(dst->buffer));
+    GGML_ASSERT(dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+
+    const int64_t n_tokens = ubatch->n_tokens;
+    const int64_t n_pos    = dst->ne[0];
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(dst->ne[1] == n_tokens);
+
+    const uint32_t       n_swa    = kv->get_n_swa();
+    const llama_swa_type swa_type = kv->get_swa_type();
+
+    float * data = (float *) dst->data;
+
+    std::fill(data, data + n_pos*n_tokens, -INFINITY);
+
+    for (int64_t i = 0; i < n_tokens; ++i) {
+        const llama_seq_id seq_id = ubatch->seq_id[i][0];
+
+        const auto & cells = kv->get_base()->get_cells(seq_id);
+
+        const llama_pos p1 = ubatch->pos[i];
+
+        for (uint32_t j = 0; j < cells.size(); ++j) {
+            if (cells.is_empty(j) || !cells.seq_has(j, seq_id)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            const llama_pos p0 = cells.pos_get(j);
+
+            if (p0 < 0 || p0 >= n_pos) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // causal mask
+            if (p0 > p1) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // apply SWA if any
+            if (llama_hparams::is_masked_swa(n_swa, swa_type, p0, p1)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            data[i*n_pos + p0] = 0.0f;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/llama-kv-cache-msa.h

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "llama-kv-cache.h"
+
+#include <vector>
+
+// llama_kv_cache_msa
+
+// uses two instances of llama_kv_cache, one for K/V tensors, and one for the MSA indexer tensors
+// both receive identical sequence operations and identical ubatches, so their cell layouts stay in synced.
+// the context also exposes per-ubatch pos - cell translation maps populated from llama_kv_cells via
+// llama_kv_cache::get_cells(), which the model graph uses to run MSA block selection in position space
+
+class llama_kv_cache_msa : public llama_memory_i {
+public:
+    llama_kv_cache_msa(
+            const llama_model & model,
+                    ggml_type   type_k,
+                    ggml_type   type_v,
+                         bool   v_trans,
+                         bool   offload,
+                         bool   unified,
+                     uint32_t   kv_size,
+                     uint32_t   n_seq_max,
+                     uint32_t   n_pad,
+                     uint32_t   n_swa,
+               llama_swa_type   swa_type,
+        const layer_filter_cb & filter,
+        const layer_filter_cb & filter_idx,
+        const  layer_reuse_cb & reuse);
+
+    ~llama_kv_cache_msa() = default;
+
+    // llama_memory_i
+
+    llama_memory_context_ptr init_batch(
+            llama_batch_allocr & balloc,
+            uint32_t n_ubatch,
+            bool embd_all) override;
+
+    llama_memory_context_ptr init_full() override;
+
+    llama_memory_context_ptr init_update(llama_context * lctx, bool optimize) override;
+
+    bool get_can_shift() const override;
+
+    void clear(bool data) override;
+
+    bool seq_rm  (llama_seq_id seq_id,                              llama_pos p0, llama_pos p1) override;
+    void seq_cp  (llama_seq_id seq_id_src, llama_seq_id seq_id_dst, llama_pos p0, llama_pos p1) override;
+    void seq_keep(llama_seq_id seq_id)                                                          override;
+    void seq_add (llama_seq_id seq_id,                              llama_pos p0, llama_pos p1, llama_pos shift) override;
+    void seq_div (llama_seq_id seq_id,                              llama_pos p0, llama_pos p1, int d) override;
+
+    llama_pos seq_pos_min(llama_seq_id seq_id) const override;
+    llama_pos seq_pos_max(llama_seq_id seq_id) const override;
+
+    std::map<ggml_backend_buffer_type_t, size_t> memory_breakdown() const override;
+
+    // state write/load
+
+    void state_write(llama_io_write_i & io, llama_seq_id seq_id = -1, llama_state_seq_flags flags = 0) const override;
+    void state_read (llama_io_read_i  & io, llama_seq_id seq_id = -1, llama_state_seq_flags flags = 0) override;
+
+    // llama_kv_cache_msa specific API
+
+    llama_kv_cache * get_base() const;
+    llama_kv_cache * get_idx () const;
+
+    uint32_t       get_n_pad()    const { return n_pad; }
+    uint32_t       get_n_seq_max() const { return n_seq_max; }
+    uint32_t       get_n_swa()    const { return n_swa; }
+    llama_swa_type get_swa_type() const { return swa_type; }
+
+private:
+    // keep the indexer KV cache hparams instance here as llama_kv_cache stores only a reference
+    llama_hparams hparams_idx;
+
+    const uint32_t n_stream  = 1;
+    const uint32_t n_seq_max = 1;
+    const uint32_t n_pad     = 1;
+
+    const uint32_t       n_swa    = 0;
+    const llama_swa_type swa_type = LLAMA_SWA_TYPE_NONE;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<llama_kv_cache> kv_base;
+    std::unique_ptr<llama_kv_cache> kv_idx;
+};
+
+class llama_kv_cache_msa_context : public llama_memory_context_i {
+public:
+    using slot_info_vec_t = llama_kv_cache::slot_info_vec_t;
+
+    // used for errors
+    llama_kv_cache_msa_context(llama_memory_status status);
+
+    // used to create a full-cache context
+    llama_kv_cache_msa_context(
+            llama_kv_cache_msa * kv);
+
+    // used to create an update context
+    llama_kv_cache_msa_context(
+            llama_kv_cache_msa * kv,
+            llama_context * lctx,
+            bool optimize);
+
+    // used to create a batch processing context from a batch
+    llama_kv_cache_msa_context(
+            llama_kv_cache_msa * kv,
+            slot_info_vec_t sinfos_base,
+            slot_info_vec_t sinfos_idx,
+            std::vector<llama_ubatch> ubatches);
+
+    virtual ~llama_kv_cache_msa_context();
+
+    // llama_memory_context_i
+
+    bool next()  override;
+    bool apply() override;
+
+    llama_memory_status  get_status() const override;
+    const llama_ubatch & get_ubatch() const override;
+
+    // llama_kv_cache_msa_context specific API
+
+    const llama_kv_cache_context * get_base() const;
+    const llama_kv_cache_context * get_idx () const;
+
+    // max position currently present in the cache plus one, padded MSA blocks are defined over token positions
+    // so the block-selection tensors are sized by this value rather than by the number of cells
+    uint32_t get_n_pos() const;
+
+    // position <-> cell translation maps, populated from the base cache cells
+    // the model graph relates cache contents to token positions only through these per ubatch inputs
+    // value for empty or other-sequence cells is 0 so consumers must mask them
+    void set_input_cell_pos(ggml_tensor * dst, const llama_ubatch * ubatch, int32_t div) const;
+    // positions without a cell map to cell 0, consumers must mask them assumes one sequence per stream
+    void set_input_pos_slot(ggml_tensor * dst, const llama_ubatch * ubatch) const;
+    void set_input_pos_mask(ggml_tensor * dst, const llama_ubatch * ubatch) const;
+
+private:
+    llama_kv_cache_msa * kv;
+
+    // the index of the next ubatch to process
+    size_t i_next = 0;
+
+    std::vector<llama_ubatch> ubatches;
+
+    const llama_memory_context_ptr ctx_base;
+    const llama_memory_context_ptr ctx_idx;
+
+    const llama_memory_status status;
+};

src/llama-kv-cache.cpp

@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ llama_kv_cache::llama_kv_cache(
         auto it = ctx_map.find(buft);
         if (it == ctx_map.end()) {
             ggml_init_params params = {
-                /*.mem_size   =*/ size_t(3u*(1 + n_stream)*n_layer*ggml_tensor_overhead()), //Reserve tensor metadata for up to 3 tensors per layer (K, V, and optional K_idx), plus one view per tensor per stream.
+                /*.mem_size   =*/ size_t(2u*(1 + n_stream)*n_layer*ggml_tensor_overhead()),
                 /*.mem_buffer =*/ NULL,
                 /*.no_alloc   =*/ true,
             };
@@ -242,25 +242,9 @@ llama_kv_cache::llama_kv_cache(
             v_stream.push_back(has_v ? ggml_view_2d(ctx, v, n_embd_v_gqa, kv_size, v->nb[1], s*v->nb[2]) : nullptr);
         }
 
-        const uint32_t n_embd_k_idx = hparams.n_embd_k_idx(il);
-        ggml_tensor * k_idx = n_embd_k_idx > 0
-            ? ggml_new_tensor_3d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd_k_idx, kv_size, n_stream)
-            : nullptr;
-        if (k_idx) {
-            ggml_format_name(k_idx, "cache_k_idx_l%d", il);
-            msa_strict_slots = (n_stream == n_seq_max);
-        }
-
-        std::vector<ggml_tensor *> k_idx_stream;
-        for (uint32_t s = 0; s < n_stream; ++s) {
-            k_idx_stream.push_back(k_idx
-                ? ggml_view_2d(ctx, k_idx, n_embd_k_idx, kv_size, k_idx->nb[1], s*k_idx->nb[2])
-                : nullptr);
-        }
-
         map_layer_ids[il] = layers.size();
 
-        layers.push_back({ il, k, v, k_idx, k_stream, v_stream, k_idx_stream });
+        layers.push_back({ il, k, v, k_stream, v_stream, });
     }
 
     if (reuse) {
@@ -309,24 +293,13 @@ llama_kv_cache::llama_kv_cache(
     }
 
     {
-        const size_t memory_size_k     = size_k_bytes();
-        const size_t memory_size_v     = size_v_bytes();
-        const size_t memory_size_k_idx = size_k_idx_bytes();
-        const size_t memory_size_total = memory_size_k + memory_size_v + memory_size_k_idx;
+        const size_t memory_size_k = size_k_bytes();
+        const size_t memory_size_v = size_v_bytes();
 
-        constexpr float mib = 1024.0f * 1024.0f;
-
-        const std::string k_log = format(", K (%s): %7.2f MiB", ggml_type_name(type_k), (float) memory_size_k / mib);
-        const std::string v_log = format(", V (%s): %7.2f MiB", ggml_type_name(type_v), (float) memory_size_v / mib);
-
-        std::string k_idx_log;
-        if (memory_size_k_idx > 0) {
-            k_idx_log = format(", K_idx (%s): %7.2f MiB", ggml_type_name(GGML_TYPE_F32), (float) memory_size_k_idx / mib);
-        }
-
-        LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: size = %7.2f MiB (%6u cells, %3d layers, %2u/%u seqs)%s%s%s\n", __func__,
-                (float) memory_size_total / mib, kv_size, (int) layers.size(), n_seq_max, n_stream,
-                k_log.c_str(), v_log.c_str(), k_idx_log.c_str());
+        LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: size = %7.2f MiB (%6u cells, %3d layers, %2u/%u seqs), K (%s): %7.2f MiB, V (%s): %7.2f MiB\n", __func__,
+                (float)(memory_size_k + memory_size_v) / (1024.0f * 1024.0f), kv_size, (int) layers.size(), n_seq_max, n_stream,
+                ggml_type_name(type_k), (float)memory_size_k / (1024.0f * 1024.0f),
+                ggml_type_name(type_v), (float)memory_size_v / (1024.0f * 1024.0f));
     }
 
     // TODO: refactor [TAG_KV_CACHE_SHARE_CELLS]
@@ -419,39 +392,6 @@ bool llama_kv_cache::seq_rm(llama_seq_id seq_id, llama_pos p0, llama_pos p1) {
         p1 = std::numeric_limits<llama_pos>::max();
     }
 
-    // empty range - nothing to remove
-    if (p0 >= p1) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    // MSA anchors block selection to absolute cache slots (slot == position). Tail trim and full removal preserve this invariant, but removing a prefix
-    // or middle range would free slots while later cells survive, desynchronizing the indexer cache. Reject such removals before modifying the cache.
-    if (msa_strict_slots) {
-        for (llama_seq_id sid = 0; sid < (llama_seq_id) seq_to_stream.size(); ++sid) {
-            if (seq_id >= 0 && sid != seq_id) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            const auto & cells = v_cells[seq_to_stream[sid]];
-
-            const llama_pos pmin = cells.seq_pos_min(sid);
-            const llama_pos pmax = cells.seq_pos_max(sid);
-
-            if (pmin < 0) {
-                continue;   // empty sequence
-            }
-
-            const bool overlaps    = p0 <= pmax && p1 > pmin;   // the range removes something
-            const bool leaves_tail = p1 <= pmax;                // cells beyond the range survive
-
-            if (overlaps && leaves_tail) {
-                LLAMA_LOG_WARN("%s: MSA: partial (non-suffix) removal [%d, %d) for seq %d is not supported "
-                        "(block selection is anchored to cache slots) - rejected\n", __func__, p0, p1, sid);
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     if (seq_id >= 0) {
         auto & cells = v_cells[seq_to_stream[seq_id]];
         auto & head  = v_heads[seq_to_stream[seq_id]];
@@ -906,10 +846,6 @@ bool llama_kv_cache::update(llama_context * lctx, bool do_shift, const stream_co
                 if (layer.v_stream[ssrc]) {
                     ggml_backend_tensor_copy(layer.v_stream[ssrc], layer.v_stream[sdst]);
                 }
-                if (layer.k_idx_stream[ssrc]) {
-                    GGML_ASSERT(layer.k_idx_stream[sdst]);
-                    ggml_backend_tensor_copy(layer.k_idx_stream[ssrc], layer.k_idx_stream[sdst]);
-                }
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1058,44 +994,6 @@ llama_kv_cache::slot_info llama_kv_cache::find_slot(const llama_ubatch & ubatch,
 
         const auto & cells = v_cells[seq_to_stream[seq_id]];
 
-        if (n_tokens > cells.size()) {
-            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: n_tokens = %d > size = %u\n", __func__, n_tokens, cells.size());
-            return { };
-        }
-
-        // MSA block selection assumes slot == logical position (append-only streams).
-        if (msa_strict_slots) {
-            for (uint32_t ii = 0; ii < n_tokens; ++ii) {
-                const llama_pos pos = ubatch.pos[s*n_tokens + ii];
-
-                if (pos < 0 || (uint64_t) pos >= cells.size()) {
-                    LLAMA_LOG_WARN("%s: MSA: position %d is outside the cache range [0, %u)\n",
-                            __func__, pos, cells.size());
-                    return { };
-                }
-
-                const uint32_t idx = (uint32_t) pos;
-
-                if (!cells.is_empty(idx)) {
-                    LLAMA_LOG_WARN("%s: MSA: required slot %u is already occupied (stream %u)\n",
-                            __func__, idx, seq_to_stream[seq_id]);
-                    return { };
-                }
-
-                // strictly increasing positions, rules out duplicates and, for contiguous requests, is tightened to exact adjacency
-                if (!res.idxs[s].empty() && (cont ? idx != res.idxs[s].back() + 1
-                                                  : idx <= res.idxs[s].back())) {
-                    LLAMA_LOG_WARN("%s: MSA: token positions are not %s within the ubatch\n",
-                            __func__, cont ? "contiguous" : "strictly increasing");
-                    return { };
-                }
-
-                res.idxs[s].push_back(idx);
-            }
-
-            continue;
-        }
-
         uint32_t head_cur = v_heads[seq_to_stream[seq_id]];
 
         // if we have enough unused cells before the current head ->
@@ -1104,6 +1002,11 @@ llama_kv_cache::slot_info llama_kv_cache::find_slot(const llama_ubatch & ubatch,
             head_cur = 0;
         }
 
+        if (n_tokens > cells.size()) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: n_tokens = %d > size = %u\n", __func__, n_tokens, cells.size());
+            return { };
+        }
+
         uint32_t n_tested = 0;
 
         // for continuous slots, we test that all tokens in the ubatch fit, starting from the current head
@@ -1210,15 +1113,6 @@ void llama_kv_cache::apply_ubatch(const slot_info & sinfo, const llama_ubatch &
 
             const auto idx = sinfo.idxs[s][ii];
 
-            if (msa_strict_slots && (llama_pos) idx != ubatch.pos[i]) {
-                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: MSA slot/position invariant violated: "
-                        "writing pos %d into cell %u (stream %u). The indexer cache "
-                        "would desync and block selection would silently corrupt. "
-                        "This is a bug, please report it with reproduction steps.\n",
-                        __func__, ubatch.pos[i], idx, sinfo.strm[s]);
-                GGML_ABORT("MSA: slot != pos");
-            }
-
             if (!cells.is_empty(idx)) {
                 assert(cells.seq_count(idx) == 1);
 
@@ -1262,8 +1156,7 @@ void llama_kv_cache::apply_ubatch(const slot_info & sinfo, const llama_ubatch &
             LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: purging positions [%d, %d] of sequence %d from KV cache\n",
                     __func__, cells.seq_pos_min(s), seq_pos_max_rm[s], s);
 
-            // under MSA strict slots this path should be unreachable, since strict MSA placement never selects occupied cells
-            GGML_ASSERT(seq_rm(s, cells.seq_pos_min(s), seq_pos_max_rm[s] + 1));
+            seq_rm(s, cells.seq_pos_min(s), seq_pos_max_rm[s] + 1);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1283,12 +1176,6 @@ bool llama_kv_cache::get_can_shift() const {
     if (hparams.n_pos_per_embd() > 1) {
         return false;
     }
-    // shifting would leave k_idx stale
-    for (const auto & layer : layers) {
-        if (layer.k_idx) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -1337,6 +1224,12 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_kv_cache::get_k_storage(int32_t il) const {
     return layers[ikv].k;
 }
 
+const llama_kv_cells & llama_kv_cache::get_cells(llama_seq_id seq_id) const {
+    GGML_ASSERT(seq_id >= 0 && (size_t) seq_id < seq_to_stream.size());
+
+    return v_cells[seq_to_stream[seq_id]];
+}
+
 uint32_t llama_kv_cache::get_n_kv(const slot_info & sinfo) const {
     uint32_t result = 0;
 
@@ -1405,23 +1298,6 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_kv_cache::get_v(ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il, uint32_t n_k
             ggml_row_size(v->type, kv_size*n_embd_v_gqa)*sinfo.s0);
 }
 
-ggml_tensor * llama_kv_cache::get_k_idx(ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il, uint32_t n_kv, const slot_info & sinfo) const {
-    const int32_t ikv = map_layer_ids.at(il);
-    auto * k_idx = layers[ikv].k_idx;
-    GGML_ASSERT(k_idx);
-
-    const uint64_t kv_size = get_size();
-    const int64_t  n_idx   = k_idx->ne[0];                 // 128
-    const uint32_t ns      = sinfo.s1 - sinfo.s0 + 1;
-
-    return ggml_view_4d(ctx, k_idx,
-            n_idx, 1, n_kv, ns,
-            ggml_row_size(k_idx->type, n_idx),             // nb1 (single head)
-            ggml_row_size(k_idx->type, n_idx),             // nb2 (per cell)
-            ggml_row_size(k_idx->type, n_idx*kv_size),     // nb3 (per stream)
-            ggml_row_size(k_idx->type, n_idx*kv_size)*sinfo.s0);
-}
-
 ggml_tensor * llama_kv_cache::cpy_k(ggml_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * k_cur, ggml_tensor * k_idxs, int32_t il, const slot_info & sinfo) const {
     GGML_UNUSED(sinfo);
 
@@ -1523,28 +1399,6 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_kv_cache::build_input_k_idxs(ggml_context * ctx, const llama
     return k_idxs;
 }
 
-ggml_tensor * llama_kv_cache::cpy_k_idx(ggml_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * k_idx_cur, ggml_tensor * k_idxs, int32_t il, const slot_info & sinfo) const {
-    GGML_UNUSED(sinfo);
-    const int32_t ikv = map_layer_ids.at(il);
-    ggml_tensor * k_idx = layers[ikv].k_idx;
-    GGML_ASSERT(k_idx && "cpy_k_idx on a layer with no indexer cache");
-
-    const int64_t n_embd_head = k_idx_cur->ne[0];          // 128
-    const int64_t n_head      = k_idx_cur->ne[1];          // 1
-    const int64_t n_tokens    = k_idx_cur->ne[2];
-    const int64_t n_embd_gqa  = n_embd_head*n_head;        // 128
-
-    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_row_size(k_idx_cur->type, n_embd_head) == k_idx_cur->nb[1]);
-    k_idx_cur = ggml_view_2d(ctx, k_idx_cur, n_embd_gqa, n_tokens, k_idx_cur->nb[2], 0);
-
-    const int64_t n_stream = k_idx->ne[2];
-    if (n_stream > 1) {
-        const int64_t kv_size = get_size();
-        k_idx = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx, k_idx, n_embd_gqa, kv_size*n_stream);
-    }
-    return ggml_set_rows(ctx, k_idx, k_idx_cur, k_idxs);   // same k_idxs as the K store
-}
-
 ggml_tensor * llama_kv_cache::build_input_v_idxs(ggml_context * ctx, const llama_ubatch & ubatch) const {
     const uint32_t n_tokens = ubatch.n_tokens;
 
@@ -1979,18 +1833,6 @@ size_t llama_kv_cache::size_v_bytes() const {
     return size_v_bytes;
 }
 
-size_t llama_kv_cache::size_k_idx_bytes() const {
-    size_t size_k_idx_bytes = 0;
-
-    for (const auto & layer : layers) {
-        if (layer.k_idx) {
-            size_k_idx_bytes += ggml_nbytes(layer.k_idx);
-        }
-    }
-
-    return size_k_idx_bytes;
-}
-
 ggml_tensor * llama_kv_cache::build_rope_shift(
         const llama_cparams & cparams,
                ggml_context * ctx,
@@ -2303,36 +2145,6 @@ void llama_kv_cache::state_write_data(llama_io_write_i & io, const cell_ranges_t
         }
     }
 
-    if (size_k_idx_bytes() > 0) {
-        const uint32_t has_k_idx_u32 = 1;
-        io.write(&has_k_idx_u32, sizeof(has_k_idx_u32));
-
-        for (const auto & layer : layers) {
-            const uint32_t layer_has_k_idx = layer.k_idx ? 1 : 0;
-            io.write(&layer_has_k_idx, sizeof(layer_has_k_idx));
-
-            if (!layer_has_k_idx) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            GGML_ASSERT(layer.k_idx_stream[cr.strm]);
-
-            const int32_t k_idx_type_i = (int32_t) layer.k_idx->type;
-            io.write(&k_idx_type_i, sizeof(k_idx_type_i));
-
-            const uint64_t k_idx_size_row = ggml_row_size(layer.k_idx->type, layer.k_idx->ne[0]);
-            io.write(&k_idx_size_row, sizeof(k_idx_size_row));
-
-            for (const auto & range : cr.data) {
-                const size_t range_size = range.second - range.first;
-                const size_t buf_size   = range_size * k_idx_size_row;
-                const size_t offset     = range.first * k_idx_size_row;
-
-                io.write_tensor(layer.k_idx_stream[cr.strm], offset, buf_size);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     if (!v_trans) {
         for (const auto & layer : layers) {
             const uint32_t il = layer.il;
@@ -2581,68 +2393,6 @@ bool llama_kv_cache::state_read_data(llama_io_read_i & io, uint32_t strm, uint32
         }
     }
 
-    if (size_k_idx_bytes() > 0) {
-        uint32_t has_k_idx_u32 = 0;
-        io.read(&has_k_idx_u32, sizeof(has_k_idx_u32));
-
-        if (has_k_idx_u32 != 1) {
-            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: missing k_idx data in KV cache state\n", __func__);
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        for (const auto & layer : layers) {
-            uint32_t layer_has_k_idx = 0;
-            io.read(&layer_has_k_idx, sizeof(layer_has_k_idx));
-
-            const uint32_t expected_layer_has_k_idx = layer.k_idx ? 1 : 0;
-
-            if (layer_has_k_idx != expected_layer_has_k_idx) {
-                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR(
-                    "%s: mismatched k_idx state for layer: got %u, expected %u\n",
-                    __func__, layer_has_k_idx, expected_layer_has_k_idx);
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if (!layer_has_k_idx) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            GGML_ASSERT(layer.k_idx_stream[strm]);
-
-            int32_t k_idx_type_i = -1;
-            io.read(&k_idx_type_i, sizeof(k_idx_type_i));
-
-            if (k_idx_type_i != (int32_t) layer.k_idx->type) {
-                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR(
-                    "%s: mismatched k_idx type: got %d, expected %d\n",
-                    __func__, k_idx_type_i, (int32_t) layer.k_idx->type);
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            uint64_t k_idx_size_row = 0;
-            io.read(&k_idx_size_row, sizeof(k_idx_size_row));
-
-            const uint64_t expected_k_idx_size_row = ggml_row_size(layer.k_idx->type, layer.k_idx->ne[0]);
-
-            if (k_idx_size_row != expected_k_idx_size_row) {
-                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR(
-                    "%s: mismatched k_idx row size: got %zu, expected %zu\n",
-                    __func__, (size_t) k_idx_size_row, (size_t) expected_k_idx_size_row);
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if (cell_count) {
-                if (sinfo.is_contiguous()) {
-                    io.read_tensor(layer.k_idx_stream[strm], sinfo.head() * k_idx_size_row, cell_count * k_idx_size_row);
-                } else {
-                    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < cell_count; ++i) {
-                        io.read_tensor(layer.k_idx_stream[strm], sinfo.idxs[0][i] * k_idx_size_row, k_idx_size_row);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     if (!this->v_trans) {
         for (const auto & layer : layers) {
             const uint32_t il = layer.il;
@@ -2844,10 +2594,6 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_kv_cache_context::get_v(ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il) cons
     return kv->get_v(ctx, il, n_kv, sinfos[i_cur]);
 }
 
-ggml_tensor * llama_kv_cache_context::get_k_idx(ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il) const {
-    return kv->get_k_idx(ctx, il, n_kv, sinfos[i_cur]);
-}
-
 ggml_tensor * llama_kv_cache_context::cpy_k(ggml_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * k_cur, ggml_tensor * k_idxs, int32_t il) const {
     return kv->cpy_k(ctx, k_cur, k_idxs, il, sinfos[i_cur]);
 }
@@ -2856,10 +2602,6 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_kv_cache_context::cpy_v(ggml_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * v_
     return kv->cpy_v(ctx, v_cur, v_idxs, il, sinfos[i_cur]);
 }
 
-ggml_tensor * llama_kv_cache_context::cpy_k_idx(ggml_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * k_idx_cur, ggml_tensor * k_idxs, int32_t il) const {
-    return kv->cpy_k_idx(ctx, k_idx_cur, k_idxs, il, sinfos[i_cur]);
-}
-
 ggml_tensor * llama_kv_cache_context::build_input_k_idxs(ggml_context * ctx, const llama_ubatch & ubatch) const {
     return kv->build_input_k_idxs(ctx, ubatch);
 }

src/llama-kv-cache.h

@@ -164,6 +164,8 @@ public:
     std::vector<uint32_t> get_layer_ids() const;
     ggml_tensor * get_k_storage(int32_t il) const;
 
+    const llama_kv_cells & get_cells(llama_seq_id seq_id) const;
+
     //
     // graph_build API
     //
@@ -173,12 +175,10 @@ public:
     // get views of the current state of the cache
     ggml_tensor * get_k(ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il, uint32_t n_kv, const slot_info & sinfo) const;
     ggml_tensor * get_v(ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il, uint32_t n_kv, const slot_info & sinfo) const;
-    ggml_tensor * get_k_idx(ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il, uint32_t n_kv, const slot_info & sinfo) const;
 
     // store k_cur and v_cur in the cache based on the provided head location
     ggml_tensor * cpy_k(ggml_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * k_cur, ggml_tensor * k_idxs, int32_t il, const slot_info & sinfo) const;
     ggml_tensor * cpy_v(ggml_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * v_cur, ggml_tensor * v_idxs, int32_t il, const slot_info & sinfo) const;
-    ggml_tensor * cpy_k_idx(ggml_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * k_idx_cur, ggml_tensor * k_idxs, int32_t il, const slot_info & sinfo) const;
 
     //
     // preparation API
@@ -230,11 +230,9 @@ private:
 
         ggml_tensor * k;
         ggml_tensor * v;
-        ggml_tensor * k_idx;   // MSA single-head indexer keys, F32
 
         std::vector<ggml_tensor *> k_stream;
         std::vector<ggml_tensor *> v_stream;
-        std::vector<ggml_tensor *> k_idx_stream;
     };
 
     bool v_trans = true;  // the value tensor is transposed
@@ -263,9 +261,6 @@ private:
     // env: LLAMA_KV_CACHE_DEBUG
     int debug = 0;
 
-    // set when a k_idx (indexer) cache exists and the stream layout supports MSA (single seq, or one stream per seq)
-    bool msa_strict_slots = false;
-
     // this is the SWA type of the cache - not to be confused with the model SWA type
     const llama_swa_type swa_type = LLAMA_SWA_TYPE_NONE;
 
@@ -298,7 +293,6 @@ private:
 
     size_t size_k_bytes() const;
     size_t size_v_bytes() const;
-    size_t size_k_idx_bytes() const;
 
     ggml_tensor * build_rope_shift(
             const llama_cparams & cparams,
@@ -378,7 +372,6 @@ public:
     // get views of the current state of the cache
     ggml_tensor * get_k(ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il) const;
     ggml_tensor * get_v(ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il) const;
-    ggml_tensor * get_k_idx(ggml_context * ctx, int32_t il) const;
 
     // store k_cur and v_cur in the cache based on the provided head location
     // note: the heads in k_cur and v_cur should be laid out contiguously in memory
@@ -388,7 +381,6 @@ public:
     //   - v_idxs [n_tokens] or [n_tokens*n_embd_v_gqa] depending if V cache is transposed
     ggml_tensor * cpy_k(ggml_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * k_cur, ggml_tensor * k_idxs, int32_t il) const;
     ggml_tensor * cpy_v(ggml_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * v_cur, ggml_tensor * v_idxs, int32_t il) const;
-    ggml_tensor * cpy_k_idx(ggml_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * k_idx_cur, ggml_tensor * k_idxs, int32_t il) const;
 
     // create destination indices for each head of the current batch for where it would be written in the KV cache
     // the indices address the global KV cache (not per stream) - this is not relevant for the user of this API, but

src/llama-model-loader.cpp

@@ -526,6 +526,7 @@ llama_model_loader::llama_model_loader(
         llama_load_mode load_mode,
         bool check_tensors,
         bool no_alloc,
+        bool load_mtp,
         const llama_model_kv_override * param_overrides_p,
         const llama_model_tensor_buft_override * param_tensor_buft_overrides_p)
         : metadata(meta), set_tensor_data(set_tensor_data), set_tensor_data_ud(set_tensor_data_ud) {
@@ -812,6 +813,7 @@ llama_model_loader::llama_model_loader(
 
     this->check_tensors = check_tensors;
     this->no_alloc = no_alloc;
+    this->load_mtp = load_mtp;
 }
 
 std::string llama_model_loader::get_arch_name() const {

src/llama-model-loader.h

@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ struct llama_model_loader {
     bool use_direct_io = false;
     bool check_tensors;
     bool no_alloc;
+    bool load_mtp;
 
     llama_files files;
     llama_ftype ftype;
@@ -129,6 +130,7 @@ struct llama_model_loader {
         llama_load_mode load_mode,
         bool check_tensors,
         bool no_alloc,
+        bool load_mtp,
         const llama_model_kv_override * param_overrides_p,
         const llama_model_tensor_buft_override * param_tensor_buft_overrides_p);
 

src/llama-model.cpp

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "llama-kv-cache.h"
 #include "llama-kv-cache-iswa.h"
 #include "llama-kv-cache-dsa.h"
+#include "llama-kv-cache-msa.h"
 #include "llama-kv-cache-dsv4.h"
 #include "llama-memory-hybrid.h"
 #include "llama-memory-hybrid-iswa.h"
@@ -2071,9 +2072,13 @@ llama_memory_i * llama_model::create_memory(const llama_memory_params & params,
             {
                 res = nullptr;
             } break;
-        case LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK32:
+        case LLM_ARCH_MINIMAX_M3:
             {
-                res = new llama_kv_cache_dsa(
+                // sparse (MSA) layers carry an indexer key cache, but leading dense layers do not
+                llama_kv_cache::layer_filter_cb filter_idx =
+                    [&](int32_t il) { return (uint32_t) il >= hparams.n_layer_dense_lead; };
+
+                res = new llama_kv_cache_msa(
                         *this,
                         params.type_k,
                         params.type_v,
@@ -2086,9 +2091,11 @@ llama_memory_i * llama_model::create_memory(const llama_memory_params & params,
                         hparams.n_swa,
                         hparams.swa_type,
                         nullptr,
+                        filter_idx,
                         nullptr);
             } break;
         case LLM_ARCH_GLM_DSA:
+        case LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK32:
             {
                 if (params.ctx_type == LLAMA_CONTEXT_TYPE_MTP && hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0) {
                     // The NextN/MTP draft head runs dense MLA (no DSA indexer), so the
@@ -2117,10 +2124,11 @@ llama_memory_i * llama_model::create_memory(const llama_memory_params & params,
                 } else {
                     // Main context: DSA cache for the trunk layers only - the nextn
                     // layer(s) are never attended by the trunk graph.
-                    llama_kv_cache::layer_filter_cb filter = nullptr;
+                    llama_kv_cache::layer_filter_cb filter_mla = nullptr;
                     if (hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0) {
-                        filter = [&](uint32_t il) { return il < hparams.n_layer(); };
+                        filter_mla = [&](uint32_t il) { return il < hparams.n_layer(); };
                     }
+                    llama_kv_cache::layer_filter_cb filter_lid = [&](uint32_t il) { return il < hparams.n_layer() && (arch != LLM_ARCH_GLM_DSA || hparams.is_indexer_full(il)); };
 
                     res = new llama_kv_cache_dsa(
                             *this,
@@ -2134,19 +2142,89 @@ llama_memory_i * llama_model::create_memory(const llama_memory_params & params,
                             1,
                             hparams.n_swa,
                             hparams.swa_type,
-                            filter,
+                            filter_mla,
+                            filter_lid,
                             nullptr);
                 }
             } break;
+        case LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK4:
+            {
+                GGML_ASSERT(hparams.swa_type != LLAMA_SWA_TYPE_NONE);
+
+                if (params.ctx_type == LLAMA_CONTEXT_TYPE_MTP) {
+                    const llama_memory_i::layer_filter_cb filter_mtp = [&](int32_t il) {
+                        return il >= (int32_t) hparams.n_layer();
+                    };
+
+                    res = new llama_kv_cache_iswa(
+                            *this,
+                            params.type_k,
+                            params.type_v,
+                            !cparams.flash_attn,
+                            cparams.offload_kqv,
+                            params.swa_full,
+                            cparams.kv_unified,
+                            cparams.n_ctx_seq,
+                            cparams.n_seq_max,
+                            cparams.n_ubatch,
+                            1,
+                            nullptr,
+                            filter_mtp,
+                            nullptr,
+                            nullptr);
+                } else {
+                    res = new llama_kv_cache_dsv4(
+                            *this,
+                            params.type_k,
+                            params.type_v,
+                            !cparams.flash_attn,
+                            cparams.offload_kqv,
+                            params.swa_full,
+                            cparams.kv_unified,
+                            cparams.n_ctx_seq,
+                            cparams.n_seq_max,
+                            cparams.n_ubatch,
+                            1,
+                            cparams.n_rs_seq,
+                            nullptr,
+                            nullptr);
+                }
+            } break;
+        case LLM_ARCH_DFLASH:
+            {
+                // DSV4 DSpark stages store a single MLA-style K per position (window = the draft ring)
+                if (hparams.dsv4_hc_mult > 0) {
+                    GGML_ASSERT(hparams.swa_type != LLAMA_SWA_TYPE_NONE);
+
+                    res = new llama_kv_cache_iswa(
+                            *this,
+                            params.type_k,
+                            params.type_v,
+                            !cparams.flash_attn,
+                            cparams.offload_kqv,
+                            params.swa_full,
+                            cparams.kv_unified,
+                            cparams.n_ctx_seq,
+                            cparams.n_seq_max,
+                            cparams.n_ubatch,
+                            1,
+                            nullptr,
+                            nullptr,
+                            nullptr,
+                            nullptr);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            [[fallthrough]];
         // Models that need standard caching should rely on recurrent/hybrid
         // checks
         default:
             {
-                // The MTP head is dense-attention only on hybrid Qwen3.5/3.6, so use a plain
+                // The MTP head is dense-attention only on hybrid Qwen3-Next/3.5/3.6, so use a plain
                 // attention KV cache for the MTP context instead of the hybrid wrapper.
-                const bool mtp_on_hybrid_qwen35 =
+                const bool mtp_on_hybrid_qwen =
                     params.ctx_type == LLAMA_CONTEXT_TYPE_MTP &&
-                    (arch == LLM_ARCH_QWEN35 || arch == LLM_ARCH_QWEN35MOE);
+                    (arch == LLM_ARCH_QWEN3NEXT || arch == LLM_ARCH_QWEN35 || arch == LLM_ARCH_QWEN35MOE);
 
                 if (llm_arch_is_recurrent(arch)) {
                     res = new llama_memory_recurrent(
@@ -2158,7 +2236,7 @@ llama_memory_i * llama_model::create_memory(const llama_memory_params & params,
                             cparams.n_seq_max,
                             cparams.n_rs_seq,
                             nullptr);
-                } else if (llm_arch_is_hybrid(arch) && !mtp_on_hybrid_qwen35) {
+                } else if (llm_arch_is_hybrid(arch) && !mtp_on_hybrid_qwen) {
                     // The main difference between hybrid architectures is the
                     // layer filters, so pick the right one here
                     llama_memory_hybrid::layer_filter_cb filter_attn = nullptr;
@@ -2173,7 +2251,7 @@ llama_memory_i * llama_model::create_memory(const llama_memory_params & params,
                         filter_recr = [&](uint32_t il) {
                             return hparams.is_recr(il) && hparams.n_ff(il) == 0;
                         };
-                    } else if (arch == LLM_ARCH_QWEN35 || arch == LLM_ARCH_QWEN35MOE) {
+                    } else if (arch == LLM_ARCH_QWEN3NEXT || arch == LLM_ARCH_QWEN35 || arch == LLM_ARCH_QWEN35MOE) {
                         filter_attn = [&](uint32_t il) {
                             return il < hparams.n_layer() && !hparams.is_recr(il);
                         };
@@ -2239,12 +2317,12 @@ llama_memory_i * llama_model::create_memory(const llama_memory_params & params,
                         };
                     }
 
-                    if (mtp_on_hybrid_qwen35) {
+                    if (mtp_on_hybrid_qwen) {
                         filter = [&](uint32_t il) { return il >= hparams.n_layer(); };
                     }
 
                     if ((arch == LLM_ARCH_STEP35 || arch == LLM_ARCH_HY_V3 || arch == LLM_ARCH_GLM_DSA ||
-                            arch == LLM_ARCH_MIMO2) &&
+                            arch == LLM_ARCH_MIMO2 || arch == LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK32) &&
                             hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0) {
                         if (params.ctx_type == LLAMA_CONTEXT_TYPE_MTP) {
                             filter = [&](uint32_t il) { return il >= hparams.n_layer(); };
@@ -2253,24 +2331,7 @@ llama_memory_i * llama_model::create_memory(const llama_memory_params & params,
                         }
                     }
 
-                    if (arch == LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK4) {
-                        GGML_ASSERT(hparams.swa_type != LLAMA_SWA_TYPE_NONE);
-
-                        res = new llama_kv_cache_dsv4(
-                                *this,
-                                params.type_k,
-                                params.type_v,
-                                !cparams.flash_attn,
-                                cparams.offload_kqv,
-                                params.swa_full,
-                                cparams.kv_unified,
-                                cparams.n_ctx_seq,
-                                cparams.n_seq_max,
-                                cparams.n_ubatch,
-                                1,
-                                filter,
-                                reuse);
-                    } else if (hparams.swa_type != LLAMA_SWA_TYPE_NONE) {
+                    if (hparams.swa_type != LLAMA_SWA_TYPE_NONE) {
                         GGML_ASSERT(hparams.is_swa_any());
 
                         if (arch == LLM_ARCH_GEMMA4_ASSISTANT) {
@@ -2390,6 +2451,7 @@ llama_model_params llama_model_default_params() {
         /*.use_extra_bufts             =*/ true,
         /*.no_host                     =*/ false,
         /*.no_alloc                    =*/ false,
+        /*.load_mtp                    =*/ false,
     };
 
     return result;
@@ -2618,9 +2680,12 @@ llama_rope_type llama_model_rope_type(const llama_model * model) {
         case LLM_ARCH_STEP35:
         case LLM_ARCH_TALKIE:
         case LLM_ARCH_MELLUM:
-        case LLM_ARCH_DFLASH:
             return LLAMA_ROPE_TYPE_NEOX;
 
+        case LLM_ARCH_DFLASH:
+            // DSV4 DSpark drafters use DeepSeek-V4's normal RoPE; legacy DFlash backbones are NeoX
+            return model->hparams.dsv4_hc_mult > 0 ? LLAMA_ROPE_TYPE_NORM : LLAMA_ROPE_TYPE_NEOX;
+
         case LLM_ARCH_QWEN2VL:
         case LLM_ARCH_PADDLEOCR:
             return LLAMA_ROPE_TYPE_MROPE;

src/llama-quant.cpp

@@ -893,7 +893,7 @@ static void llama_model_quantize_impl(const std::string & fname_inp, const std::
     const llama_model_kv_override * kv_overrides = params->kv_overrides;
     std::vector<std::string> splits = {};
     llama_model_loader ml(/*metadata*/ nullptr, /*set_tensor_data*/ nullptr, /*set_tensor_data_ud*/ nullptr,
-        fname_inp, splits, /*file*/ nullptr, /*load_mode*/ load_mode, /*check_tensors*/ true, /*no_alloc*/ false, kv_overrides, nullptr);
+        fname_inp, splits, /*file*/ nullptr, /*load_mode*/ load_mode, /*check_tensors*/ true, /*no_alloc*/ false, /*load_mtp*/ true, kv_overrides, nullptr);
     ml.init_mappings(false); // no prefetching
 
     auto mparams = llama_model_default_params();

src/llama-sampler.cpp

@@ -589,6 +589,7 @@ static bool llama_sampler_backend_support(
         /*.probs      = */ nullptr,
         /*.sampled    = */ nullptr,
         /*.candidates = */ ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_I32, n),
+        /*.n_vocab    = */ n,
     };
 
     ggml_cgraph * gf = ggml_new_graph(ctx);
@@ -2638,7 +2639,7 @@ struct llama_sampler * llama_sampler_init_grammar_lazy_patterns(
 
 // penalties
 
-struct llama_sampler_penalties {
+struct llama_sampler_penalties : public llama_sampler_backend {
     const int32_t penalty_last_n;
     const float   penalty_repeat;
     const float   penalty_freq;
@@ -2648,10 +2649,49 @@ struct llama_sampler_penalties {
 
     // a frequency map to count token occurrences
     std::unordered_map<llama_token, int> token_count;
+
+    // backend graph inputs
+    ggml_tensor * inp_token_ids = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * inp_counts    = nullptr;
+
+    // backend helpers
+    int32_t n_vocab = 0;
+    int32_t n_max   = 0;
+    bool has_candidates = false;
+
+    std::vector<int32_t> host_token_ids;
+    std::vector<int32_t> host_counts;
+
+    static bool is_disabled(
+            int32_t penalty_last_n,
+            float   penalty_repeat,
+            float   penalty_freq,
+            float   penalty_present) {
+        return penalty_last_n == 0 ||
+            (penalty_repeat == 1.0f && penalty_freq == 0.0f && penalty_present == 0.0f);
+    }
+
+    bool is_disabled() const {
+        return is_disabled(penalty_last_n, penalty_repeat, penalty_freq, penalty_present);
+    }
+
+    llama_sampler_penalties(
+            int32_t penalty_last_n,
+            float   penalty_repeat,
+            float   penalty_freq,
+            float   penalty_present)
+        : llama_sampler_backend("penalties")
+        , penalty_last_n  (penalty_last_n)
+        , penalty_repeat  (penalty_repeat)
+        , penalty_freq    (penalty_freq)
+        , penalty_present (penalty_present)
+        , prev            (penalty_last_n) {
+    }
 };
 
-static const char * llama_sampler_penalties_name(const struct llama_sampler * /*smpl*/) {
-    return "penalties";
+static const char * llama_sampler_penalties_name(const struct llama_sampler * smpl) {
+    auto * ctx = (llama_sampler_penalties *) smpl->ctx;
+    return ctx->get_name();
 }
 
 static void llama_sampler_penalties_accept(struct llama_sampler * smpl, llama_token token) {
@@ -2688,8 +2728,7 @@ static void llama_sampler_penalties_accept(struct llama_sampler * smpl, llama_to
 static void llama_sampler_penalties_apply(struct llama_sampler * smpl, llama_token_data_array * cur_p) {
     auto * ctx = (llama_sampler_penalties *) smpl->ctx;
 
-    if ((ctx->penalty_last_n == 0) ||
-        (ctx->penalty_repeat == 1.0f && ctx->penalty_freq == 0.0f && ctx->penalty_present == 0.0f)) {
+    if (ctx->is_disabled()) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -2736,7 +2775,8 @@ static struct llama_sampler * llama_sampler_penalties_clone(const struct llama_s
     {
         auto * result_ctx = (llama_sampler_penalties *) result->ctx;
 
-        result_ctx->prev = ctx->prev;
+        result_ctx->prev        = ctx->prev;
+        result_ctx->token_count = ctx->token_count;
     }
 
     return result;
@@ -2746,6 +2786,171 @@ static void llama_sampler_penalties_free(struct llama_sampler * smpl) {
     delete (llama_sampler_penalties *) smpl->ctx;
 }
 
+static bool llama_sampler_penalties_backend_init(
+        struct llama_sampler       * smpl,
+        ggml_backend_buffer_type_t   buft) {
+    auto * sctx = (llama_sampler_penalties *) smpl->ctx;
+
+    const bool res = llama_sampler_backend_support(smpl, buft);
+
+    sctx->init(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+static void llama_sampler_penalties_backend_apply(
+        struct llama_sampler      * smpl,
+        struct ggml_context       * ctx,
+        struct ggml_cgraph        * gf,
+        struct llama_sampler_data * data) {
+    GGML_UNUSED(gf);
+
+    auto * sctx = (llama_sampler_penalties *) smpl->ctx;
+
+    if (sctx->is_disabled()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(data->n_vocab > 0 && data->n_vocab <= INT32_MAX);
+
+    sctx->has_candidates = data->candidates != nullptr;
+    sctx->n_vocab = (int32_t) data->n_vocab;
+    sctx->n_max   = std::min(sctx->penalty_last_n, sctx->n_vocab);
+
+    sctx->inp_token_ids = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_I32, sctx->n_max);
+    ggml_set_name(sctx->inp_token_ids, "penalties_token_ids");
+    ggml_set_input(sctx->inp_token_ids);
+
+    sctx->inp_counts = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_I32, sctx->n_max);
+    ggml_set_name(sctx->inp_counts, "penalties_counts");
+    ggml_set_input(sctx->inp_counts);
+
+    if ((int32_t) sctx->host_token_ids.size() != sctx->n_max) {
+        sctx->host_token_ids.assign(sctx->n_max, 0);
+        sctx->host_counts.assign(sctx->n_max, 0);
+    }
+
+    // flatten
+    ggml_tensor * logits = ggml_reshape_1d(ctx, data->logits, ggml_nelements(data->logits));
+    ggml_tensor * gathered = logits;
+    ggml_tensor * counts_f32 = ggml_cast(ctx, sctx->inp_counts, GGML_TYPE_F32);
+
+    if (sctx->has_candidates) {
+        ggml_tensor * candidates = ggml_reshape_1d(
+                ctx, data->candidates, ggml_nelements(data->candidates));
+        const int64_t n_candidates = candidates->ne[0];
+        GGML_ASSERT(n_candidates == ggml_nelements(logits));
+
+        ggml_tensor * counts_rows = ggml_fill(
+                ctx, ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, 1, sctx->n_vocab), 0.0f);
+        ggml_tensor * scatter_rows = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx, counts_f32, 1, sctx->n_max);
+        counts_rows = ggml_set_rows(ctx, counts_rows, scatter_rows, sctx->inp_token_ids);
+        counts_f32 = ggml_get_rows(ctx, counts_rows, candidates);
+        counts_f32 = ggml_reshape_1d(ctx, counts_f32, n_candidates);
+    } else {
+        ggml_tensor * logits_rows = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx, logits, 1, ggml_nelements(logits));
+        gathered = ggml_get_rows(ctx, logits_rows, sctx->inp_token_ids);
+        gathered = ggml_reshape_1d(ctx, gathered, sctx->n_max);
+    }
+
+    ggml_tensor * active_mask = ggml_step(ctx, counts_f32);
+    ggml_tensor * inactive_mask = ggml_sub(ctx, ggml_fill(ctx, active_mask, 1.0f), active_mask);
+
+    ggml_tensor * penalized = gathered;
+
+    if (sctx->penalty_repeat != 1.0f) {
+        ggml_tensor * pos_mask = ggml_step(ctx, penalized);
+        ggml_tensor * neg_mask = ggml_sub(ctx, ggml_fill(ctx, pos_mask, 1.0f), pos_mask);
+
+        ggml_tensor * pos_scale = ggml_scale(ctx, pos_mask, 1.0f/sctx->penalty_repeat);
+        ggml_tensor * neg_scale = ggml_scale(ctx, neg_mask, sctx->penalty_repeat);
+        ggml_tensor * repeat_scale = ggml_add(ctx, pos_scale, neg_scale);
+
+        // scale inactive entries with 1 to avoid -INF * 0 = NaN for values masked by top-p
+        repeat_scale = ggml_mul(ctx, repeat_scale, active_mask);
+        repeat_scale = ggml_add(ctx, repeat_scale, inactive_mask);
+        penalized = ggml_mul(ctx, gathered, repeat_scale);
+    }
+
+    if (sctx->penalty_freq != 0.0f) {
+        ggml_tensor * penalty_freq = ggml_scale(ctx, counts_f32, sctx->penalty_freq);
+        penalized = ggml_sub(ctx, penalized, penalty_freq);
+    }
+
+    if (sctx->penalty_present != 0.0f) {
+        ggml_tensor * penalty_present = ggml_scale(ctx, active_mask, sctx->penalty_present);
+        penalized = ggml_sub(ctx, penalized, penalty_present);
+    }
+
+    if (sctx->has_candidates) {
+        data->logits = penalized;
+    } else {
+        ggml_tensor * logits_rows = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx, logits, 1, ggml_nelements(logits));
+        ggml_tensor * scatter_rows = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx, penalized, 1, sctx->n_max);
+        logits_rows = ggml_set_rows(ctx, logits_rows, scatter_rows, sctx->inp_token_ids);
+        data->logits = ggml_reshape_1d(ctx, logits_rows, ggml_nelements(logits));
+    }
+}
+
+static void llama_sampler_penalties_backend_set_input(struct llama_sampler * smpl) {
+    auto * sctx = (llama_sampler_penalties *) smpl->ctx;
+
+    if (!sctx->inp_token_ids || !sctx->inp_counts || sctx->n_max <= 0 || sctx->n_vocab <= 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (sctx->is_disabled()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // fill active entries from the map
+    int32_t n_active = 0;
+
+    for (const auto & it : sctx->token_count) {
+        GGML_ASSERT(n_active < sctx->n_max);
+        sctx->host_token_ids[n_active] = it.first;
+        sctx->host_counts   [n_active] = it.second;
+        ++n_active;
+    }
+
+    // Sorting is required because backend_apply uses ggml_set_rows (a scatter-back operation)
+    std::vector<std::pair<int32_t, int32_t>> entries;
+    entries.reserve(n_active);
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < n_active; ++i) {
+        entries.emplace_back(sctx->host_token_ids[i], sctx->host_counts[i]);
+    }
+    std::sort(entries.begin(), entries.end(), [](const auto & a, const auto & b) {
+        return a.first < b.first;
+    });
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < n_active; ++i) {
+        sctx->host_token_ids[i] = entries[i].first;
+        sctx->host_counts   [i] = entries[i].second;
+    }
+
+    // Padding: Finds a filler token id that is not present in token_count.
+    // Use it to do padding for the arrays, it avoids resizing every time.
+    // The arrays must always have exactly n_max entries (the GPU tensor is a fixed size).
+    int32_t filler = 0;
+    if (n_active < sctx->n_max) {
+        while (sctx->token_count.find(filler) != sctx->token_count.end()) {
+            ++filler;
+        }
+        GGML_ASSERT(filler < sctx->n_vocab);
+    }
+
+    // Fill the rest of the arrays with the filler token id and count 0.
+    // Inactive slots are padded with a unique dummy token ID (count = 0).
+    // The uniqueness matters because ggml_set_rows with duplicate indices can produce non-deterministic or incorrect results.
+    // Using a filler token with count 0 that isn't in the active set is safe, because the active_mask step in backend_apply filters them out via ggml_step(counts_f32)
+    for (int32_t i = n_active; i < sctx->n_max; ++i) {
+        sctx->host_token_ids[i] = filler;
+        sctx->host_counts   [i] = 0;
+    }
+
+    ggml_backend_tensor_set(sctx->inp_token_ids, sctx->host_token_ids.data(), 0, sctx->n_max * sizeof(int32_t));
+    ggml_backend_tensor_set(sctx->inp_counts,    sctx->host_counts.data(),    0, sctx->n_max * sizeof(int32_t));
+}
+
 static struct llama_sampler_i llama_sampler_penalties_i = {
     /* .name              = */ llama_sampler_penalties_name,
     /* .accept            = */ llama_sampler_penalties_accept,
@@ -2753,10 +2958,10 @@ static struct llama_sampler_i llama_sampler_penalties_i = {
     /* .reset             = */ llama_sampler_penalties_reset,
     /* .clone             = */ llama_sampler_penalties_clone,
     /* .free              = */ llama_sampler_penalties_free,
-    /* .backend_init      = */ nullptr,
+    /* .backend_init      = */ llama_sampler_penalties_backend_init,
     /* .backend_accept    = */ nullptr,
-    /* .backend_apply     = */ nullptr,
-    /* .backend_set_input = */ nullptr,
+    /* .backend_apply     = */ llama_sampler_penalties_backend_apply,
+    /* .backend_set_input = */ llama_sampler_penalties_backend_set_input,
 };
 
 struct llama_sampler * llama_sampler_init_penalties(
@@ -2766,22 +2971,18 @@ struct llama_sampler * llama_sampler_init_penalties(
         float penalty_present) {
     penalty_last_n = std::max(penalty_last_n, 0);
 
-    const bool is_empty = (penalty_last_n == 0 || (penalty_repeat == 1.0f && penalty_freq == 0.0f && penalty_present == 0.0f));
-
-    if (is_empty) {
+    if (llama_sampler_penalties::is_disabled(
+                penalty_last_n, penalty_repeat, penalty_freq, penalty_present)) {
         return llama_sampler_init_empty("?penalties");
     }
 
     return llama_sampler_init(
         /* .iface = */ &llama_sampler_penalties_i,
-        /* .ctx   = */ new llama_sampler_penalties {
-            /* .penalty_last_n  = */ penalty_last_n,
-            /* .penalty_repeat  = */ penalty_repeat,
-            /* .penalty_freq    = */ penalty_freq,
-            /* .penalty_present = */ penalty_present,
-            /* .prev            = */ ring_buffer<llama_token>(penalty_last_n),
-            /* .token_count     = */ {},
-        }
+        /* .ctx   = */ new llama_sampler_penalties(
+            penalty_last_n,
+            penalty_repeat,
+            penalty_freq,
+            penalty_present)
     );
 }
 

src/llama-vocab.cpp

@@ -2532,6 +2532,12 @@ void llama_vocab::impl::load(llama_model_loader & ml, const LLM_KV & kv) {
             const std::string & key = kv(std::get<0>(it));
             int32_t & id = std::get<1>(it);
 
+            if (id >= 0 && static_cast<size_t>(id) >= id_to_token.size()) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_WARN("%s: default special token '%s' = %d out of vocab range, disabling\n",
+                    __func__, key.c_str(), id);
+                id = LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL;
+            }
+
             uint32_t new_id;
             if (!ml.get_key(std::get<0>(it), new_id, false)) {
                 continue;

src/llama.cpp

@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ static std::pair<int, llama_model *> llama_model_load(struct gguf_context * meta
         const std::string & fname, std::vector<std::string> & splits, FILE * file, llama_model_params & params) {
     try {
         llama_model_loader ml(metadata, set_tensor_data, set_tensor_data_ud, fname, splits, file, params.load_mode,
-            params.check_tensors, params.no_alloc, params.kv_overrides, params.tensor_buft_overrides);
+            params.check_tensors, params.no_alloc, params.load_mtp, params.kv_overrides, params.tensor_buft_overrides);
 
         ml.print_info();
         std::unique_ptr<llama_model> model_ptr(llama_model_create(ml, params));

src/models/cohere2moe.cpp

@@ -55,7 +55,11 @@ void llama_model_cohere2moe::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader & ml) {
     const std::string mtp_probe = "blk." + std::to_string(n_layer) + ".nextn.eh_proj.weight";
     const bool trunk_only = (hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0) && (ml.get_weight(mtp_probe.c_str()) == nullptr);
     const int trunk_flags = mtp_only  ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
-    const int mtp_flags   = trunk_only ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
+    int mtp_flags         = trunk_only ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
+
+    if (!ml.load_mtp) {
+        mtp_flags |= TENSOR_SKIP;
+    }
 
     tok_embd = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD, "weight"), { n_embd, n_vocab }, 0);
 

src/models/deepseek32.cpp

@@ -44,13 +44,24 @@ void llama_model_deepseek32::load_arch_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
     GGML_ASSERT(hparams.n_layer_nextn < hparams.n_layer_all && "n_layer_nextn must be < n_layer");
 
     switch (hparams.n_layer()) {
-        case 62: type = LLM_TYPE_685B_A37B; break;
+        case 61: type = LLM_TYPE_685B_A37B; break;
         default: type = LLM_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
     }
 }
 
-void llama_model_deepseek32::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader &) {
+void llama_model_deepseek32::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader & ml) {
     LLAMA_LOAD_LOCALS;
+
+    const bool mtp_only = (hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0) && (ml.get_weight("blk.0.attn_norm.weight") == nullptr);
+    const std::string mtp_probe = "blk." + std::to_string(n_layer) + ".nextn.eh_proj.weight";
+    const bool trunk_only = (hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0) && (ml.get_weight(mtp_probe.c_str()) == nullptr);
+    const int trunk_flags = mtp_only   ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
+    int       mtp_flags   = trunk_only ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
+
+    if (!ml.load_mtp) {
+        mtp_flags |= TENSOR_SKIP;
+    }
+
     const bool is_mla = hparams.is_mla();
     if (!is_mla) {
         throw std::runtime_error("DEEPSEEK32 architecture requires MLA");
@@ -80,12 +91,7 @@ void llama_model_deepseek32::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader &) {
     }
 
     for (int i = 0; i < n_layer_all; ++i) {
-        int flags = 0;
-        if (i >= n_layer) {
-            // skip all tensors in the NextN layers
-            // TODO @ngxson : TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED was a hack, need to remove it later
-            flags |= TENSOR_SKIP | TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED;
-        }
+        const int flags = (i >= n_layer) ? mtp_flags : trunk_flags;
 
         auto & layer = layers[i];
 
@@ -138,7 +144,7 @@ void llama_model_deepseek32::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader &) {
             layer.ffn_up_shexp   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_UP_SHEXP,   "weight", i), {n_embd, n_ff_exp * n_expert_shared}, flags);
         }
 
-        // NextN/MTP tensors (preserved but unused) - conditionally load for last nextn_predict_layers
+        // NextN/MTP tensors - conditionally load for last nextn_predict_layers
         if (i >= n_layer) {
             layer.nextn.eh_proj          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_EH_PROJ, "weight", i), { 2 * n_embd, n_embd }, flags);
             layer.nextn.enorm            = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_ENORM, "weight", i), { n_embd }, flags);
@@ -153,6 +159,9 @@ void llama_model_deepseek32::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader &) {
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<llm_graph_context> llama_model_deepseek32::build_arch_graph(const llm_graph_params & params) const {
+    if (params.gtype == LLM_GRAPH_TYPE_DECODER_MTP) {
+        return std::make_unique<graph_mtp>(*this, params);
+    }
     return std::make_unique<graph>(*this, params);
 }
 
@@ -430,7 +439,9 @@ llama_model_deepseek32::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_
                         Qcur, Kcur, Vcur, nullptr, nullptr, model.layers[il].wv_b, top_k, kq_scale, il);
             }
         }
-        if (il == n_layer - 1 && inp_out_ids) {
+        // when unmasked nextn embeddings are requested, t_h_nextn must keep all rows,
+        // so the early output masking has to be skipped (it is applied after the final norm instead)
+        if (il == n_layer - 1 && inp_out_ids && (!cparams.embeddings_nextn || cparams.embeddings_nextn_masked)) {
             cur   = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, cur, inp_out_ids);
             inpSA = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, inpSA, inp_out_ids);
         }
@@ -493,6 +504,14 @@ llama_model_deepseek32::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_
 
     cur = build_norm(cur, model.output_norm, NULL, LLM_NORM_RMS, -1);
 
+    // post-norm hidden state feeds the NextN/MTP draft head
+    cb(cur, "h_nextn", -1);
+    res->t_h_nextn = cur;
+
+    if (cparams.embeddings_nextn && !cparams.embeddings_nextn_masked && inp_out_ids) {
+        cur = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, cur, inp_out_ids);
+    }
+
     cb(cur, "result_norm", -1);
     res->t_embd = cur;
 
@@ -504,3 +523,243 @@ llama_model_deepseek32::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_
 
     ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, cur);
 }
+
+// LLM_GRAPH_TYPE_DECODER_MTP draft head for DeepSeek V3.2 (DEEPSEEK32).
+// Semantics mirror the deepseek-family NextN/MTP layer:
+//   enorm(embed) + hnorm(prev_hidden) -> concat(e, h) -> eh_proj ->
+//   full deepseek32 decoder block (dense MLA attention + sigmoid-gated MoE FFN
+//   with shared expert, exactly as the trunk deepseek2 graph builds it) ->
+//   shared_head_norm (fallback output_norm) -> shared LM head.
+// The DSA indexer is not used at runtime.
+llama_model_deepseek32::graph_mtp::graph_mtp(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_params & params)
+    : llm_graph_context(params) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0 && "DEEPSEEK32 MTP requires n_layer_nextn > 0");
+    GGML_ASSERT(hparams.n_layer_nextn == 1 && "DEEPSEEK32 MTP currently only supports a single MTP block");
+    GGML_ASSERT(hparams.is_mla() && "DEEPSEEK32 MTP requires MLA");
+
+    const int il = hparams.n_layer() + cparams.nextn_layer_offset;
+    GGML_ASSERT(cparams.nextn_layer_offset >= 0 &&
+                cparams.nextn_layer_offset < (int) hparams.n_layer_nextn &&
+                "nextn_layer_offset out of range [0, n_layer_nextn)");
+    const auto & layer = model.layers[il];
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(layer.nextn.eh_proj && "MTP block missing nextn.eh_proj");
+    GGML_ASSERT(layer.nextn.enorm   && "MTP block missing nextn.enorm");
+    GGML_ASSERT(layer.nextn.hnorm   && "MTP block missing nextn.hnorm");
+    GGML_ASSERT(layer.ffn_gate_inp  && "MTP block missing ffn_gate_inp");
+
+    // note: these are the actual head sizes you get when treating as MHA or after "decompression" using wv_b for MLA
+    const int64_t n_embd_head_k = hparams.n_embd_head_k_mla();
+
+    const int64_t n_embd_head_qk_rope = hparams.n_rot();
+    const int64_t n_embd_head_qk_nope = n_embd_head_k - n_embd_head_qk_rope;
+
+    const uint32_t kv_lora_rank = hparams.n_lora_kv;
+
+    // We have to pre-scale kq_scale and attn_factor to make the YaRN RoPE work correctly.
+    // See the deepseek2 trunk graph for the detailed explanation - this must match it EXACTLY.
+    GGML_ASSERT(ext_factor >= 0.0f);
+    const float attn_factor_org = attn_factor * (1.0f + 0.1f * logf(1.0f / freq_scale));
+
+    const float mscale   = attn_factor_org * (1.0f + 0.1f * hparams.rope_yarn_log_mul * logf(1.0f / freq_scale));
+    const float kq_scale = 1.0f * mscale * mscale / sqrtf(float(n_embd_head_k));
+
+    // TODO: extract in a common llm_graph_context::build_inp_embd_h()
+    auto inp = std::make_unique<llm_graph_input_embd_h>(hparams.n_embd);
+
+    inp->tokens = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_I32, n_tokens);
+    ggml_set_input(inp->tokens);
+
+    inp->embd = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, hparams.n_embd_inp(), n_tokens);
+    ggml_set_input(inp->embd);
+
+    ggml_tensor * tok_embd;
+    if (ubatch.token) {
+        ggml_tensor * tok_embd_w = layer.nextn.embed_tokens ? layer.nextn.embed_tokens : model.tok_embd;
+
+        tok_embd = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, tok_embd_w, inp->tokens);
+    } else {
+        tok_embd = inp->embd;
+    }
+    cb(tok_embd, "mtp_tok_embd", il);
+
+    inp->h = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, hparams.n_embd, n_tokens);
+    ggml_set_input(inp->h);
+    ggml_set_name(inp->h, "mtp_h_input");
+
+    ggml_tensor * h_embd = inp->h;
+
+    res->add_input(std::move(inp));
+
+    ggml_tensor * inp_pos     = build_inp_pos();
+    ggml_tensor * inp_out_ids = build_inp_out_ids();
+
+    // MLA with the absorption optimization uses a K-only cache (V is a view of K)
+    auto * inp_attn = build_attn_inp_k();
+
+    ggml_tensor * h_norm = build_norm(h_embd, layer.nextn.hnorm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+    cb(h_norm, "mtp_hnorm", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * e_norm = build_norm(tok_embd, layer.nextn.enorm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+    cb(e_norm, "mtp_enorm", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * concat = ggml_concat(ctx0, e_norm, h_norm, /*dim=*/ 0);
+    cb(concat, "mtp_concat", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * cur = build_lora_mm(layer.nextn.eh_proj, concat, layer.nextn.eh_proj_s);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_eh_proj", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * inpSA = cur;
+
+    cur = build_norm(cur, layer.attn_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_attn_norm", il);
+
+    // self-attention: dense MLA, same construction as the deepseek2 trunk graph
+    {
+        ggml_tensor * q = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, layer.wq_a, cur);
+        cb(q, "mtp_q", il);
+
+        q = build_norm(q, layer.attn_q_a_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+        cb(q, "mtp_q", il);
+
+        q = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, layer.wq_b, q);
+        cb(q, "mtp_q", il);
+
+        // split into {n_embd_head_qk_nope, n_head, n_tokens}
+        ggml_tensor * q_nope =
+            ggml_view_3d(ctx0, q, n_embd_head_qk_nope, n_head, n_tokens, ggml_row_size(q->type, n_embd_head_k),
+                         ggml_row_size(q->type, n_embd_head_k) * n_head, 0);
+        cb(q_nope, "mtp_q_nope", il);
+
+        // and {n_embd_head_qk_rope, n_head, n_tokens}
+        ggml_tensor * q_pe = ggml_view_3d(
+            ctx0, q, n_embd_head_qk_rope, n_head, n_tokens, ggml_row_size(q->type, n_embd_head_k),
+            ggml_row_size(q->type, n_embd_head_k) * n_head, ggml_row_size(q->type, n_embd_head_qk_nope));
+        cb(q_pe, "mtp_q_pe", il);
+
+        ggml_tensor * kv_cmpr_pe = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, layer.wkv_a_mqa, cur);
+        cb(kv_cmpr_pe, "mtp_kv_cmpr_pe", il);
+
+        // split into {kv_lora_rank, n_tokens}
+        ggml_tensor * kv_cmpr =
+            ggml_view_2d(ctx0, kv_cmpr_pe, kv_lora_rank, n_tokens,
+                         ggml_row_size(kv_cmpr_pe->type, kv_lora_rank + n_embd_head_qk_rope), 0);
+        cb(kv_cmpr, "mtp_kv_cmpr", il);
+
+        // and {n_embd_head_qk_rope, 1, n_tokens}
+        ggml_tensor * k_pe = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, kv_cmpr_pe, n_embd_head_qk_rope, 1, n_tokens,
+                                          ggml_row_size(kv_cmpr_pe->type, kv_lora_rank + n_embd_head_qk_rope),
+                                          ggml_row_size(kv_cmpr_pe->type, kv_lora_rank + n_embd_head_qk_rope),
+                                          ggml_row_size(kv_cmpr_pe->type, kv_lora_rank));
+        cb(k_pe, "mtp_k_pe", il);
+
+        q_pe = ggml_rope_ext(ctx0, q_pe, inp_pos, nullptr, n_rot, rope_type, n_ctx_orig, freq_base, freq_scale,
+                             ext_factor, attn_factor, beta_fast, beta_slow);
+        cb(q_pe, "mtp_q_pe", il);
+
+        k_pe = ggml_rope_ext(ctx0, k_pe, inp_pos, nullptr, n_rot, rope_type, n_ctx_orig, freq_base, freq_scale,
+                             ext_factor, attn_factor, beta_fast, beta_slow);
+        cb(k_pe, "mtp_k_pe", il);
+
+        kv_cmpr = build_norm(kv_cmpr, layer.attn_kv_a_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+        cb(kv_cmpr, "mtp_kv_cmpr", il);
+
+        // {n_embd_head_qk_nope, n_tokens, n_head}
+        q_nope = ggml_permute(ctx0, q_nope, 0, 2, 1, 3);
+        cb(q_nope, "mtp_q_nope_perm", il);
+
+        // {n_embd_head_qk_nope, kv_lora_rank, n_head} x {n_embd_head_qk_nope, n_tokens, n_head}
+        ggml_tensor * q_nope_absorbed = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, layer.wk_b, q_nope);
+        cb(q_nope_absorbed, "mtp_q_nope_absorbed", il);
+
+        // {kv_lora_rank, n_head, n_tokens}
+        q_nope_absorbed = ggml_permute(ctx0, q_nope_absorbed, 0, 2, 1, 3);
+        cb(q_nope_absorbed, "mtp_q_nope_absorbed_perm", il);
+
+        // {n_embd_head_qk_rope + kv_lora_rank, n_head, n_tokens}
+        // note: rope must go first for in-place context shifting in build_rope_shift()
+        ggml_tensor * Qcur = ggml_concat(ctx0, q_nope_absorbed, q_pe, 0);
+        cb(Qcur, "mtp_Qcur", il);
+
+        kv_cmpr = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, kv_cmpr, kv_lora_rank, 1, n_tokens);
+        cb(kv_cmpr, "mtp_kv_cmpr_reshape", il);
+
+        // {n_embd_head_qk_rope + kv_lora_rank, 1, n_tokens}
+        ggml_tensor * Kcur = ggml_concat(ctx0, kv_cmpr, k_pe, 0);
+        cb(Kcur, "mtp_Kcur", il);
+
+        // {kv_lora_rank, 1, n_tokens}
+        ggml_tensor * Vcur = kv_cmpr;
+        cb(Vcur, "mtp_Vcur", il);
+
+        // note: MLA with the absorption optimization converts into MQA (ie: GQA with 1 group)
+        cur = build_attn(inp_attn,
+                layer.wo, NULL, layer.wo_s,
+                Qcur, Kcur, Vcur, nullptr, nullptr, layer.wv_b, kq_scale, il);
+        cb(cur, "mtp_attn_out", il);
+    }
+
+    ggml_tensor * ffn_inp = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, inpSA);
+    cb(ffn_inp, "mtp_ffn_inp", il);
+
+    cur = build_norm(ffn_inp, layer.ffn_norm, NULL, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_ffn_norm", il);
+
+    // MoE FFN with shared expert - same construction as the deepseek2 trunk graph
+    ggml_tensor * moe_out = build_moe_ffn(cur,
+        layer.ffn_gate_inp,
+        layer.ffn_up_exps,
+        layer.ffn_gate_exps,
+        layer.ffn_down_exps,
+        layer.ffn_exp_probs_b,
+        n_expert, n_expert_used,
+        LLM_FFN_SILU, hparams.expert_weights_norm,
+        hparams.expert_weights_scale,
+        (llama_expert_gating_func_type) hparams.expert_gating_func,
+        il,
+        nullptr,
+        layer.ffn_gate_up_exps,
+        layer.ffn_up_exps_s,
+        layer.ffn_gate_exps_s,
+        layer.ffn_down_exps_s);
+    cb(moe_out, "mtp_ffn_moe_out", il);
+
+    // FFN shared expert
+    ggml_tensor * ffn_shexp =
+        build_ffn(cur,
+            layer.ffn_up_shexp, NULL, layer.ffn_up_shexp_s,
+            layer.ffn_gate_shexp, NULL, layer.ffn_gate_shexp_s,
+            layer.ffn_down_shexp, NULL, layer.ffn_down_shexp_s,
+            NULL, LLM_FFN_SILU, LLM_FFN_PAR, il);
+    cb(ffn_shexp, "mtp_ffn_shexp", il);
+
+    cur = ggml_add(ctx0, moe_out, ffn_shexp);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_ffn_out", il);
+
+    cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, ffn_inp);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_post_ffn", il);
+
+    // shared_head_norm applied after the decoder block, before the shared LM head.
+    // The post-norm hidden state seeds the next MTP step.
+    ggml_tensor * head_norm_w = layer.nextn.shared_head_norm
+            ? layer.nextn.shared_head_norm
+            : model.output_norm;
+    GGML_ASSERT(head_norm_w && "DEEPSEEK32 MTP: missing both nextn.shared_head_norm and output_norm");
+    cur = build_norm(cur, head_norm_w, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, -1);
+
+    cb(cur, "h_nextn", -1);
+    res->t_h_nextn = cur;
+
+    cur = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, cur, inp_out_ids);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_shared_head_norm", -1);
+
+    ggml_tensor * head_w = layer.nextn.shared_head_head ? layer.nextn.shared_head_head : model.output;
+    ggml_tensor * head_s = layer.nextn.shared_head_head ? layer.nextn.shared_head_head_s : model.output_s;
+    GGML_ASSERT(head_w && "DEEPSEEK32 MTP: missing LM head (nextn.shared_head_head or model.output)");
+    cur = build_lora_mm(head_w, cur, head_s);
+    cb(cur, "result_output", -1);
+
+    res->t_logits = cur;
+    ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, cur);
+}
+

src/models/deepseek4.cpp

@@ -16,6 +16,16 @@ static float dsv4_rope_attn_factor(float freq_scale, float ext_factor) {
 }
 
 void llama_model_deepseek4::load_arch_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
+    ml.get_key(LLM_KV_NEXTN_PREDICT_LAYERS, hparams.n_layer_nextn, false);
+    if (hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0 && hparams.n_layer_nextn < hparams.n_layer_all) {
+        const uint32_t n_layer_main = hparams.n_layer_all - hparams.n_layer_nextn;
+        const std::string mtp_probe = "blk." + std::to_string(n_layer_main) + ".nextn.eh_proj.weight";
+        if (ml.get_weight(mtp_probe.c_str()) == nullptr) {
+            hparams.n_layer_nextn = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    GGML_ASSERT(hparams.n_layer_nextn < hparams.n_layer_all && "n_layer_nextn must be < block_count");
+
     ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_LAYERNORM_RMS_EPS, hparams.f_norm_rms_eps);
     ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_Q_LORA_RANK,       hparams.n_lora_q);
     ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_SLIDING_WINDOW,    hparams.n_swa);
@@ -24,8 +34,8 @@ void llama_model_deepseek4::load_arch_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
     ml.get_key(LLM_KV_EXPERT_SHARED_COUNT,         hparams.n_expert_shared);
     ml.get_key(LLM_KV_EXPERT_WEIGHTS_SCALE,        hparams.expert_weights_scale);
     ml.get_key(LLM_KV_EXPERT_WEIGHTS_NORM,         hparams.expert_weights_norm);
-    ml.get_key_or_arr(LLM_KV_SWIGLU_CLAMP_EXP,     hparams.swiglu_clamp_exp,   hparams.n_layer());
-    if (!ml.get_key_or_arr(LLM_KV_SWIGLU_CLAMP_SHEXP,   hparams.swiglu_clamp_shexp, hparams.n_layer(), 0)) {
+    ml.get_key_or_arr(LLM_KV_SWIGLU_CLAMP_EXP,     hparams.swiglu_clamp_exp,   hparams.n_layer_all);
+    if (!ml.get_key_or_arr(LLM_KV_SWIGLU_CLAMP_SHEXP,   hparams.swiglu_clamp_shexp, hparams.n_layer_all, 0)) {
         hparams.swiglu_clamp_shexp = hparams.swiglu_clamp_exp;
     }
 
@@ -41,9 +51,11 @@ void llama_model_deepseek4::load_arch_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
     ml.get_key(LLM_KV_HYPER_CONNECTION_EPSILON,             hparams.dsv4_hc_eps);
     ml.get_key(LLM_KV_HASH_LAYER_COUNT,                     hparams.dsv4_hash_layer_count);
 
+    hparams.n_embd_out_impl = hparams.dsv4_hc_mult * hparams.n_embd;
+
     uint32_t n_compress_ratios = 0;
     ml.get_arr_n(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_COMPRESS_RATIOS, n_compress_ratios);
-    if (n_compress_ratios < hparams.n_layer()) {
+    if (n_compress_ratios < hparams.n_layer_all) {
         throw std::runtime_error("DeepSeek-V4 compress_ratios is shorter than block_count");
     }
     ml.get_arr(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_COMPRESS_RATIOS, hparams.dsv4_compress_ratios);
@@ -54,6 +66,9 @@ void llama_model_deepseek4::load_arch_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
     }
     hparams.swa_type = LLAMA_SWA_TYPE_STANDARD;
     hparams.set_swa_pattern(0);
+    for (uint32_t il = hparams.n_layer(); il < hparams.n_layer_all; ++il) {
+        hparams.is_swa_impl[il] = true;
+    }
 
     switch (hparams.n_layer()) {
         case 43: type = LLM_TYPE_UNKNOWN; break;
@@ -61,7 +76,7 @@ void llama_model_deepseek4::load_arch_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
     }
 }
 
-void llama_model_deepseek4::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader &) {
+void llama_model_deepseek4::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader & ml) {
     LLAMA_LOAD_LOCALS;
 
     const int64_t q_lora_rank     = hparams.n_lora_q;
@@ -75,6 +90,10 @@ void llama_model_deepseek4::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader &) {
     const int64_t hc_dim      = hc_mult * n_embd;
     const int64_t hc_mix_dim  = (2 + hc_mult) * hc_mult;
 
+    const bool mtp_only = (n_layer_nextn > 0) && (ml.get_weight("blk.0.attn_norm.weight") == nullptr);
+    const int trunk_flags = mtp_only    ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
+    const int mtp_flags   = ml.load_mtp ? 0 : TENSOR_SKIP;
+
     tok_embd = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD, "weight"), {n_embd, n_vocab}, 0);
 
     output_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_OUTPUT_NORM, "weight"), {n_embd}, 0);
@@ -84,69 +103,82 @@ void llama_model_deepseek4::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader &) {
     hc_head_base  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_HEAD_BASE, "weight"),  {hc_mult}, 0);
     hc_head_scale = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_HEAD_SCALE, "weight"), {1}, 0);
 
-    for (int i = 0; i < n_layer; ++i) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < n_layer_all; ++i) {
         auto & layer = layers[i];
+        const int flags = i < n_layer ? trunk_flags : mtp_flags;
 
-        layer.attn_norm     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_NORM,     "weight", i), {n_embd}, 0);
-        layer.attn_sinks    = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_SINKS,    "weight", i), {n_head}, 0);
-        layer.wq_a          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_Q_A,      "weight", i), {n_embd, q_lora_rank}, 0);
-        layer.attn_q_a_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_Q_A_NORM, "weight", i), {q_lora_rank}, 0);
-        layer.wq_b          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_Q_B,      "weight", i), {q_lora_rank, n_head * n_embd_head}, 0);
-        layer.wkv           = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_KV,       "weight", i), {n_embd, n_embd_head}, 0);
-        layer.attn_kv_norm  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_KV_NORM,  "weight", i), {n_embd_head}, 0);
-        layer.wo_a          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_OUT_A,    "weight", i), {n_head * n_embd_head / o_groups, o_lora_rank * o_groups}, 0);
-        layer.wo_b          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_OUT_B,    "weight", i), {o_groups * o_lora_rank, n_embd}, 0);
+        layer.attn_norm     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_NORM,     "weight", i), {n_embd}, flags);
+        layer.attn_sinks    = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_SINKS,    "weight", i), {n_head}, flags);
+        layer.wq_a          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_Q_A,      "weight", i), {n_embd, q_lora_rank}, flags);
+        layer.attn_q_a_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_Q_A_NORM, "weight", i), {q_lora_rank}, flags);
+        layer.wq_b          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_Q_B,      "weight", i), {q_lora_rank, n_head * n_embd_head}, flags);
+        layer.wkv           = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_KV,       "weight", i), {n_embd, n_embd_head}, flags);
+        layer.attn_kv_norm  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_KV_NORM,  "weight", i), {n_embd_head}, flags);
+        layer.wo_a          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_OUT_A,    "weight", i), {n_head * n_embd_head / o_groups, o_lora_rank * o_groups}, flags);
+        layer.wo_b          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_OUT_B,    "weight", i), {o_groups * o_lora_rank, n_embd}, flags);
 
-        layer.hc_attn_fn    = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_ATTN_FN,    "weight", i), {hc_dim, hc_mix_dim}, 0);
-        layer.hc_attn_base  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_ATTN_BASE,  "weight", i), {hc_mix_dim}, 0);
-        layer.hc_attn_scale = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_ATTN_SCALE, "weight", i), {3}, 0);
-        layer.hc_ffn_fn     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_FFN_FN,     "weight", i), {hc_dim, hc_mix_dim}, 0);
-        layer.hc_ffn_base   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_FFN_BASE,   "weight", i), {hc_mix_dim}, 0);
-        layer.hc_ffn_scale  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_FFN_SCALE,  "weight", i), {3}, 0);
+        layer.hc_attn_fn    = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_ATTN_FN,    "weight", i), {hc_dim, hc_mix_dim}, flags);
+        layer.hc_attn_base  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_ATTN_BASE,  "weight", i), {hc_mix_dim}, flags);
+        layer.hc_attn_scale = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_ATTN_SCALE, "weight", i), {3}, flags);
+        layer.hc_ffn_fn     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_FFN_FN,     "weight", i), {hc_dim, hc_mix_dim}, flags);
+        layer.hc_ffn_base   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_FFN_BASE,   "weight", i), {hc_mix_dim}, flags);
+        layer.hc_ffn_scale  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_FFN_SCALE,  "weight", i), {3}, flags);
 
         const int64_t ratio = hparams.dsv4_compress_ratios[i];
         if (ratio != 0) {
             const int64_t coff = ratio == 4 ? 2 : 1;
 
-            layer.attn_comp_wkv   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_COMPRESSOR_WKV,   "weight", i), {n_embd, coff * n_embd_head}, 0);
-            layer.attn_comp_wgate = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_COMPRESSOR_WGATE, "weight", i), {n_embd, coff * n_embd_head}, 0);
-            layer.attn_comp_ape   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_COMPRESSOR_APE,   "weight", i), {coff * n_embd_head, ratio}, 0);
-            layer.attn_comp_norm  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_COMPRESSOR_NORM,  "weight", i), {n_embd_head}, 0);
+            layer.attn_comp_wkv   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_COMPRESSOR_WKV,   "weight", i), {n_embd, coff * n_embd_head}, flags);
+            layer.attn_comp_wgate = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_COMPRESSOR_WGATE, "weight", i), {n_embd, coff * n_embd_head}, flags);
+            layer.attn_comp_ape   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_COMPRESSOR_APE,   "weight", i), {coff * n_embd_head, ratio}, flags);
+            layer.attn_comp_norm  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_COMPRESSOR_NORM,  "weight", i), {n_embd_head}, flags);
 
             if (ratio == 4) {
                 const int64_t n_embd_indexer = hparams.indexer_head_size;
 
-                layer.indexer_proj     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_INDEXER_PROJ,     "weight", i), {n_embd, hparams.indexer_n_head}, 0);
-                layer.indexer_attn_q_b = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_INDEXER_ATTN_Q_B, "weight", i), {q_lora_rank, hparams.indexer_n_head * n_embd_indexer}, 0);
+                layer.indexer_proj     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_INDEXER_PROJ,     "weight", i), {n_embd, hparams.indexer_n_head}, flags);
+                layer.indexer_attn_q_b = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_INDEXER_ATTN_Q_B, "weight", i), {q_lora_rank, hparams.indexer_n_head * n_embd_indexer}, flags);
 
-                layer.indexer_comp_wkv   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_INDEXER_COMPRESSOR_WKV,   "weight", i), {n_embd, 2 * n_embd_indexer}, 0);
-                layer.indexer_comp_wgate = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_INDEXER_COMPRESSOR_WGATE, "weight", i), {n_embd, 2 * n_embd_indexer}, 0);
-                layer.indexer_comp_ape   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_INDEXER_COMPRESSOR_APE,   "weight", i), {2 * n_embd_indexer, ratio}, 0);
-                layer.indexer_comp_norm  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_INDEXER_COMPRESSOR_NORM,  "weight", i), {n_embd_indexer}, 0);
+                layer.indexer_comp_wkv   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_INDEXER_COMPRESSOR_WKV,   "weight", i), {n_embd, 2 * n_embd_indexer}, flags);
+                layer.indexer_comp_wgate = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_INDEXER_COMPRESSOR_WGATE, "weight", i), {n_embd, 2 * n_embd_indexer}, flags);
+                layer.indexer_comp_ape   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_INDEXER_COMPRESSOR_APE,   "weight", i), {2 * n_embd_indexer, ratio}, flags);
+                layer.indexer_comp_norm  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_INDEXER_COMPRESSOR_NORM,  "weight", i), {n_embd_indexer}, flags);
             } else if (ratio != 128) {
                 throw std::runtime_error("DeepSeek-V4 loader only supports compression ratios 0, 4, and 128");
             }
         }
 
-        layer.ffn_gate_inp = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_INP, "weight", i), {n_embd, n_expert}, 0);
+        layer.ffn_gate_inp = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_INP, "weight", i), {n_embd, n_expert}, flags);
         if ((uint32_t) i < hparams.dsv4_hash_layer_count) {
-            layer.ffn_gate_tid2eid = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_TID2EID, "weight", i), {n_expert_used, n_vocab}, 0);
+            layer.ffn_gate_tid2eid = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_TID2EID, "weight", i), {n_expert_used, n_vocab}, flags);
         } else {
-            layer.ffn_exp_probs_b = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_EXP_PROBS_B, "bias", i), {n_expert}, 0);
+            layer.ffn_exp_probs_b = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_EXP_PROBS_B, "bias", i), {n_expert}, flags);
         }
-        layer.ffn_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_NORM, "weight", i), {n_embd}, 0);
+        layer.ffn_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_NORM, "weight", i), {n_embd}, flags);
 
-        layer.ffn_gate_exps = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_EXPS, "weight", i), {n_embd,   n_ff_exp, n_expert}, 0);
-        layer.ffn_down_exps = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN_EXPS, "weight", i), {n_ff_exp, n_embd,   n_expert}, 0);
-        layer.ffn_up_exps   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_UP_EXPS,   "weight", i), {n_embd,   n_ff_exp, n_expert}, 0);
+        layer.ffn_gate_exps = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_EXPS, "weight", i), {n_embd,   n_ff_exp, n_expert}, flags);
+        layer.ffn_down_exps = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN_EXPS, "weight", i), {n_ff_exp, n_embd,   n_expert}, flags);
+        layer.ffn_up_exps   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_UP_EXPS,   "weight", i), {n_embd,   n_ff_exp, n_expert}, flags);
 
-        layer.ffn_gate_shexp = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_SHEXP, "weight", i), {n_embd,                     n_ff_exp * n_expert_shared}, 0);
-        layer.ffn_down_shexp = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN_SHEXP, "weight", i), {n_ff_exp * n_expert_shared, n_embd                    }, 0);
-        layer.ffn_up_shexp   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_UP_SHEXP,   "weight", i), {n_embd,                     n_ff_exp * n_expert_shared}, 0);
+        layer.ffn_gate_shexp = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_SHEXP, "weight", i), {n_embd,                     n_ff_exp * n_expert_shared}, flags);
+        layer.ffn_down_shexp = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN_SHEXP, "weight", i), {n_ff_exp * n_expert_shared, n_embd                    }, flags);
+        layer.ffn_up_shexp   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_UP_SHEXP,   "weight", i), {n_embd,                     n_ff_exp * n_expert_shared}, flags);
+
+        if (i >= n_layer) {
+            layer.nextn.eh_proj          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_EH_PROJ,          "weight", i), {2 * n_embd, n_embd}, flags);
+            layer.nextn.enorm            = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_ENORM,            "weight", i), {n_embd},             flags);
+            layer.nextn.hnorm            = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_HNORM,            "weight", i), {n_embd},             flags);
+            layer.nextn.embed_tokens     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_EMBED_TOKENS,     "weight", i), {n_embd, n_vocab},    TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED | flags);
+            layer.nextn.shared_head_head = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_HEAD, "weight", i), {n_embd, n_vocab},    TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED | flags);
+            layer.nextn.shared_head_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_NORM, "weight", i), {n_embd},             TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED | flags);
+        }
     }
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<llm_graph_context> llama_model_deepseek4::build_arch_graph(const llm_graph_params & params) const {
+    if (params.gtype == LLM_GRAPH_TYPE_DECODER_MTP) {
+        return std::make_unique<graph_mtp>(*this, params);
+    }
     return std::make_unique<graph>(*this, params);
 }
 
@@ -175,18 +207,69 @@ static ggml_tensor * dsv4_append_zero_row(ggml_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * t, b
     return ggml_concat(ctx, t, row, 1);
 }
 
-static ggml_tensor * dsv4_with_zero_dep(ggml_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * t, ggml_tensor * dep) {
-    if (dep == nullptr) {
-        return t;
+struct dsv4_state_tensors {
+    ggml_tensor * kv;
+    ggml_tensor * score;
+};
+
+static dsv4_state_tensors dsv4_build_state_restore(
+        ggml_context * ctx,
+        const llm_graph_input_dsv4::comp_input & inp,
+        const llama_dsv4_comp_state * state,
+        int32_t il) {
+    dsv4_state_tensors restored = {
+        state->get_kv_all(ctx, il),
+        state->get_score_all(ctx, il),
+    };
+
+    if (inp.state_restore_src_idxs == nullptr || inp.state_restore_dst_idxs == nullptr) {
+        return restored;
     }
 
-    ggml_tensor * zero = ggml_scale(ctx, ggml_sum(ctx, dep), 0.0f);
-    return ggml_add(ctx, t, zero);
+    ggml_tensor * kv_rows = ggml_get_rows(ctx, restored.kv, inp.state_restore_src_idxs);
+    restored.kv = state->cpy_kv(ctx, kv_rows, inp.state_restore_dst_idxs, il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * score_rows = ggml_get_rows(ctx, restored.score, inp.state_restore_src_idxs);
+    restored.score = state->cpy_score(ctx, score_rows, inp.state_restore_dst_idxs, il);
+
+    return restored;
+}
+
+static dsv4_state_tensors dsv4_build_state_snapshot(
+        ggml_context * ctx,
+        const llm_graph_input_dsv4::comp_input & inp,
+        const llama_dsv4_comp_state * state,
+        ggml_tensor * source_kv,
+        ggml_tensor * source_score,
+        int32_t il) {
+    if (inp.state_snapshot_src_idxs == nullptr || inp.state_snapshot_dst_idxs == nullptr ||
+            source_kv == nullptr || source_score == nullptr) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    ggml_tensor * kv_rows = ggml_get_rows(ctx, source_kv, inp.state_snapshot_src_idxs);
+    ggml_tensor * kv = state->cpy_kv(ctx, kv_rows, inp.state_snapshot_dst_idxs, il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * score_rows = ggml_get_rows(ctx, source_score, inp.state_snapshot_src_idxs);
+    ggml_tensor * score = state->cpy_score(ctx, score_rows, inp.state_snapshot_dst_idxs, il);
+
+    return { kv, score };
 }
 
 static constexpr int64_t DSV4_CSA_RATIO  = 4;
 static constexpr int64_t DSV4_HCA_RATIO  = 128;
 
+// mean over the hyper-connection streams: [n_embd, hc, n_tokens] -> [n_embd, n_tokens]
+static ggml_tensor * dsv4_hc_mean(ggml_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * x) {
+    const int64_t hc = x->ne[1];
+
+    ggml_tensor * acc = ggml_view_2d(ctx, x, x->ne[0], x->ne[2], x->nb[2], 0);
+    for (int64_t s = 1; s < hc; ++s) {
+        acc = ggml_add(ctx, acc, ggml_view_2d(ctx, x, x->ne[0], x->ne[2], x->nb[2], s*x->nb[1]));
+    }
+    return ggml_scale(ctx, acc, 1.0f/hc);
+}
+
 static ggml_tensor * dsv4_hc_affine(
         ggml_context * ctx,
         ggml_tensor  * x,
@@ -804,8 +887,29 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_model_deepseek4::graph::build_attention(
         ggml_tensor * cur,
         ggml_tensor * inp_pos,
         int il) const {
+    return build_attention_impl(model, inp_dsv4, nullptr, cur, inp_pos, il);
+}
+
+ggml_tensor * llama_model_deepseek4::graph::build_attention(
+        const llama_model & model,
+        llm_graph_input_attn_k_iswa * inp_mtp,
+        ggml_tensor * cur,
+        ggml_tensor * inp_pos,
+        int il) const {
+    return build_attention_impl(model, nullptr, inp_mtp, cur, inp_pos, il);
+}
+
+ggml_tensor * llama_model_deepseek4::graph::build_attention_impl(
+        const llama_model & model,
+        llm_graph_input_dsv4 * inp_dsv4,
+        llm_graph_input_attn_k_iswa * inp_mtp,
+        ggml_tensor * cur,
+        ggml_tensor * inp_pos,
+        int il) const {
+    GGML_ASSERT((inp_dsv4 == nullptr) != (inp_mtp == nullptr));
+
     const auto & layer = model.layers[il];
-    llm_graph_input_dsv4_raw * inp_attn = inp_dsv4->get_raw();
+    llm_graph_input_dsv4_raw * inp_attn = inp_dsv4 ? inp_dsv4->get_raw() : nullptr;
 
     const int64_t n_embd_head      = hparams.n_embd_head_k();
     const int64_t n_embd_head_rope = hparams.n_rot();
@@ -873,9 +977,12 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_model_deepseek4::graph::build_attention(
     cb(kv, "kv", il);
 
     const int64_t ratio = hparams.dsv4_compress_ratios[il];
+    GGML_ASSERT(inp_dsv4 || ratio == 0);
 
     ggml_tensor * hca_state_kv    = nullptr;
     ggml_tensor * hca_state_score = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * hca_source_kv   = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * hca_source_score = nullptr;
     if (ratio == DSV4_HCA_RATIO && inp_dsv4->get_hca().state_pos) {
         hca_state_kv = build_lora_mm(layer.attn_comp_wkv, cur);
         cb(hca_state_kv, "hca_state_kv", il);
@@ -906,10 +1013,16 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_model_deepseek4::graph::build_attention(
 
         GGML_ASSERT(inp_dsv4->get_csa().state_write_idxs);
 
-        ggml_tensor * csa_source_kv = ggml_concat(ctx0,
-                inp_dsv4->mctx->get_csa_state()->get_kv(ctx0, il), csa_state_kv, 1);
-        ggml_tensor * csa_source_score = ggml_concat(ctx0,
-                inp_dsv4->mctx->get_csa_state()->get_score(ctx0, il), csa_state_score, 1);
+        const auto * csa_state = inp_dsv4->mctx->get_csa_state();
+        const dsv4_state_tensors csa_restored = dsv4_build_state_restore(
+                ctx0, inp_dsv4->get_csa(), csa_state, il);
+        ggml_tensor * csa_base_kv = dsv4_view_2d(
+                ctx0, csa_restored.kv, csa_restored.kv->ne[0], csa_state->get_n_rows(), 0);
+        ggml_tensor * csa_base_score = dsv4_view_2d(
+                ctx0, csa_restored.score, csa_restored.score->ne[0], csa_state->get_n_rows(), 0);
+
+        ggml_tensor * csa_source_kv = ggml_concat(ctx0, csa_base_kv, csa_state_kv, 1);
+        ggml_tensor * csa_source_score = ggml_concat(ctx0, csa_base_score, csa_state_score, 1);
 
         ggml_tensor * kv_comp_csa_state = build_overlap_compressed_kv_from_state(
                 csa_source_kv,
@@ -930,8 +1043,19 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_model_deepseek4::graph::build_attention(
         ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, inp_dsv4->mctx->get_csa()->cpy_k(ctx0,
                     kv_comp_csa_state, inp_dsv4->get_csa().state_write_idxs, il));
 
-        csa_state_kv    = dsv4_with_zero_dep(ctx0, csa_state_kv,    kv_comp_csa_state);
-        csa_state_score = dsv4_with_zero_dep(ctx0, csa_state_score, kv_comp_csa_state);
+        ggml_tensor * csa_snapshot_source_kv = ggml_concat(ctx0,
+                csa_restored.kv, csa_state_kv, 1);
+        ggml_tensor * csa_snapshot_source_score = ggml_concat(ctx0,
+                csa_restored.score, csa_state_score, 1);
+
+        const dsv4_state_tensors csa_snapshot = dsv4_build_state_snapshot(
+                ctx0, inp_dsv4->get_csa(), csa_state, csa_snapshot_source_kv, csa_snapshot_source_score, il);
+        if (csa_snapshot.kv != nullptr) {
+            ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, csa_snapshot.kv);
+        }
+        if (csa_snapshot.score != nullptr) {
+            ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, csa_snapshot.score);
+        }
 
         ggml_tensor * csa_persist_kv = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, csa_state_kv, inp_dsv4->get_csa().state_persist_src_idxs);
         ggml_tensor * csa_persist_score = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, csa_state_score, inp_dsv4->get_csa().state_persist_src_idxs);
@@ -958,10 +1082,16 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_model_deepseek4::graph::build_attention(
 
         GGML_ASSERT(inp_dsv4->get_lid().state_write_idxs);
 
-        ggml_tensor * lid_source_kv = ggml_concat(ctx0,
-                inp_dsv4->mctx->get_lid_state()->get_kv(ctx0, il), lid_state_kv, 1);
-        ggml_tensor * lid_source_score = ggml_concat(ctx0,
-                inp_dsv4->mctx->get_lid_state()->get_score(ctx0, il), lid_state_score, 1);
+        const auto * lid_state = inp_dsv4->mctx->get_lid_state();
+        const dsv4_state_tensors lid_restored = dsv4_build_state_restore(
+                ctx0, inp_dsv4->get_lid(), lid_state, il);
+        ggml_tensor * lid_base_kv = dsv4_view_2d(
+                ctx0, lid_restored.kv, lid_restored.kv->ne[0], lid_state->get_n_rows(), 0);
+        ggml_tensor * lid_base_score = dsv4_view_2d(
+                ctx0, lid_restored.score, lid_restored.score->ne[0], lid_state->get_n_rows(), 0);
+
+        ggml_tensor * lid_source_kv = ggml_concat(ctx0, lid_base_kv, lid_state_kv, 1);
+        ggml_tensor * lid_source_score = ggml_concat(ctx0, lid_base_score, lid_state_score, 1);
 
         ggml_tensor * kv_comp_lid_state = build_overlap_compressed_kv_from_state(
                 lid_source_kv,
@@ -982,8 +1112,19 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_model_deepseek4::graph::build_attention(
         ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, inp_dsv4->mctx->get_lid()->cpy_k(ctx0,
                     kv_comp_lid_state, inp_dsv4->get_lid().state_write_idxs, il));
 
-        lid_state_kv    = dsv4_with_zero_dep(ctx0, lid_state_kv,    kv_comp_lid_state);
-        lid_state_score = dsv4_with_zero_dep(ctx0, lid_state_score, kv_comp_lid_state);
+        ggml_tensor * lid_snapshot_source_kv = ggml_concat(ctx0,
+                lid_restored.kv, lid_state_kv, 1);
+        ggml_tensor * lid_snapshot_source_score = ggml_concat(ctx0,
+                lid_restored.score, lid_state_score, 1);
+
+        const dsv4_state_tensors lid_snapshot = dsv4_build_state_snapshot(
+                ctx0, inp_dsv4->get_lid(), lid_state, lid_snapshot_source_kv, lid_snapshot_source_score, il);
+        if (lid_snapshot.kv != nullptr) {
+            ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, lid_snapshot.kv);
+        }
+        if (lid_snapshot.score != nullptr) {
+            ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, lid_snapshot.score);
+        }
 
         ggml_tensor * lid_persist_kv = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, lid_state_kv, inp_dsv4->get_lid().state_persist_src_idxs);
         ggml_tensor * lid_persist_score = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, lid_state_score, inp_dsv4->get_lid().state_persist_src_idxs);
@@ -997,15 +1138,21 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_model_deepseek4::graph::build_attention(
         ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, lid_state_score);
     }
 
-    ggml_tensor * hca_state_dep = nullptr;
+    const llama_dsv4_comp_state * hca_state = nullptr;
+    dsv4_state_tensors hca_restored = {};
     if (ratio == DSV4_HCA_RATIO && inp_dsv4->get_hca().state_write_idxs) {
         GGML_ASSERT(hca_state_kv);
         GGML_ASSERT(hca_state_score);
 
-        ggml_tensor * hca_source_kv = ggml_concat(ctx0,
-                inp_dsv4->mctx->get_hca_state()->get_kv(ctx0, il), hca_state_kv, 1);
-        ggml_tensor * hca_source_score = ggml_concat(ctx0,
-                inp_dsv4->mctx->get_hca_state()->get_score(ctx0, il), hca_state_score, 1);
+        hca_state = inp_dsv4->mctx->get_hca_state();
+        hca_restored = dsv4_build_state_restore(ctx0, inp_dsv4->get_hca(), hca_state, il);
+        ggml_tensor * hca_base_kv = dsv4_view_2d(
+                ctx0, hca_restored.kv, hca_restored.kv->ne[0], hca_state->get_n_rows(), 0);
+        ggml_tensor * hca_base_score = dsv4_view_2d(
+                ctx0, hca_restored.score, hca_restored.score->ne[0], hca_state->get_n_rows(), 0);
+
+        hca_source_kv = ggml_concat(ctx0, hca_base_kv, hca_state_kv, 1);
+        hca_source_score = ggml_concat(ctx0, hca_base_score, hca_state_score, 1);
 
         ggml_tensor * kv_comp_hca = build_hca_compressed_kv_from_state(
                 hca_source_kv,
@@ -1024,15 +1171,41 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_model_deepseek4::graph::build_attention(
 
         ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, inp_dsv4->mctx->get_hca()->cpy_k(ctx0,
                     kv_comp_hca, inp_dsv4->get_hca().state_write_idxs, il));
-        hca_state_dep = kv_comp_hca;
     }
 
     if (ratio == DSV4_HCA_RATIO && inp_dsv4->get_hca().state_pos) {
         GGML_ASSERT(hca_state_kv);
         GGML_ASSERT(hca_state_score);
 
-        hca_state_kv    = dsv4_with_zero_dep(ctx0, hca_state_kv,    hca_state_dep);
-        hca_state_score = dsv4_with_zero_dep(ctx0, hca_state_score, hca_state_dep);
+        if (hca_state == nullptr) {
+            hca_state = inp_dsv4->mctx->get_hca_state();
+        }
+        if (hca_restored.kv == nullptr) {
+            hca_restored = dsv4_build_state_restore(ctx0, inp_dsv4->get_hca(), hca_state, il);
+        }
+        if (hca_source_kv == nullptr || hca_source_score == nullptr) {
+            ggml_tensor * hca_base_kv = dsv4_view_2d(
+                    ctx0, hca_restored.kv, hca_restored.kv->ne[0], hca_state->get_n_rows(), 0);
+            ggml_tensor * hca_base_score = dsv4_view_2d(
+                    ctx0, hca_restored.score, hca_restored.score->ne[0], hca_state->get_n_rows(), 0);
+
+            hca_source_kv = ggml_concat(ctx0, hca_base_kv, hca_state_kv, 1);
+            hca_source_score = ggml_concat(ctx0, hca_base_score, hca_state_score, 1);
+        }
+
+        ggml_tensor * hca_snapshot_source_kv = ggml_concat(ctx0,
+                hca_restored.kv, hca_state_kv, 1);
+        ggml_tensor * hca_snapshot_source_score = ggml_concat(ctx0,
+                hca_restored.score, hca_state_score, 1);
+
+        const dsv4_state_tensors hca_snapshot = dsv4_build_state_snapshot(
+                ctx0, inp_dsv4->get_hca(), hca_state, hca_snapshot_source_kv, hca_snapshot_source_score, il);
+        if (hca_snapshot.kv != nullptr) {
+            ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, hca_snapshot.kv);
+        }
+        if (hca_snapshot.score != nullptr) {
+            ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, hca_snapshot.score);
+        }
 
         ggml_tensor * hca_persist_kv = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, hca_state_kv, inp_dsv4->get_hca().state_persist_src_idxs);
         ggml_tensor * hca_persist_score = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, hca_state_score, inp_dsv4->get_hca().state_persist_src_idxs);
@@ -1047,7 +1220,14 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_model_deepseek4::graph::build_attention(
     }
 
     ggml_tensor * out = nullptr;
-    if (ratio == DSV4_CSA_RATIO &&
+    if (inp_mtp) {
+        out = build_attn(inp_mtp,
+                nullptr, nullptr, nullptr,
+                q, kv, nullptr,
+                nullptr, layer.attn_sinks, nullptr,
+                1.0f/sqrtf(float(n_embd_head)), il);
+        cb(out, "attn_raw", il);
+    } else if (ratio == DSV4_CSA_RATIO &&
             inp_dsv4->get_csa().kq_mask &&
             inp_dsv4->get_lid().kq_mask &&
             inp_dsv4->get_lid().k_rot) {
@@ -1106,6 +1286,12 @@ llama_model_deepseek4::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_p
     cb(inpL, "hc_init", -1);
 
     for (int il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+        if ((size_t) il < cparams.embeddings_layer_inp.size() && cparams.embeddings_layer_inp[il]) {
+            res->t_layer_inp[il] = dsv4_hc_mean(ctx0, inpL);
+            cb(res->t_layer_inp[il], "layer_inp", il);
+            ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, res->t_layer_inp[il]);
+        }
+
         ggml_tensor * residual = inpL;
         ggml_tensor * post = nullptr;
         ggml_tensor * comb = nullptr;
@@ -1182,10 +1368,23 @@ llama_model_deepseek4::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_p
         cb(inpL, "l_last", il);
     }
 
+    if ((size_t) n_layer < cparams.embeddings_layer_inp.size() && cparams.embeddings_layer_inp[n_layer]) {
+        res->t_layer_inp[n_layer] = dsv4_hc_mean(ctx0, inpL);
+        cb(res->t_layer_inp[n_layer], "layer_inp", n_layer);
+        ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, res->t_layer_inp[n_layer]);
+    }
+
+    ggml_tensor * flat = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx0, inpL, n_embd*hc, n_tokens);
+    ggml_tensor * flat_out = inp_out_ids ? ggml_get_rows(ctx0, flat, inp_out_ids) : flat;
+
+    if (cparams.embeddings_nextn) {
+        ggml_tensor * h_nextn = cparams.embeddings_nextn_masked ? flat_out : inpL;
+        cb(h_nextn, "h_nextn", -1);
+        res->t_h_nextn = h_nextn;
+    }
+
     if (inp_out_ids) {
-        ggml_tensor * flat = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx0, inpL, n_embd*hc, n_tokens);
-        flat = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, flat, inp_out_ids);
-        inpL = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, flat, n_embd, hc, n_outputs);
+        inpL = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, flat_out, n_embd, hc, n_outputs);
     }
 
     cur = build_hc_head(inpL, model.hc_head_fn, model.hc_head_scale, model.hc_head_base);
@@ -1201,3 +1400,145 @@ llama_model_deepseek4::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_p
 
     ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, cur);
 }
+
+
+llama_model_deepseek4::graph_mtp::graph_mtp(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_params & params) :
+    graph(params) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0 && "DEEPSEEK4 MTP requires n_layer_nextn > 0");
+    GGML_ASSERT(hparams.n_layer_nextn == 1 && "DEEPSEEK4 MTP currently only supports a single MTP block");
+    GGML_ASSERT(cparams.nextn_layer_offset >= 0 &&
+            cparams.nextn_layer_offset < (int) hparams.n_layer_nextn &&
+            "nextn_layer_offset out of range [0, n_layer_nextn)");
+    GGML_ASSERT(ubatch.token && "DEEPSEEK4 MTP requires token input");
+
+    const int64_t hc = hparams.dsv4_hc_mult;
+    GGML_ASSERT(hparams.n_embd_out() == (uint32_t) (n_embd*hc) && "DEEPSEEK4 MTP hidden width mismatch");
+
+    const int il = hparams.n_layer() + cparams.nextn_layer_offset;
+    const auto & layer = model.layers[il];
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(layer.nextn.eh_proj && "MTP block missing nextn.eh_proj");
+    GGML_ASSERT(layer.nextn.enorm   && "MTP block missing nextn.enorm");
+    GGML_ASSERT(layer.nextn.hnorm   && "MTP block missing nextn.hnorm");
+
+    auto inp = std::make_unique<llm_graph_input_embd_h>(hparams.n_embd_out());
+
+    inp->tokens = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_I32, n_tokens);
+    ggml_set_input(inp->tokens);
+
+    inp->embd = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, hparams.n_embd_out(), n_tokens);
+    ggml_set_input(inp->embd);
+
+    inp->h = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, hparams.n_embd_out(), n_tokens);
+    ggml_set_input(inp->h);
+    ggml_set_name(inp->h, "mtp_h_input");
+
+    ggml_tensor * tok_embd_w = layer.nextn.embed_tokens ? layer.nextn.embed_tokens : model.tok_embd;
+    ggml_tensor * tok_embd = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, tok_embd_w, inp->tokens);
+    cb(tok_embd, "mtp_tok_embd", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * h_state = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, inp->h, n_embd, hc, n_tokens);
+    cb(h_state, "mtp_h_state", il);
+
+    res->add_input(std::move(inp));
+
+    ggml_tensor * inp_pos = build_inp_pos();
+    ggml_tensor * inp_out_ids = build_inp_out_ids();
+    llm_graph_input_attn_k_iswa * inp_attn = build_attn_inp_k_iswa();
+
+    ggml_tensor * h_norm = build_norm(h_state, layer.nextn.hnorm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+    cb(h_norm, "mtp_hnorm", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * e_norm = build_norm(tok_embd, layer.nextn.enorm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+    e_norm = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, e_norm, n_embd, 1, n_tokens);
+    e_norm = ggml_repeat_4d(ctx0, e_norm, n_embd, hc, n_tokens, 1);
+    cb(e_norm, "mtp_enorm", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * concat = ggml_concat(ctx0, e_norm, h_norm, 0);
+    cb(concat, "mtp_concat", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * inpL = build_lora_mm(layer.nextn.eh_proj, concat, layer.nextn.eh_proj_s);
+    cb(inpL, "mtp_eh_proj", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * residual = inpL;
+    ggml_tensor * post = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * comb = nullptr;
+
+    ggml_tensor * cur = build_hc_pre(inpL,
+            layer.hc_attn_fn,
+            layer.hc_attn_scale,
+            layer.hc_attn_base,
+            &post, &comb, il);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_hc_attn_pre", il);
+
+    cur = build_norm(cur, layer.attn_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_attn_norm", il);
+
+    cur = build_attention(model, inp_attn, cur, inp_pos, il);
+
+    inpL = build_hc_post(cur, residual, post, comb, il);
+    cb(inpL, "mtp_hc_attn_post", il);
+
+    residual = inpL;
+    cur = build_hc_pre(inpL,
+            layer.hc_ffn_fn,
+            layer.hc_ffn_scale,
+            layer.hc_ffn_base,
+            &post, &comb, il);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_hc_ffn_pre", il);
+
+    cur = build_norm(cur, layer.ffn_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_ffn_norm", il);
+
+    GGML_ASSERT((uint32_t) il >= hparams.dsv4_hash_layer_count && "DEEPSEEK4 MTP does not support hash-routed MTP blocks");
+    ggml_tensor * moe_out = build_moe_ffn(cur,
+            layer.ffn_gate_inp,
+            layer.ffn_up_exps,
+            layer.ffn_gate_exps,
+            layer.ffn_down_exps,
+            layer.ffn_exp_probs_b,
+            n_expert, hparams.n_expert_used,
+            LLM_FFN_SILU, hparams.expert_weights_norm,
+            hparams.expert_weights_scale,
+            (llama_expert_gating_func_type) hparams.expert_gating_func,
+            il);
+    cb(moe_out, "mtp_ffn_moe_out", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * ffn_shexp = build_ffn(cur,
+            layer.ffn_up_shexp, nullptr, nullptr,
+            layer.ffn_gate_shexp, nullptr, nullptr,
+            layer.ffn_down_shexp, nullptr, nullptr,
+            nullptr, LLM_FFN_SILU, LLM_FFN_PAR, il);
+    cb(ffn_shexp, "mtp_ffn_shexp", il);
+
+    cur = ggml_add(ctx0, moe_out, ffn_shexp);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_ffn_out", il);
+
+    inpL = build_hc_post(cur, residual, post, comb, il);
+    inpL = build_cvec(inpL, il);
+    cb(inpL, "mtp_l_out", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * flat = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx0, inpL, n_embd*hc, n_tokens);
+    ggml_tensor * h_nextn = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, flat, inp_out_ids);
+    cb(h_nextn, "h_nextn", -1);
+    res->t_h_nextn = h_nextn;
+
+    inpL = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, h_nextn, n_embd, hc, n_outputs);
+
+    cur = build_hc_head(inpL, model.hc_head_fn, model.hc_head_scale, model.hc_head_base);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_hc_head", -1);
+
+    ggml_tensor * head_norm_w = layer.nextn.shared_head_norm ? layer.nextn.shared_head_norm : model.output_norm;
+    GGML_ASSERT(head_norm_w && "DEEPSEEK4 MTP missing shared head norm");
+    cur = build_norm(cur, head_norm_w, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, -1);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_shared_head_norm", -1);
+    res->t_embd = cur;
+
+    ggml_tensor * head_w = layer.nextn.shared_head_head ? layer.nextn.shared_head_head : model.output;
+    GGML_ASSERT(head_w && "DEEPSEEK4 MTP missing LM head");
+    cur = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, head_w, cur);
+    cb(cur, "result_output", -1);
+
+    res->t_logits = cur;
+    ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, cur);
+}

src/models/dflash.cpp

@@ -20,6 +20,48 @@ void llama_model_dflash::load_arch_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
     }
     LLAMA_LOG_INFO("]\n");
 
+    // DeepSeek-V4 DSpark backbone: stages are full DSV4 blocks, uniform sliding window (the draft KV ring)
+    ml.get_key(LLM_KV_HYPER_CONNECTION_COUNT, hparams.dsv4_hc_mult, false);
+    if (hparams.dsv4_hc_mult > 0) {
+        ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_Q_LORA_RANK,                hparams.n_lora_q);
+        ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_SLIDING_WINDOW,             hparams.n_swa);
+        ml.get_key(LLM_KV_EXPERT_FEED_FORWARD_LENGTH,           hparams.n_ff_exp);
+        ml.get_key(LLM_KV_EXPERT_SHARED_COUNT,                  hparams.n_expert_shared);
+        ml.get_key(LLM_KV_EXPERT_WEIGHTS_SCALE,                 hparams.expert_weights_scale);
+        ml.get_key(LLM_KV_EXPERT_WEIGHTS_NORM,                  hparams.expert_weights_norm);
+        ml.get_key(LLM_KV_EXPERT_GATING_FUNC,                   hparams.expert_gating_func);
+        ml.get_key_or_arr(LLM_KV_SWIGLU_CLAMP_EXP,              hparams.swiglu_clamp_exp, hparams.n_layer_all);
+        if (!ml.get_key_or_arr(LLM_KV_SWIGLU_CLAMP_SHEXP,       hparams.swiglu_clamp_shexp, hparams.n_layer_all, 0)) {
+            hparams.swiglu_clamp_shexp = hparams.swiglu_clamp_exp;
+        }
+        ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_OUTPUT_GROUP_COUNT,         hparams.dsv4_o_group_count);
+        ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_OUTPUT_LORA_RANK,           hparams.dsv4_o_lora_rank);
+        ml.get_key(LLM_KV_HYPER_CONNECTION_SINKHORN_ITERATIONS, hparams.dsv4_hc_sinkhorn_iters);
+        ml.get_key(LLM_KV_HYPER_CONNECTION_EPSILON,             hparams.dsv4_hc_eps);
+        ml.get_arr(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_COMPRESS_RATIOS,            hparams.dsv4_compress_ratios, false);
+
+        if (hparams.expert_gating_func != LLAMA_EXPERT_GATING_FUNC_TYPE_SQRT_SOFTPLUS) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("DSpark DSV4 draft expects sqrtsoftplus MoE scoring");
+        }
+        for (uint32_t il = 0; il < hparams.n_layer_all; ++il) {
+            if (hparams.dsv4_compress_ratios[il] != 0) {
+                throw std::runtime_error("DSpark DSV4 draft expects uncompressed attention on all stages");
+            }
+        }
+
+        GGML_ASSERT(hparams.n_swa > 0);
+        hparams.swa_type = LLAMA_SWA_TYPE_STANDARD;
+        hparams.set_swa_pattern(0);
+        for (uint32_t il = 0; il < hparams.n_layer_all; ++il) {
+            hparams.is_swa_impl[il] = true;
+        }
+        hparams.rope_freq_base_train_swa  = hparams.rope_freq_base_train;
+        hparams.rope_freq_scale_train_swa = hparams.rope_freq_scale_train;
+
+        type = LLM_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
+        return;
+    }
+
     // optional interleaved sliding-window attention with per-layer pattern array.
     // DFlash has a single rope, so the SWA rope == main rope.
     if (ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_SLIDING_WINDOW, hparams.n_swa, false) && hparams.n_swa > 0) {
@@ -58,6 +100,56 @@ void llama_model_dflash::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader &) {
     output_norm_enc = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ENC_OUTPUT_NORM, "weight"), { n_embd }, 0); // encoder hidden_norm (after fc)
     output_norm     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_OUTPUT_NORM,    "weight"), { n_embd }, 0); // decoder final norm
 
+    if (hparams.dsv4_hc_mult > 0) {
+        const int64_t q_lora_rank     = hparams.n_lora_q;
+        const int64_t n_ff_exp        = hparams.n_ff_exp;
+        const int64_t n_expert_shared = hparams.n_expert_shared;
+        const int64_t n_embd_head     = hparams.n_embd_head_k();
+        const int64_t o_groups        = hparams.dsv4_o_group_count;
+        const int64_t o_lora_rank     = hparams.dsv4_o_lora_rank;
+        const int64_t hc_mult         = hparams.dsv4_hc_mult;
+        const int64_t hc_dim          = hc_mult * n_embd;
+        const int64_t hc_mix_dim      = (2 + hc_mult) * hc_mult;
+
+        hc_head_fn    = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_HEAD_FN,    "weight"), {hc_dim, hc_mult}, 0);
+        hc_head_base  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_HEAD_BASE,  "weight"), {hc_mult}, 0);
+        hc_head_scale = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_HEAD_SCALE, "weight"), {1}, 0);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < n_layer; ++i) {
+            auto & layer = layers[i];
+
+            layer.attn_norm     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_NORM,     "weight", i), {n_embd}, 0);
+            layer.attn_sinks    = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_SINKS,    "weight", i), {n_head}, 0);
+            layer.wq_a          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_Q_A,      "weight", i), {n_embd, q_lora_rank}, 0);
+            layer.attn_q_a_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_Q_A_NORM, "weight", i), {q_lora_rank}, 0);
+            layer.wq_b          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_Q_B,      "weight", i), {q_lora_rank, n_head * n_embd_head}, 0);
+            layer.wkv           = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_KV,       "weight", i), {n_embd, n_embd_head}, 0);
+            layer.attn_kv_norm  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_KV_NORM,  "weight", i), {n_embd_head}, 0);
+            layer.wo_a          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_OUT_A,    "weight", i), {n_head * n_embd_head / o_groups, o_lora_rank * o_groups}, 0);
+            layer.wo_b          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_OUT_B,    "weight", i), {o_groups * o_lora_rank, n_embd}, 0);
+
+            layer.hc_attn_fn    = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_ATTN_FN,    "weight", i), {hc_dim, hc_mix_dim}, 0);
+            layer.hc_attn_base  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_ATTN_BASE,  "weight", i), {hc_mix_dim}, 0);
+            layer.hc_attn_scale = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_ATTN_SCALE, "weight", i), {3}, 0);
+            layer.hc_ffn_fn     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_FFN_FN,     "weight", i), {hc_dim, hc_mix_dim}, 0);
+            layer.hc_ffn_base   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_FFN_BASE,   "weight", i), {hc_mix_dim}, 0);
+            layer.hc_ffn_scale  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_HC_FFN_SCALE,  "weight", i), {3}, 0);
+
+            layer.ffn_gate_inp    = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_INP,    "weight", i), {n_embd, n_expert}, 0);
+            layer.ffn_exp_probs_b = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_EXP_PROBS_B, "bias",   i), {n_expert}, 0);
+            layer.ffn_norm        = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_NORM,        "weight", i), {n_embd}, 0);
+
+            layer.ffn_gate_exps = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_EXPS, "weight", i), {n_embd,   n_ff_exp, n_expert}, 0);
+            layer.ffn_down_exps = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN_EXPS, "weight", i), {n_ff_exp, n_embd,   n_expert}, 0);
+            layer.ffn_up_exps   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_UP_EXPS,   "weight", i), {n_embd,   n_ff_exp, n_expert}, 0);
+
+            layer.ffn_gate_shexp = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_SHEXP, "weight", i), {n_embd,                     n_ff_exp * n_expert_shared}, 0);
+            layer.ffn_down_shexp = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN_SHEXP, "weight", i), {n_ff_exp * n_expert_shared, n_embd                    }, 0);
+            layer.ffn_up_shexp   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_UP_SHEXP,   "weight", i), {n_embd,                     n_ff_exp * n_expert_shared}, 0);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
     for (int i = 0; i < n_layer; ++i) {
         auto & layer = layers[i];
 
@@ -84,6 +176,9 @@ std::unique_ptr<llm_graph_context> llama_model_dflash::build_arch_graph(const ll
             return std::make_unique<graph<true>>(*this, params);
         case LLM_GRAPH_TYPE_DEFAULT:
         case LLM_GRAPH_TYPE_DECODER:
+            if (hparams.dsv4_hc_mult > 0) {
+                return std::make_unique<graph_dsv4>(*this, params);
+            }
             return std::make_unique<graph<false>>(*this, params);
         default:
             GGML_ABORT("invalid graph type");
@@ -403,3 +498,178 @@ llama_model_dflash::graph<false>::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_gra
         build_dspark_markov_head(*this, model, inp_tokens);
     }
 }
+
+// DSV4 DSpark decoder, dual-mode by batch type (see the DFlash decoder above):
+//   * embd batch  -> project main_x through each stage's wkv and inject K into the ring cache
+//   * token batch -> noise block through 3 full DSV4 stages (hc + MLA + MoE), markov + confidence heads
+llama_model_dflash::graph_dsv4::graph_dsv4(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_params & params) :
+    llama_model_deepseek4::graph(params) {
+    const int64_t n_embd_head      = hparams.n_embd_head_k();
+    const int64_t n_embd_head_rope = hparams.n_rot();
+    const int64_t n_embd_head_nope = n_embd_head - n_embd_head_rope;
+
+    ggml_tensor * inp_pos = build_inp_pos();
+
+    llm_graph_input_attn_k_iswa * inp_attn = build_attn_inp_k_iswa();
+
+    // KV cache injection: fused target features from the encoder
+    if (ubatch.embd) {
+        auto inp = std::make_unique<llm_graph_input_embd>(n_embd);
+
+        inp->embd = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd, n_tokens);
+        ggml_set_input(inp->embd);
+
+        ggml_tensor * inp_g = inp->embd;
+        cb(inp_g, "inp_g_embeddings", -1);
+
+        res->add_input(std::move(inp));
+
+        for (int il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+            const auto & layer = model.layers[il];
+
+            // main-track KV: kv_norm(wkv(main_x)) with rope on the trailing dims, same
+            // rope parameters as the uncompressed layers in build_attention_impl
+            ggml_tensor * kv = build_lora_mm(layer.wkv, inp_g);
+            kv = build_norm(kv, layer.attn_kv_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+            kv = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, kv, n_embd_head, 1, n_tokens);
+
+            ggml_tensor * kv_nope = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, kv, n_embd_head_nope, 1, n_tokens,
+                    ggml_row_size(kv->type, n_embd_head),
+                    ggml_row_size(kv->type, n_embd_head),
+                    0);
+            ggml_tensor * kv_pe = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, kv, n_embd_head_rope, 1, n_tokens,
+                    ggml_row_size(kv->type, n_embd_head),
+                    ggml_row_size(kv->type, n_embd_head),
+                    ggml_row_size(kv->type, n_embd_head_nope));
+            kv_pe = ggml_rope_ext(ctx0, kv_pe, inp_pos, nullptr, n_embd_head_rope, rope_type, 0,
+                    freq_base, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+            kv = ggml_concat(ctx0, kv_nope, kv_pe, 0);
+            cb(kv, "kv_injected", il);
+
+            if (inp_attn->self_k_rot_swa) {
+                kv = llama_mul_mat_hadamard(ctx0, kv, inp_attn->self_k_rot_swa);
+            }
+            ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, inp_attn->mctx->get_swa()->cpy_k(ctx0, kv, inp_attn->get_k_idxs_swa(), il));
+        }
+
+        res->t_embd = inp_g;
+
+        ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, inp_g);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // tok_embd from the target model (shared via ctx_other)
+    auto * tok_embd = model.tok_embd;
+    if (tok_embd == nullptr) {
+        GGML_ASSERT(cparams.ctx_other != nullptr);
+        const auto * model_other = llama_get_model(cparams.ctx_other);
+
+        GGML_ASSERT(model_other->tok_embd != nullptr && "DSpark decoder requires the target model's token embeddings");
+        tok_embd = model_other->tok_embd;
+    }
+
+    auto inp = std::make_unique<llm_graph_input_embd>(n_embd);
+
+    inp->tokens = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_I32, n_tokens);
+    ggml_set_input(inp->tokens);
+
+    ggml_tensor * inp_tokens = inp->tokens;
+
+    ggml_tensor * inpL = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, tok_embd, inp->tokens);
+    cb(inpL, "inp_noise_embd", -1);
+
+    res->add_input(std::move(inp));
+
+    const int64_t hc = hparams.dsv4_hc_mult;
+    inpL = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, inpL, n_embd, 1, n_tokens);
+    inpL = ggml_repeat_4d(ctx0, inpL, n_embd, hc, n_tokens, 1);
+    cb(inpL, "hc_init", -1);
+
+    for (int il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+        const auto & layer = model.layers[il];
+
+        ggml_tensor * residual = inpL;
+        ggml_tensor * post = nullptr;
+        ggml_tensor * comb = nullptr;
+
+        ggml_tensor * cur = build_hc_pre(inpL,
+                layer.hc_attn_fn,
+                layer.hc_attn_scale,
+                layer.hc_attn_base,
+                &post, &comb, il);
+        cb(cur, "hc_attn_pre", il);
+
+        cur = build_norm(cur, layer.attn_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+        cb(cur, "attn_norm", il);
+
+        cur = build_attention(model, inp_attn, cur, inp_pos, il);
+
+        inpL = build_hc_post(cur, residual, post, comb, il);
+        cb(inpL, "hc_attn_post", il);
+
+        residual = inpL;
+        cur = build_hc_pre(inpL,
+                layer.hc_ffn_fn,
+                layer.hc_ffn_scale,
+                layer.hc_ffn_base,
+                &post, &comb, il);
+        cb(cur, "hc_ffn_pre", il);
+
+        cur = build_norm(cur, layer.ffn_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+        cb(cur, "ffn_norm", il);
+
+        ggml_tensor * moe_out = build_moe_ffn(cur,
+                layer.ffn_gate_inp,
+                layer.ffn_up_exps,
+                layer.ffn_gate_exps,
+                layer.ffn_down_exps,
+                layer.ffn_exp_probs_b,
+                n_expert, hparams.n_expert_used,
+                LLM_FFN_SILU, hparams.expert_weights_norm,
+                hparams.expert_weights_scale,
+                (llama_expert_gating_func_type) hparams.expert_gating_func,
+                il);
+        cb(moe_out, "ffn_moe_out", il);
+
+        ggml_tensor * ffn_shexp = build_ffn(cur,
+                layer.ffn_up_shexp, nullptr, nullptr,
+                layer.ffn_gate_shexp, nullptr, nullptr,
+                layer.ffn_down_shexp, nullptr, nullptr,
+                nullptr, LLM_FFN_SILU, LLM_FFN_PAR, il);
+        cb(ffn_shexp, "ffn_shexp", il);
+
+        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, moe_out, ffn_shexp);
+        cb(cur, "ffn_out", il);
+
+        inpL = build_hc_post(cur, residual, post, comb, il);
+        cb(inpL, "l_out", il);
+    }
+
+    ggml_tensor * cur = build_hc_head(inpL, model.hc_head_fn, model.hc_head_scale, model.hc_head_base);
+    cb(cur, "hc_head", -1);
+
+    // confidence head input: the reference scores the pre-norm collapsed hidden state
+    res->t_embd = cur;
+
+    cur = build_norm(cur, model.output_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, -1);
+    cb(cur, "result_norm", -1);
+
+    // lm_head from the target model (shared via ctx_other)
+    auto * output = model.output;
+    if (output == nullptr) {
+        GGML_ASSERT(cparams.ctx_other != nullptr);
+        const auto * model_other = llama_get_model(cparams.ctx_other);
+        GGML_ASSERT(model_other->output != nullptr && "DSpark decoder requires the target model's output projection");
+        output = model_other->output;
+    }
+
+    cur = build_lora_mm(output, cur);
+    cb(cur, "result_output", -1);
+    res->t_logits = cur;
+
+    ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, cur);
+
+    if (model.dspark_markov_w1) {
+        build_dspark_markov_head(*this, model, inp_tokens);
+    }
+}

src/models/glm-dsa.cpp

@@ -91,7 +91,11 @@ void llama_model_glm_dsa::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader & ml) {
     const std::string mtp_probe = "blk." + std::to_string(n_layer) + ".nextn.eh_proj.weight";
     const bool trunk_only = (hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0) && (ml.get_weight(mtp_probe.c_str()) == nullptr);
     const int trunk_flags = mtp_only   ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
-    const int mtp_flags   = trunk_only ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
+    int mtp_flags         = trunk_only ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
+
+    if (!ml.load_mtp) {
+        mtp_flags |= TENSOR_SKIP;
+    }
 
     const bool is_mla = hparams.is_mla();
     if (!is_mla) {

src/models/hy-v3.cpp

@@ -33,7 +33,11 @@ void llama_model_hy_v3::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader & ml) {
     const std::string mtp_probe = "blk." + std::to_string(n_layer) + ".nextn.eh_proj.weight";
     const bool trunk_only = (hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0) && (ml.get_weight(mtp_probe.c_str()) == nullptr);
     const int trunk_flags = mtp_only   ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
-    const int mtp_flags   = trunk_only ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
+    int mtp_flags         = trunk_only ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
+
+    if (!ml.load_mtp) {
+        mtp_flags |= TENSOR_SKIP;
+    }
 
     tok_embd = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD, "weight"), {n_embd, n_vocab}, 0);
 

src/models/mimo2.cpp

@@ -30,7 +30,11 @@ void llama_model_mimo2::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader & ml) {
 
     const std::string mtp_probe = "blk." + std::to_string(n_layer) + ".nextn.eh_proj.weight";
     const bool trunk_only = (hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0) && (ml.get_weight(mtp_probe.c_str()) == nullptr);
-    const int  mtp_flags  = trunk_only ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
+    int mtp_flags         = trunk_only ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
+
+    if (!ml.load_mtp) {
+        mtp_flags |= TENSOR_SKIP;
+    }
 
     tok_embd = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD, "weight"), {n_embd, n_vocab}, 0);
 

src/models/minimax-m3.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #include "models.h"
-#include "llama-kv-cache.h"
+#include "llama-kv-cache-msa.h"
 #include <cmath>
 #include <vector>
 #include <cstdint>
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@
 // MiniMax-M3: MiniMax-M2 style GQA (per-head QK-norm, partial rotary) with
 // DeepSeek-V3 leading-dense + routed/shared experts (sigmoid gating, routed scaling),
 // swigluoai activation, and MiniMax Sparse Attention (MSA). MTP is not in released model weights.
-// Notes: Blocks are anchored to absolute KV cache slots.
+// MSA blocks are defined over token positions. The graph translates between position space (block
+// selection) and cell space (K/V/indexer storage) via per-ubatch pos<->cell maps populated from llama_kv_cells
 
 void llama_model_minimax_m3::load_arch_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
     ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_LAYERNORM_RMS_EPS, hparams.f_norm_rms_eps);
@@ -23,7 +24,6 @@ void llama_model_minimax_m3::load_arch_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
     ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_INDEXER_BLOCK_SIZE,    hparams.indexer_block_size);
     ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_INDEXER_LOCAL_BLOCKS,  hparams.indexer_local_blocks);
     msa_p = { (int) hparams.indexer_block_size, (int) hparams.indexer_top_k, (int) hparams.indexer_local_blocks };
-    hparams.indexer_kv = true;
 
     switch (hparams.n_layer()) {
         case 60: type = LLM_TYPE_428B_A23B; break;
@@ -86,43 +86,83 @@ std::unique_ptr<llm_graph_context> llama_model_minimax_m3::build_arch_graph(cons
     return std::make_unique<graph>(*this, params);
 }
 
-// per-query local-force bias for MSA selection
-// local window always wins a slot
-class llm_graph_input_msa_local : public llm_graph_input_i {
+class llm_graph_input_msa : public llm_graph_input_i {
 public:
-    llm_graph_input_msa_local(int blk, int local, int64_t nblk) : blk(blk), local(local), nblk(nblk) {}
+    llm_graph_input_msa(const llama_kv_cache_msa_context * mctx, int blk, int local) :
+        mctx(mctx), blk(blk), local(local) {}
 
     void set_input(const llama_ubatch * ubatch) override {
-        if (!bias || !ubatch->pos) {
-            return;
-        }
-        const int64_t n_tokens = ubatch->n_tokens;
-        std::vector<float> data((size_t) nblk * n_tokens, 0.0f);
-        for (int64_t i = 0; i < n_tokens; ++i) {
-            const int64_t L = ubatch->pos[i] / blk;
-            for (int l = 0; l < local && L - l >= 0; ++l) {
-                if (L - l < nblk) {
-                    data[(size_t) i * nblk + (L - l)] = 1e30f;
+        if (pos_slot_i) { mctx->set_input_pos_slot(pos_slot_i, ubatch); }
+        if (pos_slot_f) { mctx->set_input_pos_slot(pos_slot_f, ubatch); }
+        if (cell_blk)   { mctx->set_input_cell_pos(cell_blk, ubatch, blk); }
+        if (pos_mask)   { mctx->set_input_pos_mask(pos_mask, ubatch); }
+
+        // local-force bias over position blocks
+        if (bias && ubatch->pos) {
+            const int64_t n_tokens = ubatch->n_tokens;
+            const int64_t nblk     = bias->ne[0];
+            std::vector<float> data((size_t) nblk * n_tokens, 0.0f);
+            for (int64_t i = 0; i < n_tokens; ++i) {
+                const int64_t L = ubatch->pos[i] / blk;
+                for (int l = 0; l < local && L - l >= 0; ++l) {
+                    if (L - l < nblk) {
+                        data[(size_t) i * nblk + (L - l)] = 1e30f;
+                    }
                 }
             }
+            ggml_backend_tensor_set(bias, data.data(), 0, data.size() * sizeof(float));
         }
-        ggml_backend_tensor_set(bias, data.data(), 0, data.size() * sizeof(float));
     }
 
-    // valid as long as the bias tensor dims still match the new ubatch/cache window
+    // valid as long as the tensor dims still match the new ubatch/cache window and the
+    // ubatch is in the same regime (decode graphs have pos_slot_f, batch graphs cell_blk)
     bool can_reuse(const llm_graph_params & params) override {
-        const auto * mctx = static_cast<const llama_kv_cache_context *>(params.mctx);
+        const auto * mctx_new = static_cast<const llama_kv_cache_msa_context *>(params.mctx);
+
+        this->mctx = mctx_new;
+
+        const int64_t n_ps = GGML_PAD((int64_t) mctx_new->get_n_pos(), blk);
+        const int64_t ns   = params.cparams.kv_unified ? 1 : params.ubatch.n_seqs_unq;
+
+        const bool decode = params.ubatch.n_tokens == ns;   // one token per stream
 
         bool res = true;
-        res &= bias->ne[1] == params.ubatch.n_tokens;
-        res &= bias->ne[0] * blk == (int64_t) mctx->get_n_kv();
+
+        res &= bias->ne[0] * blk == n_ps;
+        res &= bias->ne[1]       == params.ubatch.n_tokens;
+
+        res &= pos_mask->ne[0] == n_ps;
+        res &= pos_mask->ne[1] == params.ubatch.n_tokens;
+
+        res &= pos_slot_i->ne[0] == n_ps;
+        res &= pos_slot_i->ne[1] == ns;
+
+        res &= decode == (pos_slot_f != nullptr);
+        res &= decode == (cell_blk   == nullptr);
+
+        if (pos_slot_f) {
+            res &= pos_slot_f->ne[0] == n_ps;
+            res &= pos_slot_f->ne[1] == ns;
+        }
+
+        if (cell_blk) {
+            res &= cell_blk->ne[0] == (int64_t) mctx_new->get_base()->get_n_kv();
+            res &= cell_blk->ne[1] == ns;
+        }
+
         return res;
     }
 
-    ggml_tensor * bias = nullptr;
-    int     blk;
-    int     local;
-    int64_t nblk;
+    ggml_tensor * bias       = nullptr; // F32 [nblk, n_tokens] local-force bias (position blocks)
+    ggml_tensor * pos_mask   = nullptr; // F32 [n_ps, n_tokens] 0/-inf visibility, by position
+    ggml_tensor * pos_slot_i = nullptr; // I32 [n_ps, ns]       pos -> cell (get_rows index)
+    ggml_tensor * pos_slot_f = nullptr; // F32 [n_ps, ns]       pos -> cell (gatherable values, decode)
+    ggml_tensor * cell_blk   = nullptr; // I32 [n_kv, ns]       cell -> position block (batch)
+
+    const llama_kv_cache_msa_context * mctx;
+
+    int blk;
+    int local;
 };
 
 // One FA call for all GQA groups (and at multi-stream decode, all streams) by mapping them onto the FA sequence dim (ne[3])
@@ -173,7 +213,9 @@ llama_model_minimax_m3::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_
     inpL = build_inp_embd(model.tok_embd);
 
     ggml_tensor * inp_pos = build_inp_pos();
-    auto inp_attn = build_attn_inp_kv();
+
+    // ==========================================
+    // TODO: avoid such kind of complexity in the model graphs
 
     // MSA calls ggml_flash_attn_ext directly and assumes the non-transposed V layout that
     // llama.cpp only provides when flash attention is enabled. Block selection is anchored
@@ -185,6 +227,8 @@ llama_model_minimax_m3::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_
     const bool streams_ok  = cparams.n_seq_max == 1 || !cparams.kv_unified;
     const bool msa_enabled = fa_on && streams_ok;
 
+    auto * inp_attn = build_attn_inp_kv_msa(msa_enabled);
+
     static bool warned_no_fa = false;
     if (!fa_on && !warned_no_fa) {
         LLAMA_LOG_WARN("%s: flash attention disabled; MSA requires it -> running DENSE attention "
@@ -197,36 +241,54 @@ llama_model_minimax_m3::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_
                        "-> running DENSE attention. Output may be degraded. Drop --kv-unified to enable MSA.\n", __func__);
         warned_unified = true;
     }
+    // ==========================================
 
     // hoisted per-graph MSA state (shared by every sparse layer)
-    llm_graph_input_msa_local * msa_loc = nullptr;
+    llm_graph_input_msa * msa = nullptr;
     ggml_tensor * msa_kqm = nullptr;
-    ggml_tensor * msa_mf  = nullptr;
-    int64_t n_kv = 0, nblk = 0, ns = 1, n_tps = 0;
+    ggml_tensor * msa_mf  = nullptr;   // F32 copy of the FA mask for the final mask add
+    int64_t n_kv = 0, n_ps = 0, nblk = 0, ns = 1, n_tps = 0;
     bool msa_decode = false;           // gather (1 token per stream) vs mask
     const int     blk = mm.msa_p.blk;
     const int64_t Hd  = hparams.indexer_n_head;   // one indexer head per GQA group
 
     if (msa_enabled) {
+        const auto * mctx_msa = static_cast<const llama_kv_cache_msa_context *>(mctx);
+
         msa_kqm = inp_attn->get_kq_mask();
         n_kv  = msa_kqm->ne[0];
         n_tps = msa_kqm->ne[1];        // tokens per stream
         ns    = msa_kqm->ne[3];        // streams in this ubatch
         GGML_ASSERT(msa_kqm->type == GGML_TYPE_F16 && "MSA requires the FA (f16) mask");
         GGML_ASSERT(n_tps*ns == n_tokens);
-        GGML_ASSERT(n_kv % blk == 0 &&
-            "MSA: KV/mask n_kv must be a multiple of indexer.block_size (128); "
-            "the flash-attention KV padding must be a multiple of the block size. "
-            "A non-multiple would silently drop the partial tail block.");
-        nblk = n_kv / blk;
+
+        // the position axis covers every position currently in the cache and is padded to whole blocks
+        n_ps = GGML_PAD((int64_t) mctx_msa->get_n_pos(), blk);
+        nblk = n_ps / blk;
         msa_decode = n_tps == 1;
 
-        msa_mf = ggml_cast(ctx0, msa_kqm, GGML_TYPE_F32);
+        auto inp = std::make_unique<llm_graph_input_msa>(mctx_msa, blk, mm.msa_p.local);
 
-        auto loc = std::make_unique<llm_graph_input_msa_local>(blk, mm.msa_p.local, nblk);
-        loc->bias = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, nblk, n_tokens);  // stream-grouped tokens
-        ggml_set_input(loc->bias);
-        msa_loc = (llm_graph_input_msa_local *) res->add_input(std::move(loc));
+        inp->bias = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, nblk, n_tokens);  // stream-grouped tokens
+        ggml_set_input(inp->bias);
+
+        inp->pos_mask = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_ps, n_tokens);
+        ggml_set_input(inp->pos_mask);
+
+        inp->pos_slot_i = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_I32, n_ps, ns);
+        ggml_set_input(inp->pos_slot_i);
+
+        if (msa_decode) {
+            inp->pos_slot_f = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_ps, ns);
+            ggml_set_input(inp->pos_slot_f);
+        } else {
+            inp->cell_blk = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_I32, n_kv, ns);
+            ggml_set_input(inp->cell_blk);
+
+            msa_mf = ggml_cast(ctx0, msa_kqm, GGML_TYPE_F32);
+        }
+
+        msa = (llm_graph_input_msa *) res->add_input(std::move(inp));
     }
 
     ggml_tensor * inp_out_ids = build_inp_out_ids();
@@ -271,8 +333,6 @@ llama_model_minimax_m3::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_
             } else {
                 const int64_t n_idx_dim = hparams.indexer_head_size;   // 128
 
-                GGML_ASSERT(!inp_attn->self_k_rot && !inp_attn->self_v_rot && "MSA: attn-rot not supported");
-
                 // Index Branch, project, norm, partial RoPE, cache
                 ggml_tensor * iq = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].index_q_proj, cur);
                 ggml_tensor * ik = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].index_k_proj, cur);
@@ -285,9 +345,19 @@ llama_model_minimax_m3::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_
                 ik = ggml_rope_ext(ctx0, ik, inp_pos, nullptr, n_rot, rope_type, n_ctx_orig,
                                    freq_base, freq_scale, ext_factor, attn_factor, beta_fast, beta_slow);
 
-                const auto * mctx_cur = inp_attn->mctx;
-                ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, mctx_cur->cpy_k_idx(ctx0, ik, inp_attn->get_k_idxs(), il));
-                ggml_tensor * ik_kv = mctx_cur->get_k_idx(ctx0, il);
+                const auto * mctx_msa_l = static_cast<const llama_kv_cache_msa_context *>(mctx);
+                const auto * mctx_cur = mctx_msa_l->get_base();
+                const auto * mctx_idx = mctx_msa_l->get_idx();
+                ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, mctx_idx->cpy_k(ctx0, ik, inp_attn->get_k_idxs_idx(), il));
+                ggml_tensor * ik_kv = mctx_idx->get_k(ctx0, il);
+
+                if (inp_attn->self_k_rot) {
+                    Qcur = llama_mul_mat_hadamard(ctx0, Qcur, inp_attn->self_k_rot);
+                    Kcur = llama_mul_mat_hadamard(ctx0, Kcur, inp_attn->self_k_rot);
+                }
+                if (inp_attn->self_v_rot) {
+                    Vcur = llama_mul_mat_hadamard(ctx0, Vcur, inp_attn->self_v_rot);
+                }
 
                 // Main branch: store K/V, take cache views
                 ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, Qcur);
@@ -310,42 +380,52 @@ llama_model_minimax_m3::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_
 
                 if (msa_decode) {
                     // decode: batched over streams top-k + gather, one grouped FA
-                    // scores: per-stream batched matmul over the stream dim (ne[3]).
-                    // the cache views are not contiguous across streams (stride = kv_size, not n_kv)
-                    ggml_tensor * ikv4 = ggml_view_4d(ctx0, ik_kv, n_idx_dim, n_kv, 1, ns,
-                            ik_kv->nb[2], ik_kv->nb[3], ik_kv->nb[3], 0);
+                    // gather the indexer keys through the pos -> cell map
+                    ggml_tensor * ik3 = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, ik_kv, n_idx_dim, n_kv, ns,
+                            ik_kv->nb[2], ik_kv->nb[3], 0);
+                    ggml_tensor * ikp = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, ik3, msa->pos_slot_i);   // [n_idx_dim, n_ps, ns]
                     ggml_tensor * iq4 = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, iq, n_idx_dim, Hd, 1, ns);
-                    ggml_tensor * sc  = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, ikv4, iq4);
+                    ggml_tensor * sc  = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0,
+                            ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, ikp, n_idx_dim, n_ps, 1, ns), iq4);
                     ggml_mul_mat_set_prec(sc, GGML_PREC_F32);
-                    sc = ggml_add_inplace(ctx0, sc, msa_mf);
+                    // unmapped positions come out -inf, so they can never rank into the top-k
+                    sc = ggml_add_inplace(ctx0, sc,
+                            ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, msa->pos_mask, n_ps, 1, 1, ns));
                     ggml_tensor * bs = ggml_pool_2d(ctx0, sc, GGML_OP_POOL_MAX, blk, 1, blk, 1, 0, 0);
                     cb(bs, "msa_bs", il);
 
                     ggml_tensor * bsf = ggml_add(ctx0, bs,
-                            ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, msa_loc->bias, nblk, 1, 1, ns));
-                    ggml_tensor * idx = ggml_top_k(ctx0, bsf, K);
+                            ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, msa->bias, nblk, 1, 1, ns));
+                    ggml_tensor * idx = ggml_top_k(ctx0, bsf, K);   // position blocks
 
-                    // token idx: tj[t,k,h,s] = blk*idx[k,h,s] + t   (for the mask gather)
-                    // row   idx: tr[t,k,h,s] = tj*HKV + h           (for the per-stream K/V gather)
+                    // pos idx:  tj[t,k,h,s] = blk*idx[k,h,s] + t   (positions - mask gather)
+                    // cell idx: cs[t,k,h,s] = pos_slot[tj]         (pos -> cell translation)
+                    // row idx:  tr[t,k,h,s] = cs*HKV + h           (per-stream K/V gather)
                     ggml_tensor * a = ggml_scale(ctx0, ggml_cast(ctx0, idx, GGML_TYPE_F32), (float) blk);
                     a = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, a, 1, K, Hd, ns);
                     ggml_tensor * tj = ggml_add(ctx0,
                             ggml_repeat_4d(ctx0, a, blk, K, Hd, ns),
                             ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, ggml_arange(ctx0, 0.0f, (float) blk, 1.0f), blk, 1, 1));
-                    ggml_tensor * tr = ggml_add(ctx0,
-                            ggml_scale(ctx0, tj, (float) HKV),
-                            ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, ggml_arange(ctx0, 0.0f, (float) HKV, 1.0f), 1, 1, Hd));
 
                     ggml_tensor * tokj = ggml_cast(ctx0, ggml_reshape_2d(ctx0, tj, (int64_t) blk*K*Hd, ns), GGML_TYPE_I32);
+
+                    ggml_tensor * cs = ggml_get_rows(ctx0,
+                            ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, msa->pos_slot_f, 1, n_ps, ns), tokj);   // [1, blk*K*Hd, ns]
+                    cs = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, cs, blk, K, Hd, ns);
+
+                    ggml_tensor * tr = ggml_add(ctx0,
+                            ggml_scale(ctx0, cs, (float) HKV),
+                            ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, ggml_arange(ctx0, 0.0f, (float) HKV, 1.0f), 1, 1, Hd));
+
                     ggml_tensor * tokr = ggml_cast(ctx0, ggml_reshape_2d(ctx0, tr, (int64_t) blk*K*Hd, ns), GGML_TYPE_I32);
 
                     ggml_tensor * k3 = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, k, D, HKV*n_kv, ns, k->nb[1], k->nb[3], 0);
                     ggml_tensor * v3 = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, v, D, HKV*n_kv, ns, v->nb[1], v->nb[3], 0);
-                    ggml_tensor * m3 = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, msa_kqm, 1, n_kv, ns);
+                    ggml_tensor * mp = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, msa->pos_mask, 1, n_ps, ns);
 
                     ggml_tensor * kg = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, k3, tokr);
                     ggml_tensor * vg = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, v3, tokr);
-                    ggml_tensor * mg = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, m3, tokj);
+                    ggml_tensor * mg = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, mp, tokj);
 
                     // fold (group, stream) onto the FA channel dim
                     const ggml_type kt = ggml_is_quantized(k->type) ? GGML_TYPE_F16 : k->type;
@@ -366,12 +446,16 @@ llama_model_minimax_m3::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_
                                 iq->nb[1], iq->nb[2], st*n_tps*iq->nb[2]);
                         ggml_tensor * ik_s = ggml_view_2d(ctx0, ik_kv, n_idx_dim, n_kv,
                                 ik_kv->nb[2], st*ik_kv->nb[3]);
-                        ggml_tensor * mf_s = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, msa_mf, n_kv, 1, n_tps,
-                                msa_mf->nb[1], msa_mf->nb[1], st*msa_mf->nb[3]);
-                        ggml_tensor * km_s = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, msa_kqm, n_kv, n_tps, 1,
-                                msa_kqm->nb[1], msa_kqm->nb[3], st*msa_kqm->nb[3]);
-                        ggml_tensor * bias_s = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, msa_loc->bias, nblk, 1, n_tps,
-                                msa_loc->bias->nb[1], msa_loc->bias->nb[1], st*n_tps*msa_loc->bias->nb[1]);
+                        ggml_tensor * psl_s = ggml_view_1d(ctx0, msa->pos_slot_i, n_ps,
+                                st*msa->pos_slot_i->nb[1]);
+                        ggml_tensor * pm_s = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, msa->pos_mask, n_ps, 1, n_tps,
+                                msa->pos_mask->nb[1], msa->pos_mask->nb[1], st*n_tps*msa->pos_mask->nb[1]);
+                        ggml_tensor * cb_s = ggml_view_1d(ctx0, msa->cell_blk, n_kv,
+                                st*msa->cell_blk->nb[1]);
+                        ggml_tensor * mf_s = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, msa_mf, n_kv, n_tps, 1,
+                                msa_mf->nb[1], msa_mf->nb[3], st*msa_mf->nb[3]);
+                        ggml_tensor * bias_s = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, msa->bias, nblk, 1, n_tps,
+                                msa->bias->nb[1], msa->bias->nb[1], st*n_tps*msa->bias->nb[1]);
                         ggml_tensor * q_s = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, Qcur, D, n_head, n_tps,
                                 Qcur->nb[1], Qcur->nb[2], st*n_tps*Qcur->nb[2]);
                         ggml_tensor * k_s = ggml_view_4d(ctx0, k, D, HKV, n_kv, 1,
@@ -379,14 +463,16 @@ llama_model_minimax_m3::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_
                         ggml_tensor * v_s = ggml_view_4d(ctx0, v, D, HKV, n_kv, 1,
                                 v->nb[1], v->nb[2], v->nb[3], st*v->nb[3]);
 
-                        // block scores: bs = maxpool_blk(idx_q * idx_k^T + causal mask)
+                        // block scores: the indexer keys are gathered through the pos -> cell map first
                         // scores are unscaled, only the top-k ordering matters
-                        ggml_tensor * sc = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, ik_s,
+                        ggml_tensor * ikp = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, ik_s, psl_s);   // [n_idx_dim, n_ps]
+                        ggml_tensor * sc = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, ikp,
                                 ggml_reshape_2d(ctx0, iq_s, n_idx_dim, Hd*n_tps));
                         // indexer scores run in F32
                         ggml_mul_mat_set_prec(sc, GGML_PREC_F32);
-                        sc = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, sc, n_kv, Hd, n_tps);
-                        sc = ggml_add_inplace(ctx0, sc, mf_s);
+                        sc = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, sc, n_ps, Hd, n_tps);
+                        // unmapped positions (holes, padding, empty cells) come out -inf
+                        sc = ggml_add_inplace(ctx0, sc, pm_s);
                         ggml_tensor * bs = ggml_pool_2d(ctx0, sc, GGML_OP_POOL_MAX, blk, 1, blk, 1, 0, 0);
                         cb(bs, "msa_bs", il);
 
@@ -410,14 +496,16 @@ llama_model_minimax_m3::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_
                         bm = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_permute(ctx0, bm, 0, 2, 1, 3)); // [nblk, n_tps, Hd]
                         cb(bm, "msa_block_mask", il);
 
-                        // expand block -> token granularity (j = bk*blk + t),
-                        // then combine with the causal mask in place
-                        ggml_tensor * bmx = ggml_repeat_4d(ctx0,
-                                ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, bm, 1, nblk, n_tps*Hd),
-                                blk, nblk, n_tps*Hd, 1);
+                        // expand block -> cell granularity through the cell -> position block
+                        // map, then combine with the causal mask. empty cells are masked by the causal mask.
+                        ggml_tensor * bm2 = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_transpose(ctx0,
+                                ggml_reshape_2d(ctx0, bm, nblk, n_tps*Hd)));       // [n_tps*Hd, nblk]
+                        ggml_tensor * bmc = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, bm2, cb_s);        // [n_tps*Hd, n_kv] F32
+                        ggml_tensor * bmx = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_transpose(ctx0, bmc));
                         bmx = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, bmx, n_kv, n_tps, Hd);
-                        ggml_tensor * mask4 = ggml_add_inplace(ctx0, bmx, km_s);
-                        mask4 = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, mask4, n_kv, n_tps, 1, Hd);
+                        ggml_tensor * mask4 = ggml_add_inplace(ctx0, bmx, mf_s);
+                        mask4 = ggml_cast(ctx0,
+                                ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, mask4, n_kv, n_tps, 1, Hd), GGML_TYPE_F16);
                         cb(mask4, "msa_mask4", il);
 
                         // cache views with groups on ne[3];
@@ -431,7 +519,9 @@ llama_model_minimax_m3::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_
                         cur = ggml_concat(ctx0, cur, outs[st], 1);
                     }
                 }
-
+                if (inp_attn->self_v_rot) {
+                    cur = llama_mul_mat_hadamard(ctx0, cur, inp_attn->self_v_rot);
+                }
                 cb(cur, "kqv_out", il);
                 if (model.layers[il].wo) {
                     cur = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wo, cur, model.layers[il].wo_s);

src/models/models.h

@@ -1097,6 +1097,10 @@ struct llama_model_deepseek32 : public llama_model_base {
         graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_params & params);
     };
 
+    struct graph_mtp : public llm_graph_context {
+        graph_mtp(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_params & params);
+    };
+
     std::unique_ptr<llm_graph_context> build_arch_graph(const llm_graph_params & params) const override;
 };
 
@@ -1107,6 +1111,7 @@ struct llama_model_deepseek4 : public llama_model_base {
     void load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader & ml) override;
 
     struct graph : public llm_graph_context {
+        graph(const llm_graph_params & params) : llm_graph_context(params) {}
         graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_params & params);
 
         ggml_tensor * build_hc_pre(
@@ -1138,6 +1143,21 @@ struct llama_model_deepseek4 : public llama_model_base {
                 ggml_tensor * inp_pos,
                 int il) const;
 
+        ggml_tensor * build_attention(
+                const llama_model & model,
+                llm_graph_input_attn_k_iswa * inp_mtp,
+                ggml_tensor * cur,
+                ggml_tensor * inp_pos,
+                int il) const;
+
+        ggml_tensor * build_attention_impl(
+                const llama_model & model,
+                llm_graph_input_dsv4 * inp_dsv4,
+                llm_graph_input_attn_k_iswa * inp_mtp,
+                ggml_tensor * cur,
+                ggml_tensor * inp_pos,
+                int il) const;
+
         ggml_tensor * build_hca_compressed_kv_from_state(
                 ggml_tensor * kv_state,
                 ggml_tensor * score_state,
@@ -1213,6 +1233,10 @@ struct llama_model_deepseek4 : public llama_model_base {
                 int il) const;
     };
 
+    struct graph_mtp : public graph {
+        graph_mtp(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_params & params);
+    };
+
     std::unique_ptr<llm_graph_context> build_arch_graph(const llm_graph_params & params) const override;
 };
 
@@ -1272,6 +1296,10 @@ struct llama_model_dflash : public llama_model_base {
         ggml_tensor * build_inp_embd_enc() const;
     };
 
+    struct graph_dsv4 : public llama_model_deepseek4::graph {
+        graph_dsv4(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_params & params);
+    };
+
     std::unique_ptr<llm_graph_context> build_arch_graph(const llm_graph_params & params) const override;
 };
 
@@ -2009,6 +2037,10 @@ struct llama_model_qwen3next : public llama_model_base {
         const llama_model & model;
     };
 
+    struct graph_mtp : public llm_graph_context {
+        graph_mtp(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_params & params);
+    };
+
     std::unique_ptr<llm_graph_context> build_arch_graph(const llm_graph_params & params) const override;
 };
 

src/models/qwen35.cpp

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ void llama_model_qwen35::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader & ml) {
 
     const bool mtp_only = (hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0) && (ml.get_weight("blk.0.attn_norm.weight") == nullptr);
     const int trunk_flags = mtp_only ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
+    int mtp_flags = !ml.load_mtp ? TENSOR_SKIP : 0;
 
     tok_embd = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD, "weight"), { n_embd, n_vocab }, 0);
 
@@ -97,25 +98,25 @@ void llama_model_qwen35::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader & ml) {
         auto & layer = layers[il];
 
         // MTP block looks like a full-attention Qwen3.5 decoder block.
-        layer.attn_norm      = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_NORM,      "weight", il), { n_embd }, 0);
-        layer.attn_post_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_POST_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd }, 0);
+        layer.attn_norm      = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_NORM,      "weight", il), { n_embd }, mtp_flags);
+        layer.attn_post_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_POST_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd }, mtp_flags);
 
-        create_tensor_qkv(layer, il, n_embd, n_embd_head_k * n_head * 2, n_embd_k_gqa, n_embd_v_gqa, 0);
-        layer.wo          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_OUT,    "weight", il), { n_embd_head_k * n_head, n_embd }, 0);
-        layer.attn_q_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_Q_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd_head_k }, 0);
-        layer.attn_k_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_K_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd_head_k }, 0);
+        create_tensor_qkv(layer, il, n_embd, n_embd_head_k * n_head * 2, n_embd_k_gqa, n_embd_v_gqa, mtp_flags);
+        layer.wo          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_OUT,    "weight", il), { n_embd_head_k * n_head, n_embd }, mtp_flags);
+        layer.attn_q_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_Q_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd_head_k }, mtp_flags);
+        layer.attn_k_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_K_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd_head_k }, mtp_flags);
 
-        layer.ffn_gate = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE, "weight", il), {n_embd,   n_ff}, 0);
-        layer.ffn_down = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN, "weight", il), {  n_ff, n_embd}, 0);
-        layer.ffn_up   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_UP,   "weight", il), {n_embd,   n_ff}, 0);
+        layer.ffn_gate = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE, "weight", il), {n_embd,   n_ff}, mtp_flags);
+        layer.ffn_down = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN, "weight", il), {  n_ff, n_embd}, mtp_flags);
+        layer.ffn_up   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_UP,   "weight", il), {n_embd,   n_ff}, mtp_flags);
 
         // NextN-specific tensors that define the MTP block.
-        layer.nextn.eh_proj          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_EH_PROJ,          "weight", il), { 2 * n_embd, n_embd }, 0);
-        layer.nextn.enorm            = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_ENORM,            "weight", il), { n_embd },              0);
-        layer.nextn.hnorm            = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_HNORM,            "weight", il), { n_embd },              0);
-        layer.nextn.embed_tokens     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_EMBED_TOKENS,     "weight", il), { n_embd, n_vocab },     TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
-        layer.nextn.shared_head_head = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_HEAD, "weight", il), { n_embd, n_vocab },     TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
-        layer.nextn.shared_head_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd },              TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
+        layer.nextn.eh_proj          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_EH_PROJ,          "weight", il), { 2 * n_embd, n_embd }, mtp_flags);
+        layer.nextn.enorm            = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_ENORM,            "weight", il), { n_embd },              mtp_flags);
+        layer.nextn.hnorm            = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_HNORM,            "weight", il), { n_embd },              mtp_flags);
+        layer.nextn.embed_tokens     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_EMBED_TOKENS,     "weight", il), { n_embd, n_vocab },     mtp_flags|TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
+        layer.nextn.shared_head_head = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_HEAD, "weight", il), { n_embd, n_vocab },     mtp_flags|TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
+        layer.nextn.shared_head_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd },              mtp_flags|TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
     };
 
     for (int i = 0; i < n_layer; ++i) {

src/models/qwen35moe.cpp

@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ void llama_model_qwen35moe::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader & ml) {
 
     const bool mtp_only = (hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0) && (ml.get_weight("blk.0.attn_norm.weight") == nullptr);
     const int trunk_flags = mtp_only ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
+    int mtp_flags = !ml.load_mtp ? TENSOR_SKIP : 0;
 
     tok_embd = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD, "weight"), { n_embd, n_vocab }, 0);
 
@@ -113,32 +114,32 @@ void llama_model_qwen35moe::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader & ml) {
         const int64_t n_ff_shexp = hparams.n_ff_shexp ? hparams.n_ff_shexp : n_ff;
 
         // MTP block looks like a full-attention Qwen3.5 decoder block with MoE FFN.
-        layer.attn_norm      = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_NORM,      "weight", il), { n_embd }, 0);
-        layer.attn_post_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_POST_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd }, 0);
+        layer.attn_norm      = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_NORM,      "weight", il), { n_embd }, mtp_flags);
+        layer.attn_post_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_POST_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd }, mtp_flags);
 
-        create_tensor_qkv(layer, il, n_embd, n_embd_head_k * n_head * 2, n_embd_k_gqa, n_embd_v_gqa, 0);
-        layer.wo          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_OUT,    "weight", il), { n_embd_head_k * n_head, n_embd }, 0);
-        layer.attn_q_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_Q_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd_head_k }, 0);
-        layer.attn_k_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_K_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd_head_k }, 0);
+        create_tensor_qkv(layer, il, n_embd, n_embd_head_k * n_head * 2, n_embd_k_gqa, n_embd_v_gqa, mtp_flags);
+        layer.wo          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_OUT,    "weight", il), { n_embd_head_k * n_head, n_embd }, mtp_flags);
+        layer.attn_q_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_Q_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd_head_k }, mtp_flags);
+        layer.attn_k_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_K_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd_head_k }, mtp_flags);
 
         // Routed experts
-        layer.ffn_gate_inp  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_INP,  "weight", il), { n_embd, n_expert }, 0);
-        layer.ffn_down_exps = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN_EXPS, "weight", il), { n_ff_exp, n_embd, n_expert }, 0);
-        create_tensor_gate_up_exps(layer, il, n_embd, n_ff_exp, n_expert, 0);
+        layer.ffn_gate_inp  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_INP,  "weight", il), { n_embd, n_expert }, mtp_flags);
+        layer.ffn_down_exps = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN_EXPS, "weight", il), { n_ff_exp, n_embd, n_expert }, mtp_flags);
+        create_tensor_gate_up_exps(layer, il, n_embd, n_ff_exp, n_expert, mtp_flags);
 
         // Shared experts
-        layer.ffn_gate_inp_shexp = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_INP_SHEXP, "weight", il), { n_embd }, 0);
-        layer.ffn_gate_shexp     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_SHEXP,     "weight", il), { n_embd, n_ff_shexp }, 0);
-        layer.ffn_up_shexp       = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_UP_SHEXP,       "weight", il), { n_embd, n_ff_shexp }, 0);
-        layer.ffn_down_shexp     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN_SHEXP,     "weight", il), { n_ff_shexp, n_embd }, 0);
+        layer.ffn_gate_inp_shexp = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_INP_SHEXP, "weight", il), { n_embd }, mtp_flags);
+        layer.ffn_gate_shexp     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_SHEXP,     "weight", il), { n_embd, n_ff_shexp }, mtp_flags);
+        layer.ffn_up_shexp       = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_UP_SHEXP,       "weight", il), { n_embd, n_ff_shexp }, mtp_flags);
+        layer.ffn_down_shexp     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN_SHEXP,     "weight", il), { n_ff_shexp, n_embd }, mtp_flags);
 
         // NextN-specific tensors that define the MTP block.
-        layer.nextn.eh_proj          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_EH_PROJ,          "weight", il), { 2 * n_embd, n_embd }, 0);
-        layer.nextn.enorm            = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_ENORM,            "weight", il), { n_embd },              0);
-        layer.nextn.hnorm            = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_HNORM,            "weight", il), { n_embd },              0);
-        layer.nextn.embed_tokens     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_EMBED_TOKENS,     "weight", il), { n_embd, n_vocab },     TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
-        layer.nextn.shared_head_head = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_HEAD, "weight", il), { n_embd, n_vocab },     TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
-        layer.nextn.shared_head_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd },              TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
+        layer.nextn.eh_proj          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_EH_PROJ,          "weight", il), { 2 * n_embd, n_embd }, mtp_flags);
+        layer.nextn.enorm            = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_ENORM,            "weight", il), { n_embd },              mtp_flags);
+        layer.nextn.hnorm            = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_HNORM,            "weight", il), { n_embd },              mtp_flags);
+        layer.nextn.embed_tokens     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_EMBED_TOKENS,     "weight", il), { n_embd, n_vocab },     mtp_flags|TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
+        layer.nextn.shared_head_head = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_HEAD, "weight", il), { n_embd, n_vocab },     mtp_flags|TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
+        layer.nextn.shared_head_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd },              mtp_flags|TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
     };
 
     for (int i = 0; i < n_layer; ++i) {

src/models/qwen3next.cpp

@@ -13,7 +13,11 @@ void llama_model_qwen3next::load_arch_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
     ml.get_key(LLM_KV_SSM_TIME_STEP_RANK, hparams.ssm_dt_rank);
     ml.get_key(LLM_KV_SSM_GROUP_COUNT,    hparams.ssm_n_group);
 
-    // Mark recurrent layers (linear attention layers)
+    // NextN/MTP: extra decoder block appended beyond the main stack
+    ml.get_key(LLM_KV_NEXTN_PREDICT_LAYERS, hparams.n_layer_nextn, false);
+    GGML_ASSERT(hparams.n_layer_nextn < hparams.n_layer_all && "n_layer_nextn must be < n_layer_all");
+
+    // Mark recurrent layers (linear attention layers).
     if (!ml.get_key_or_arr(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_RECURRENT_LAYERS, hparams.is_recr_impl, hparams.n_layer_all, false)) {
         uint32_t full_attn_interval = 4;
         ml.get_key(LLM_KV_FULL_ATTENTION_INTERVAL, full_attn_interval, false);
@@ -28,13 +32,17 @@ void llama_model_qwen3next::load_arch_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
     }
 }
 
-void llama_model_qwen3next::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader &) {
+void llama_model_qwen3next::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader & ml) {
     LLAMA_LOAD_LOCALS;
 
     if (n_expert == 0) {
         throw std::runtime_error(arch_name() + " model cannot have zero experts");
     }
 
+    const bool mtp_only = (hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0) && (ml.get_weight("blk.0.attn_norm.weight") == nullptr);
+    const int trunk_flags = mtp_only ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
+    int mtp_flags = !ml.load_mtp ? TENSOR_SKIP : 0;
+
     tok_embd = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD, "weight"), { n_embd, n_vocab }, 0);
 
     // output
@@ -61,49 +69,73 @@ void llama_model_qwen3next::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader &) {
     const int64_t qkvz_dim = key_dim * 2 + value_dim * 2;
     const int64_t ba_dim   = n_v_heads * 2;
 
-    for (int i = 0; i < n_layer; ++i) {
-        auto & layer = layers[i];
-        const uint32_t n_ff_shexp = hparams.n_ff_shexp > 0 ? hparams.n_ff_shexp : hparams.n_ff(i);
+    auto load_block_trunk = [&](int il, int flags) {
+        auto & layer = layers[il];
+        const uint32_t n_ff_shexp = hparams.n_ff_shexp > 0 ? hparams.n_ff_shexp : hparams.n_ff(il);
 
-        layer.attn_norm      = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_NORM,      "weight", i), { n_embd }, 0);
-        layer.attn_post_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_POST_NORM, "weight", i), { n_embd }, 0);
+        layer.attn_norm      = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_NORM,      "weight", il), { n_embd }, flags);
+        layer.attn_post_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_POST_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd }, flags);
 
-        if (!hparams.is_recr(i)) {
+        if (!hparams.is_recr(il)) {
             // Attention layers
-            create_tensor_qkv(layer, i, n_embd, n_embd_head_k * n_head * 2, n_embd_k_gqa, n_embd_v_gqa, 0);
-            layer.wo = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_OUT, "weight", i), { n_embd_head_k * n_head, n_embd }, 0);
-
+            create_tensor_qkv(layer, il, n_embd, n_embd_head_k * n_head * 2, n_embd_k_gqa, n_embd_v_gqa, flags);
+            layer.wo = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_OUT, "weight", il), { n_embd_head_k * n_head, n_embd }, flags);
             // Q/K normalization for attention layers
-            layer.attn_q_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_Q_NORM, "weight", i), { n_embd_head_k }, 0);
-            layer.attn_k_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_K_NORM, "weight", i), { n_embd_head_k }, 0);
+            layer.attn_q_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_Q_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd_head_k }, flags);
+            layer.attn_k_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_K_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd_head_k }, flags);
         } else {
             // Linear attention (gated delta net) specific tensors
             // Create tensors with calculated dimensions
             // note: ssm_in is used by legacy GGUF
-            layer.ssm_in         = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_IN,         "weight", i), { n_embd, qkvz_dim }, TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
-            layer.wqkv           = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_QKV,       "weight", i), { n_embd, key_dim * 2 + value_dim }, TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
-            layer.wqkv_gate      = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_GATE,      "weight", i), { n_embd, value_dim }, TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
-            layer.ssm_conv1d     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_CONV1D,     "weight", i), { hparams.ssm_d_conv, conv_dim }, 0);
-            layer.ssm_dt         = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_DT,         "bias",   i), { hparams.ssm_dt_rank }, 0);
-            layer.ssm_a          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_A_NOSCAN,             i), { hparams.ssm_dt_rank }, 0);
-            layer.ssm_beta_alpha = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_BETA_ALPHA, "weight", i), { n_embd, ba_dim }, 0);
-            layer.ssm_norm       = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_NORM,       "weight", i), { head_v_dim }, 0);
-            layer.ssm_out        = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_OUT,        "weight", i), { value_dim, n_embd }, 0);
+            layer.ssm_in         = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_IN,         "weight", il), { n_embd, qkvz_dim }, TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED | flags);
+            layer.wqkv           = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_QKV,       "weight", il), { n_embd, key_dim * 2 + value_dim }, TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED | flags);
+            layer.wqkv_gate      = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_GATE,      "weight", il), { n_embd, value_dim }, TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED | flags);
+            layer.ssm_conv1d     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_CONV1D,     "weight", il), { hparams.ssm_d_conv, conv_dim }, flags);
+            layer.ssm_dt         = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_DT,         "bias",   il), { hparams.ssm_dt_rank }, flags);
+            layer.ssm_a          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_A_NOSCAN,             il), { hparams.ssm_dt_rank }, flags);
+            layer.ssm_beta_alpha = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_BETA_ALPHA, "weight", il), { n_embd, ba_dim }, flags);
+            layer.ssm_norm       = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_NORM,       "weight", il), { head_v_dim }, flags);
+            layer.ssm_out        = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_OUT,        "weight", il), { value_dim, n_embd }, flags);
         }
 
-        layer.ffn_gate_inp  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_INP,  "weight", i), { n_embd, n_expert }, 0);
-        layer.ffn_down_exps = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN_EXPS, "weight", i), { n_ff_exp, n_embd, n_expert }, 0);
-        create_tensor_gate_up_exps(layer, i, n_embd, n_ff_exp, n_expert, 0);
+        layer.ffn_gate_inp  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_INP,  "weight", il), { n_embd, n_expert }, flags);
+        layer.ffn_down_exps = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN_EXPS, "weight", il), { n_ff_exp, n_embd, n_expert }, flags);
+        create_tensor_gate_up_exps(layer, il, n_embd, n_ff_exp, n_expert, flags);
 
         // Shared experts
-        layer.ffn_gate_inp_shexp = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_INP_SHEXP, "weight", i), { n_embd }, 0);
-        layer.ffn_gate_shexp     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_SHEXP,     "weight", i), { n_embd, n_ff_shexp }, 0);
-        layer.ffn_up_shexp       = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_UP_SHEXP,       "weight", i), { n_embd, n_ff_shexp }, 0);
-        layer.ffn_down_shexp     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN_SHEXP,     "weight", i), { n_ff_shexp, n_embd }, 0);
+        layer.ffn_gate_inp_shexp = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_INP_SHEXP, "weight", il), { n_embd }, flags);
+        layer.ffn_gate_shexp     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_SHEXP,     "weight", il), { n_embd, n_ff_shexp }, flags);
+        layer.ffn_up_shexp       = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_UP_SHEXP,       "weight", il), { n_embd, n_ff_shexp }, flags);
+        layer.ffn_down_shexp     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN_SHEXP,     "weight", il), { n_ff_shexp, n_embd }, flags);
+    };
+
+    auto load_block_mtp = [&](int il) {
+        // MTP head is identical to the trunk block (full attention + FFN)
+        load_block_trunk(il, mtp_flags);
+
+        auto & layer = layers[il];
+
+        // NextN-specific tensors that define the MTP block.
+        layer.nextn.eh_proj          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_EH_PROJ,          "weight", il), { 2 * n_embd, n_embd }, mtp_flags);
+        layer.nextn.enorm            = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_ENORM,            "weight", il), { n_embd },             mtp_flags);
+        layer.nextn.hnorm            = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_HNORM,            "weight", il), { n_embd },             mtp_flags);
+        layer.nextn.embed_tokens     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_EMBED_TOKENS,     "weight", il), { n_embd, n_vocab },    mtp_flags | TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
+        layer.nextn.shared_head_head = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_HEAD, "weight", il), { n_embd, n_vocab },    mtp_flags | TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
+        layer.nextn.shared_head_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_NEXTN_SHARED_HEAD_NORM, "weight", il), { n_embd },             mtp_flags | TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
+    };
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < n_layer; i++) {
+        load_block_trunk(i, trunk_flags);
+    }
+    for (int i = n_layer; i < n_layer_all; i++) {
+        load_block_mtp(i);
     }
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<llm_graph_context> llama_model_qwen3next::build_arch_graph(const llm_graph_params & params) const {
+    if (params.gtype == LLM_GRAPH_TYPE_DECODER_MTP) {
+        return std::make_unique<graph_mtp>(*this, params);
+    }
     return std::make_unique<graph>(*this, params);
 }
 
@@ -120,6 +152,7 @@ llama_model_qwen3next::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_p
     ggml_tensor * inp_pos     = build_inp_pos();
     ggml_tensor * inp_out_ids = build_inp_out_ids();
 
+    // MTP/NextN layers are loaded as extra decoder blocks but not executed in the main pass.
     for (int il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
         res->t_layer_inp[il] = inpL;
 
@@ -139,7 +172,7 @@ llama_model_qwen3next::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_p
             cur = build_layer_attn(inp->get_attn(), cur, inp_pos, il);
         }
 
-        if (il == n_layer - 1 && inp_out_ids) {
+        if (il == n_layer - 1 && inp_out_ids && cparams.embeddings_nextn_masked) {
             cur   = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, cur, inp_out_ids);
             inpSA = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, inpSA, inp_out_ids);
         }
@@ -171,9 +204,16 @@ llama_model_qwen3next::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_p
     }
     cur = inpL;
 
-    // Final norm
+    // post-norm hidden state is input to both the LM head and the MTP head
     cur = build_norm(cur, model.output_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, -1);
 
+    cb(cur, "h_nextn", -1);
+    res->t_h_nextn = cur;
+
+    if (!cparams.embeddings_nextn_masked && inp_out_ids) {
+        cur = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, cur, inp_out_ids);
+    }
+
     cb(cur, "result_norm", -1);
     res->t_embd = cur;
 
@@ -186,14 +226,6 @@ llama_model_qwen3next::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_p
     ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, cur);
 }
 
-// utility to get one slice from the third dimension
-// input dim:  [x, y, c, b]
-// output dim: [x, y, 1, b]
-static ggml_tensor * get_slice_2d(ggml_context * ctx0, ggml_tensor * t, int64_t c) {
-    return ggml_view_4d(ctx0, t, t->ne[0], t->ne[1], 1, t->ne[3],
-        t->nb[1], t->nb[2], t->nb[3], t->nb[2] * c);
-}
-
 ggml_tensor * llama_model_qwen3next::graph::build_norm_gated(
         ggml_tensor * input,
         ggml_tensor * weights,
@@ -216,7 +248,7 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_model_qwen3next::graph::build_layer_attn(
     // Order: joint QG projection, QG split, Q norm, KV projection, K norm, RoPE, attention
 
     // Qwen3Next uses a single Q projection that outputs query + gate
-    ggml_tensor * Qcur_full = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wq, cur);
+    ggml_tensor * Qcur_full = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wq, cur, model.layers[il].wq_s);
     cb(Qcur_full, "Qcur_full", il);
 
     Qcur_full = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, Qcur_full, n_embd_head * 2, n_head, n_tokens, 1);
@@ -232,10 +264,10 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_model_qwen3next::graph::build_layer_attn(
                      Qcur_full->nb[1], Qcur_full->nb[2], Qcur_full->nb[3], n_embd_head * ggml_element_size(Qcur_full));
     cb(gate, "gate", il);
 
-    ggml_tensor * Kcur = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wk, cur);
+    ggml_tensor * Kcur = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wk, cur, model.layers[il].wk_s);
     cb(Kcur, "Kcur", il);
 
-    ggml_tensor * Vcur = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wv, cur);
+    ggml_tensor * Vcur = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wv, cur, model.layers[il].wv_s);
     cb(Vcur, "Vcur", il);
 
     Kcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Kcur, n_embd_head, n_head_kv, n_tokens);
@@ -274,8 +306,6 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_model_qwen3next::graph::build_layer_attn(
     gate = ggml_sigmoid(ctx0, gate);
     cb(gate, "gate_sigmoid", il);
 
-    gate = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx0, gate, n_embd_head * n_head, n_tokens);
-
     cur = ggml_mul(ctx0, cur, gate);
     cb(cur, "attn_gated", il);
 
@@ -550,16 +580,19 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_model_qwen3next::graph::build_layer_ffn(ggml_tensor * cur, c
                 LLM_FFN_SILU, true,
                 hparams.expert_weights_scale,
                 LLAMA_EXPERT_GATING_FUNC_TYPE_SOFTMAX, il,
-                nullptr, model.layers[il].ffn_gate_up_exps);
+                nullptr, model.layers[il].ffn_gate_up_exps,
+                model.layers[il].ffn_up_exps_s,
+                model.layers[il].ffn_gate_exps_s,
+                model.layers[il].ffn_down_exps_s);
         cb(moe_out, "ffn_moe_out", il);
 
         // Add shared experts if present - following Qwen3Next reference implementation
         if (model.layers[il].ffn_up_shexp != nullptr) {
             ggml_tensor * ffn_shexp =
                 build_ffn(cur,
-                    model.layers[il].ffn_up_shexp,   NULL, NULL,
-                    model.layers[il].ffn_gate_shexp, NULL, NULL,
-                    model.layers[il].ffn_down_shexp, NULL, NULL,
+                    model.layers[il].ffn_up_shexp,   NULL, model.layers[il].ffn_up_shexp_s,
+                    model.layers[il].ffn_gate_shexp, NULL, model.layers[il].ffn_gate_shexp_s,
+                    model.layers[il].ffn_down_shexp, NULL, model.layers[il].ffn_down_shexp_s,
                     NULL,
                     LLM_FFN_SILU, LLM_FFN_PAR, il);
             cb(ffn_shexp, "ffn_shexp", il);
@@ -593,3 +626,198 @@ ggml_tensor * llama_model_qwen3next::graph::build_layer_ffn(ggml_tensor * cur, c
     }
     return cur;
 }
+
+// LLM_GRAPH_TYPE_DECODER_MTP draft head for Qwen3-Next
+llama_model_qwen3next::graph_mtp::graph_mtp(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_params & params)
+    : llm_graph_context(params) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0 && "QWEN3NEXT MTP requires n_layer_nextn > 0");
+    GGML_ASSERT(hparams.n_layer_nextn == 1 && "QWEN3NEXT MTP currently only supports a single MTP block");
+
+    const int64_t n_embd_head = hparams.n_embd_head_v();
+    GGML_ASSERT(n_embd_head == hparams.n_embd_head_k());
+
+    const int il = hparams.n_layer();
+    const auto & layer = model.layers[il];
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(layer.nextn.eh_proj    && "MTP block missing nextn.eh_proj");
+    GGML_ASSERT(layer.nextn.enorm      && "MTP block missing nextn.enorm");
+    GGML_ASSERT(layer.nextn.hnorm      && "MTP block missing nextn.hnorm");
+    GGML_ASSERT(layer.ffn_gate_inp     && "MTP block missing ffn_gate_inp");
+
+    // TODO: extract in a common llm_graph_context::build_inp_embd_h()
+    auto inp = std::make_unique<llm_graph_input_embd_h>(hparams.n_embd);
+
+    inp->tokens = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_I32, n_tokens);
+    ggml_set_input(inp->tokens);
+
+    inp->embd = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, hparams.n_embd_inp(), n_tokens);
+    ggml_set_input(inp->embd);
+
+    // TODO: make static using `ggml_build_forward_select()`
+    //       see llm_graph_context::build_inp_embd() for reference
+    ggml_tensor * tok_embd;
+    if (ubatch.token) {
+        ggml_tensor * tok_embd_w = layer.nextn.embed_tokens ? layer.nextn.embed_tokens : model.tok_embd;
+
+        tok_embd = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, tok_embd_w, inp->tokens);
+    } else {
+        tok_embd = inp->embd;
+    }
+    cb(tok_embd, "mtp_tok_embd", il);
+
+    inp->h = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, hparams.n_embd, n_tokens);
+    ggml_set_input(inp->h);
+    ggml_set_name(inp->h, "mtp_h_input");
+
+    ggml_tensor * h_embd = inp->h;
+
+    res->add_input(std::move(inp));
+
+    ggml_tensor * inp_pos     = build_inp_pos();
+    ggml_tensor * inp_out_ids = build_inp_out_ids();
+
+    auto * inp_attn = build_attn_inp_kv();
+
+    ggml_tensor * h_norm = build_norm(h_embd, layer.nextn.hnorm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+    cb(h_norm, "mtp_hnorm", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * e_norm = build_norm(tok_embd, layer.nextn.enorm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+    cb(e_norm, "mtp_enorm", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * concat = ggml_concat(ctx0, e_norm, h_norm, /*dim=*/ 0);
+    cb(concat, "mtp_concat", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * cur = build_lora_mm(layer.nextn.eh_proj, concat, layer.nextn.eh_proj_s);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_eh_proj", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * inpSA = cur;
+
+    cur = build_norm(cur, layer.attn_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_attn_norm", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * Qcur_full = build_lora_mm(layer.wq, cur, layer.wq_s);
+    cb(Qcur_full, "mtp_Qcur_full", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * Qcur = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, Qcur_full,
+            n_embd_head, n_head, n_tokens,
+            ggml_element_size(Qcur_full) * n_embd_head * 2,
+            ggml_element_size(Qcur_full) * n_embd_head * 2 * n_head,
+            0);
+    Qcur = build_norm(Qcur, layer.attn_q_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+    cb(Qcur, "mtp_Qcur_normed", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * Kcur = build_lora_mm(layer.wk, cur, layer.wk_s);
+    Kcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Kcur, n_embd_head, n_head_kv, n_tokens);
+    Kcur = build_norm(Kcur, layer.attn_k_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+    cb(Kcur, "mtp_Kcur_normed", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * Vcur = build_lora_mm(layer.wv, cur, layer.wv_s);
+    Vcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Vcur, n_embd_head, n_head_kv, n_tokens);
+
+    Qcur = ggml_rope_ext(ctx0, Qcur, inp_pos, nullptr,
+            n_rot, rope_type, n_ctx_orig, freq_base, freq_scale,
+            ext_factor, attn_factor, beta_fast, beta_slow);
+    Kcur = ggml_rope_ext(ctx0, Kcur, inp_pos, nullptr,
+            n_rot, rope_type, n_ctx_orig, freq_base, freq_scale,
+            ext_factor, attn_factor, beta_fast, beta_slow);
+
+    cb(Qcur, "mtp_Qcur", il);
+    cb(Kcur, "mtp_Kcur", il);
+    cb(Vcur, "mtp_Vcur", il);
+
+    const float kq_scale = hparams.f_attention_scale == 0.0f
+            ? 1.0f / sqrtf(float(n_embd_head)) : hparams.f_attention_scale;
+
+    cur = build_attn(inp_attn,
+            nullptr, nullptr, nullptr,
+            Qcur, Kcur, Vcur, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, kq_scale, il);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_attn_pregate", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * gate = ggml_view_3d(ctx0, Qcur_full,
+            n_embd_head, n_head, n_tokens,
+            ggml_element_size(Qcur_full) * n_embd_head * 2,
+            ggml_element_size(Qcur_full) * n_embd_head * 2 * n_head,
+            ggml_element_size(Qcur_full) * n_embd_head);
+
+    // TODO: CUDA is missing non-contiguous unary ops. when implemented: remove this cont
+    gate = ggml_cont_2d(ctx0, gate, n_embd_head * n_head, n_tokens);
+    cb(gate, "mtp_gate", il);
+
+    cur = ggml_mul(ctx0, cur, ggml_sigmoid(ctx0, gate));
+    cur = build_lora_mm(layer.wo, cur, layer.wo_s);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_attn_out", il);
+
+    if (inp_out_ids) {
+        cur   = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, cur,   inp_out_ids);
+        inpSA = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, inpSA, inp_out_ids);
+    }
+
+    cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, inpSA);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_attn_residual", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * ffn_residual = cur;
+    cur = build_norm(cur, layer.attn_post_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_attn_post_norm", il);
+
+    // MoE FFN — routed experts plus gated shared expert (mirrors the trunk).
+    ggml_tensor * moe_out =
+        build_moe_ffn(cur,
+            layer.ffn_gate_inp,
+            layer.ffn_up_exps,
+            layer.ffn_gate_exps,
+            layer.ffn_down_exps,
+            nullptr,
+            n_expert, n_expert_used,
+            LLM_FFN_SILU, true,
+            hparams.expert_weights_scale,
+            LLAMA_EXPERT_GATING_FUNC_TYPE_SOFTMAX, il,
+            nullptr, layer.ffn_gate_up_exps,
+            layer.ffn_up_exps_s,
+            layer.ffn_gate_exps_s,
+            layer.ffn_down_exps_s);
+    cb(moe_out, "mtp_ffn_moe_out", il);
+
+    if (layer.ffn_up_shexp != nullptr) {
+        ggml_tensor * ffn_shexp =
+            build_ffn(cur,
+                layer.ffn_up_shexp,   nullptr, layer.ffn_up_shexp_s,
+                layer.ffn_gate_shexp, nullptr, layer.ffn_gate_shexp_s,
+                layer.ffn_down_shexp, nullptr, layer.ffn_down_shexp_s,
+                nullptr,
+                LLM_FFN_SILU, LLM_FFN_PAR, il);
+        cb(ffn_shexp, "mtp_ffn_shexp", il);
+
+        ggml_tensor * shared_gate = build_lora_mm(layer.ffn_gate_inp_shexp, cur);
+        shared_gate = ggml_sigmoid(ctx0, shared_gate);
+        cb(shared_gate, "mtp_shared_expert_gate_sigmoid", il);
+
+        ffn_shexp = ggml_mul(ctx0, ffn_shexp, shared_gate);
+        cb(ffn_shexp, "mtp_ffn_shexp_gated", il);
+
+        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, moe_out, ffn_shexp);
+    } else {
+        cur = moe_out;
+    }
+    cb(cur, "mtp_ffn_out", il);
+
+    cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, ffn_residual);
+    cb(cur, "mtp_post_ffn", il);
+
+    ggml_tensor * head_norm_w = layer.nextn.shared_head_norm
+            ? layer.nextn.shared_head_norm
+            : model.output_norm;
+    GGML_ASSERT(head_norm_w && "QWEN3NEXT MTP: missing both nextn.shared_head_norm and output_norm");
+    cur = build_norm(cur, head_norm_w, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, -1);
+
+    cb(cur, "h_nextn", -1);
+    res->t_h_nextn = cur;
+
+    ggml_tensor * head_w = layer.nextn.shared_head_head ? layer.nextn.shared_head_head : model.output;
+    ggml_tensor * head_s = layer.nextn.shared_head_head ? layer.nextn.shared_head_head_s : model.output_s;
+    GGML_ASSERT(head_w && "QWEN3NEXT MTP: missing LM head (nextn.shared_head_head or model.output)");
+    cur = build_lora_mm(head_w, cur, head_s);
+    cb(cur, "result_output", -1);
+
+    res->t_logits = cur;
+    ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, cur);
+}

src/models/step35.cpp

@@ -48,7 +48,11 @@ void llama_model_step35::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader & ml) {
     const std::string mtp_probe = "blk." + std::to_string(n_layer) + ".nextn.eh_proj.weight";
     const bool trunk_only = (hparams.n_layer_nextn > 0) && (ml.get_weight(mtp_probe.c_str()) == nullptr);
     const int trunk_flags = mtp_only  ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
-    const int mtp_flags   = trunk_only ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
+    int mtp_flags         = trunk_only ? TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED : 0;
+
+    if (!ml.load_mtp) {
+        mtp_flags |= TENSOR_SKIP;
+    }
 
     tok_embd = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD, "weight"), {n_embd, n_vocab}, 0);
 

tests/test-arg-parser.cpp

@@ -99,6 +99,34 @@ static void test(void) {
     argv = {"binary_name", "-sm", "hello"};
     assert(false == common_params_parse(argv.size(), list_str_to_char(argv).data(), params, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMMON));
 
+    {
+        common_params penalty_params;
+
+        argv = {"binary_name", "--repeat-penalty", "0"};
+        assert(false == common_params_parse(argv.size(), list_str_to_char(argv).data(), penalty_params, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMMON));
+
+        argv = {"binary_name", "--repeat-penalty", "-1"};
+        assert(false == common_params_parse(argv.size(), list_str_to_char(argv).data(), penalty_params, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMMON));
+
+        argv = {"binary_name", "--repeat-penalty", "nan"};
+        assert(false == common_params_parse(argv.size(), list_str_to_char(argv).data(), penalty_params, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMMON));
+
+        argv = {"binary_name", "--repeat-penalty", "inf"};
+        assert(false == common_params_parse(argv.size(), list_str_to_char(argv).data(), penalty_params, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMMON));
+
+        argv = {"binary_name", "--repeat-penalty", "-inf"};
+        assert(false == common_params_parse(argv.size(), list_str_to_char(argv).data(), penalty_params, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMMON));
+
+        const char * penalty_options[] = {"--frequency-penalty", "--presence-penalty"};
+        const char * nonfinite_values[] = {"nan", "inf", "-inf"};
+        for (const char * option : penalty_options) {
+            for (const char * value : nonfinite_values) {
+                argv = {"binary_name", option, value};
+                assert(false == common_params_parse(argv.size(), list_str_to_char(argv).data(), penalty_params, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMMON));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     // non-existence arg in specific example (--draft cannot be used outside llama-speculative)
     argv = {"binary_name", "--draft", "123"};
     assert(false == common_params_parse(argv.size(), list_str_to_char(argv).data(), params, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EMBEDDING));

tests/test-backend-ops.cpp

@@ -8069,6 +8069,7 @@ static std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test_case>> make_test_cases_eval() {
     test_cases.emplace_back(new test_dsv4_hc_comb(1, 1));
     test_cases.emplace_back(new test_dsv4_hc_comb(17, 4));
     test_cases.emplace_back(new test_dsv4_hc_comb(257, 8));
+    test_cases.emplace_back(new test_dsv4_hc_comb(17, 20));
 
     test_cases.emplace_back(new test_dsv4_hc_pre(1, 1));
     test_cases.emplace_back(new test_dsv4_hc_pre(31, 17));
@@ -8078,6 +8079,7 @@ static std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test_case>> make_test_cases_eval() {
     test_cases.emplace_back(new test_dsv4_hc_post(1, 1));
     test_cases.emplace_back(new test_dsv4_hc_post(31, 17));
     test_cases.emplace_back(new test_dsv4_hc_post(128, 257));
+    test_cases.emplace_back(new test_dsv4_hc_post(4096, 21));
 
     // glu ops
     for (ggml_type type : {GGML_TYPE_F16, GGML_TYPE_F32}) {
@@ -8192,9 +8194,9 @@ static std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test_case>> make_test_cases_eval() {
 
     for (ggml_type type_input : {GGML_TYPE_F32}) {
         for (ggml_op_pool pool_type : {GGML_OP_POOL_AVG, GGML_OP_POOL_MAX}) {
-            for (int k0 : {1, 3}) {
-                for (int s0 : {1, 2}) {
-                    for (int p0 : {0, 1}) {
+            for (int k0 : {1, 2, 3}) {
+                for (int s0 : {1, 2, 3}) {
+                    for (int p0 : {0, 1, 2, 3}) {
                         test_cases.emplace_back(new test_pool1d(pool_type, type_input, { 10,  3, 2, 1 }, k0, s0, p0));
                         test_cases.emplace_back(new test_pool1d(pool_type, type_input, { 11,  1, 3, 2 }, k0, s0, p0));
                         test_cases.emplace_back(new test_pool1d(pool_type, type_input, { 128, 2, 1, 3 }, k0, s0, p0));
@@ -8511,6 +8513,7 @@ static std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test_case>> make_test_cases_eval() {
         test_cases.emplace_back(new test_repeat(GGML_TYPE_F32, {10, 5, 4, ne3}, {1, 2, 1, 1}));
         test_cases.emplace_back(new test_repeat(GGML_TYPE_F32, {10, 5, 4, ne3}, {1, 1, 2, 1}));
         test_cases.emplace_back(new test_repeat(GGML_TYPE_F32, {10, 5, 4, ne3}, {1, 1, 1, 2}));
+        test_cases.emplace_back(new test_repeat(GGML_TYPE_F16, {10, 5, 4, ne3}, {2, 1, 1, 1}));
         test_cases.emplace_back(new test_repeat(GGML_TYPE_I32, {10, 5, 4, ne3}, {2, 1, 1, 1}));
         test_cases.emplace_back(new test_repeat(GGML_TYPE_I16, {10, 5, 4, ne3}, {1, 1, 1, 2}));
         test_cases.emplace_back(new test_repeat(GGML_TYPE_BF16, {10, 5, 4, ne3}, {2, 1, 1, 1}));
@@ -9728,6 +9731,12 @@ static std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test_case>> make_test_cases_eval() {
         }
     }
 
+    for (int kv : { 1, 7, 8, 63, 64, 65 }) {
+        for (ggml_type type_K : {GGML_TYPE_F32, GGML_TYPE_F16, GGML_TYPE_BF16, GGML_TYPE_Q8_0, GGML_TYPE_Q5_1, GGML_TYPE_Q5_0, GGML_TYPE_Q4_1, GGML_TYPE_Q4_0}) {
+            test_cases.emplace_back(new test_lightning_indexer(128, 64, kv, 32, 4, 1, type_K));
+        }
+    }
+
     return test_cases;
 }
 #ifdef _MSC_VER

tests/test-backend-sampler.cpp

@@ -8,12 +8,15 @@
 #endif
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <cmath>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <fstream>
+#include <functional>
 #include <map>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
 #include <vector>
 
 struct test_args {
@@ -761,6 +764,563 @@ static void test_backend_logit_bias_sampling(const test_params & params) {
     printf("backend logit bias sampling test PASSED\n");
 }
 
+static void accept_prompt(llama_sampler * smpl, const llama_vocab * vocab, const std::string & prompt) {
+    const llama_token bos = llama_vocab_bos(vocab);
+    if (bos != LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
+        llama_sampler_accept(smpl, bos);
+    }
+
+    std::vector<llama_token> tokens(64);
+    int32_t n_tokens = llama_tokenize(vocab, prompt.c_str(), (int32_t) prompt.size(),
+            tokens.data(), (int32_t) tokens.size(), false, false);
+    if (n_tokens < 0) {
+        tokens.resize(-n_tokens);
+        n_tokens = llama_tokenize(vocab, prompt.c_str(), (int32_t) prompt.size(),
+                tokens.data(), (int32_t) tokens.size(), false, false);
+    }
+
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < n_tokens; ++i) {
+        llama_sampler_accept(smpl, tokens[i]);
+    }
+}
+
+static std::vector<float> decode_raw_logits(const test_params & params, const std::string & prompt) {
+    const int seq_id = 0;
+    const int n_vocab = llama_vocab_n_tokens(llama_model_get_vocab(params.model.get()));
+    std::vector<llama_sampler_seq_config> empty_configs;
+    test_context ctx(params, empty_configs);
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(ctx.decode({{ seq_id, prompt }}));
+
+    float * logits = llama_get_logits_ith(ctx.ctx.get(), ctx.idx_for_seq(seq_id));
+    GGML_ASSERT(logits != nullptr);
+    return std::vector<float>(logits, logits + n_vocab);
+}
+
+static std::vector<llama_token_data> apply_cpu_sampler(
+        const std::vector<float> & raw_logits,
+        llama_sampler * sampler) {
+    std::vector<llama_token_data> data;
+    data.reserve(raw_logits.size());
+    for (llama_token token = 0; token < (llama_token) raw_logits.size(); ++token) {
+        data.push_back({ token, raw_logits[token], 0.0f });
+    }
+
+    llama_token_data_array cur_p = { data.data(), data.size(), -1, false };
+    llama_sampler_apply(sampler, &cur_p);
+    data.resize(cur_p.size);
+    return data;
+}
+
+using sampler_setup_fn = std::function<void(llama_sampler *)>;
+using sampler_init_fn = std::function<llama_sampler *()>;
+
+enum class penalties_position {
+    before_filter,
+    after_filter,
+};
+
+static void add_filter_and_penalties(
+        llama_sampler * chain,
+        const sampler_init_fn & init_filter,
+        int32_t penalty_last_n,
+        float penalty_repeat,
+        float penalty_freq,
+        float penalty_present,
+        penalties_position position) {
+    const auto add_penalties = [&]() {
+        llama_sampler_chain_add(chain, llama_sampler_init_penalties(
+                    penalty_last_n, penalty_repeat, penalty_freq, penalty_present));
+    };
+
+    if (position == penalties_position::before_filter) {
+        add_penalties();
+        llama_sampler_chain_add(chain, init_filter());
+    } else {
+        llama_sampler_chain_add(chain, init_filter());
+        add_penalties();
+    }
+}
+
+static llama_sampler_ptr make_sampler_chain(
+        const sampler_setup_fn & add_samplers,
+        const sampler_setup_fn & accept_history) {
+    llama_sampler_ptr chain(llama_sampler_chain_init(llama_sampler_chain_default_params()));
+    add_samplers(chain.get());
+    accept_history(chain.get());
+    return chain;
+}
+
+struct backend_sampler_output {
+    std::vector<float> logits;
+    std::vector<llama_token> candidates;
+};
+
+static backend_sampler_output run_backend_sampler(
+        const test_params & params,
+        const std::string & prompt,
+        llama_sampler * sampler) {
+    const int seq_id = 0;
+    std::vector<llama_sampler_seq_config> configs = {{ seq_id, sampler }};
+    test_context ctx(params, configs);
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(ctx.decode({{ seq_id, prompt }}));
+    llama_synchronize(ctx.ctx.get());
+
+    const int32_t idx = ctx.idx_for_seq(seq_id);
+    const uint32_t n_logits = llama_get_sampled_logits_count_ith(ctx.ctx.get(), idx);
+    const uint32_t n_candidates = llama_get_sampled_candidates_count_ith(ctx.ctx.get(), idx);
+    float * logits = llama_get_sampled_logits_ith(ctx.ctx.get(), idx);
+    llama_token * candidates = llama_get_sampled_candidates_ith(ctx.ctx.get(), idx);
+    GGML_ASSERT(logits != nullptr);
+
+    backend_sampler_output result;
+    result.logits.assign(logits, logits + n_logits);
+    result.candidates.resize(n_logits);
+
+    if (n_candidates == 0) {
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n_logits; ++i) {
+            result.candidates[i] = (llama_token) i;
+        }
+    } else {
+        GGML_ASSERT(candidates != nullptr);
+        GGML_ASSERT(n_candidates == n_logits);
+        std::memcpy(result.candidates.data(), candidates, n_candidates * sizeof(llama_token));
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+struct sampler_comparison_output {
+    std::vector<llama_token_data> expected;
+    backend_sampler_output actual;
+};
+
+static sampler_comparison_output run_sampler_comparison(
+        const test_params & params,
+        const std::string & prompt,
+        const std::vector<float> & raw_logits,
+        const sampler_setup_fn & add_samplers,
+        const sampler_setup_fn & accept_history) {
+    llama_sampler_ptr cpu_chain = make_sampler_chain(add_samplers, accept_history);
+    llama_sampler_ptr backend_chain = make_sampler_chain(add_samplers, accept_history);
+    return {
+        apply_cpu_sampler(raw_logits, cpu_chain.get()),
+        run_backend_sampler(params, prompt, backend_chain.get()),
+    };
+}
+
+static std::unordered_map<llama_token, float> map_logits(const std::vector<llama_token_data> & data) {
+    std::unordered_map<llama_token, float> result;
+    result.reserve(data.size());
+    for (const auto & item : data) {
+        result[item.id] = item.logit;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+struct sampler_comparison_stats {
+    int n_mismatch = 0;
+    int n_masked = 0;
+    float max_diff = 0.0f;
+};
+
+static sampler_comparison_stats compare_sampler_outputs(
+        const char * name,
+        const std::unordered_map<llama_token, float> & expected,
+        const backend_sampler_output & actual,
+        bool allow_extra_candidates = false) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(actual.logits.size() == actual.candidates.size());
+
+    sampler_comparison_stats result;
+    std::unordered_set<llama_token> seen;
+    seen.reserve(actual.candidates.size());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < actual.logits.size(); ++i) {
+        const llama_token token = actual.candidates[i];
+        const float logit = actual.logits[i];
+        if (!seen.insert(token).second || std::isnan(logit)) {
+            if (result.n_mismatch < 5) {
+                printf("%s token %d has invalid backend output\n", name, token);
+            }
+            ++result.n_mismatch;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const auto it = expected.find(token);
+        if (it == expected.end()) {
+            if (std::isinf(logit) && logit < 0.0f) {
+                ++result.n_masked;
+            } else if (!allow_extra_candidates) {
+                if (result.n_mismatch < 5) {
+                    printf("%s token %d was not masked\n", name, token);
+                }
+                ++result.n_mismatch;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const float diff = fabsf(it->second - logit);
+        result.max_diff = std::max(result.max_diff, diff);
+        if (!std::isfinite(logit) || diff > 1e-3f) {
+            if (result.n_mismatch < 5) {
+                printf("%s mismatch token %d: cpu=%.6f backend=%.6f diff=%.6f\n",
+                        name, token, it->second, logit, diff);
+            }
+            ++result.n_mismatch;
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (const auto & item : expected) {
+        if (seen.find(item.first) == seen.end()) {
+            if (result.n_mismatch < 5) {
+                printf("%s missing backend token %d\n", name, item.first);
+            }
+            ++result.n_mismatch;
+        }
+    }
+
+    printf("%s logits: max_diff=%.6f n_masked=%d n_mismatch=%d\n",
+            name, result.max_diff, result.n_masked, result.n_mismatch);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static float find_backend_logit(const backend_sampler_output & output, llama_token token) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < output.candidates.size(); ++i) {
+        if (output.candidates[i] == token) {
+            return output.logits[i];
+        }
+    }
+    GGML_ABORT("backend token not found");
+}
+
+static sampler_comparison_output run_penalties_comparison(
+        const test_params & params,
+        int32_t penalty_last_n,
+        float penalty_repeat,
+        float penalty_freq,
+        float penalty_present,
+        const std::string & prompt,
+        const std::function<void(llama_sampler *)> & extra_accept = {}) {
+    const auto * vocab = llama_model_get_vocab(params.model.get());
+    const std::vector<float> raw_logits = decode_raw_logits(params, prompt);
+    const auto add_samplers = [&](llama_sampler * chain) {
+        llama_sampler_chain_add(chain, llama_sampler_init_penalties(
+                    penalty_last_n, penalty_repeat, penalty_freq, penalty_present));
+    };
+    const auto accept_history = [&](llama_sampler * chain) {
+        accept_prompt(chain, vocab, prompt);
+        if (extra_accept) {
+            extra_accept(chain);
+        }
+    };
+
+    return run_sampler_comparison(
+            params, prompt, raw_logits, add_samplers, accept_history);
+}
+
+static void compare_penalties_logits(
+        const test_params & params,
+        int32_t penalty_last_n,
+        float penalty_repeat,
+        float penalty_freq,
+        float penalty_present,
+        const std::string & prompt,
+        const std::function<void(llama_sampler *)> & extra_accept = {}) {
+    const sampler_comparison_output output = run_penalties_comparison(
+            params, penalty_last_n, penalty_repeat, penalty_freq, penalty_present, prompt, extra_accept);
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(output.expected.size() == output.actual.logits.size());
+
+    const sampler_comparison_stats stats = compare_sampler_outputs(
+            "penalties", map_logits(output.expected), output.actual);
+    GGML_ASSERT(stats.n_masked == 0);
+    GGML_ASSERT(stats.n_mismatch == 0);
+}
+
+static void test_penalty_parameter_values(const test_params & params) {
+    struct penalty_test_case {
+        const char * name;
+        float repeat;
+        float frequency;
+        float presence;
+    };
+
+    const penalty_test_case cases[] = {
+        { "frequency -1",   1.0f, -1.0f,     0.0f },
+        { "frequency 0",    1.0f,  0.0f,     0.0f },
+        { "frequency 1",    1.0f,  1.0f,     0.0f },
+        { "presence -1",    1.0f,  0.0f,    -1.0f },
+        { "presence 0",     1.0f,  0.0f,     0.0f },
+        { "presence 1",     1.0f,  0.0f,     1.0f },
+        { "repeat 1",       1.0f,  0.0f,     0.0f },
+    };
+
+    int n_failed = 0;
+    for (const auto & test : cases) {
+        const sampler_comparison_output output = run_penalties_comparison(
+                params, 64, test.repeat, test.frequency, test.presence, "Hello Hello world");
+        GGML_ASSERT(output.expected.size() == output.actual.logits.size());
+        const sampler_comparison_stats stats = compare_sampler_outputs(
+                test.name, map_logits(output.expected), output.actual);
+        n_failed += stats.n_mismatch != 0;
+    }
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(n_failed == 0);
+}
+
+static void compare_top_k_penalties_logits(
+        const test_params & params,
+        int32_t k,
+        int32_t penalty_last_n,
+        float penalty_repeat,
+        float penalty_freq,
+        float penalty_present,
+        const std::string & prompt,
+        penalties_position position) {
+    const auto * vocab = llama_model_get_vocab(params.model.get());
+    const std::vector<float> raw_logits = decode_raw_logits(params, prompt);
+    const int n_vocab = (int) raw_logits.size();
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(n_vocab > k);
+
+    const sampler_init_fn init_top_k = [k]() {
+        return llama_sampler_init_top_k(k);
+    };
+    llama_sampler_ptr top_k(init_top_k());
+    const std::vector<llama_token_data> top_k_data = apply_cpu_sampler(raw_logits, top_k.get());
+    GGML_ASSERT(top_k_data.size() == (size_t) k);
+    const llama_token retained_history_token = top_k_data[0].id;
+
+    llama_token excluded_history_token = LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL;
+    for (llama_token token = 0; token < n_vocab; ++token) {
+        const auto it = std::find_if(top_k_data.begin(), top_k_data.end(), [token](const llama_token_data & data) {
+            return data.id == token;
+        });
+        if (it == top_k_data.end()) {
+            excluded_history_token = token;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    GGML_ASSERT(excluded_history_token != LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL);
+
+    const auto add_samplers = [&](llama_sampler * chain) {
+        add_filter_and_penalties(chain, init_top_k,
+                penalty_last_n, penalty_repeat, penalty_freq, penalty_present, position);
+    };
+
+    auto accept_history = [&](llama_sampler * smpl) {
+        accept_prompt(smpl, vocab, prompt);
+        llama_sampler_accept(smpl, excluded_history_token);
+        llama_sampler_accept(smpl, excluded_history_token);
+        llama_sampler_accept(smpl, retained_history_token);
+        llama_sampler_accept(smpl, retained_history_token);
+    };
+
+    const sampler_comparison_output output = run_sampler_comparison(
+            params, prompt, raw_logits, add_samplers, accept_history);
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(output.expected.size() == (size_t) k);
+    GGML_ASSERT(output.actual.logits.size() == (size_t) k);
+
+    const std::unordered_map<llama_token, float> expected_logits = map_logits(output.expected);
+
+    if (position == penalties_position::after_filter) {
+        GGML_ASSERT(expected_logits.find(retained_history_token) != expected_logits.end());
+        GGML_ASSERT(fabsf(expected_logits.at(retained_history_token) - raw_logits[retained_history_token]) > 1e-6f);
+        GGML_ASSERT(expected_logits.find(excluded_history_token) == expected_logits.end());
+        GGML_ASSERT(std::find(output.actual.candidates.begin(), output.actual.candidates.end(),
+                    excluded_history_token) == output.actual.candidates.end());
+    } else {
+        const std::unordered_map<llama_token, float> unpenalized_logits = map_logits(top_k_data);
+        bool changed = false;
+        for (const auto & item : expected_logits) {
+            const auto it = unpenalized_logits.find(item.first);
+            if (it == unpenalized_logits.end() || fabsf(it->second - item.second) > 1e-6f) {
+                changed = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        GGML_ASSERT(changed);
+    }
+
+    const char * name = position == penalties_position::before_filter
+        ? "penalties top-k"
+        : "top-k penalties";
+    const sampler_comparison_stats stats = compare_sampler_outputs(
+            name, expected_logits, output.actual);
+    GGML_ASSERT(stats.n_masked == 0);
+    GGML_ASSERT(stats.n_mismatch == 0);
+}
+
+static void compare_masking_penalties_logits(
+        const test_params & params,
+        const char * filter_name,
+        const sampler_init_fn & init_filter,
+        int32_t penalty_last_n,
+        float penalty_repeat,
+        float penalty_freq,
+        float penalty_present,
+        const std::string & prompt,
+        penalties_position position,
+        bool allow_extra_candidates,
+        bool add_history = true) {
+    const auto * vocab = llama_model_get_vocab(params.model.get());
+    const std::vector<float> raw_logits = decode_raw_logits(params, prompt);
+    const int n_vocab = (int) raw_logits.size();
+    llama_sampler_ptr filter(init_filter());
+    const std::vector<llama_token_data> filtered_data = apply_cpu_sampler(raw_logits, filter.get());
+    GGML_ASSERT(!filtered_data.empty());
+    GGML_ASSERT(filtered_data.size() < (size_t) n_vocab);
+
+    const llama_token penalized_token = filtered_data[0].id;
+    std::unordered_set<llama_token> retained_tokens;
+    retained_tokens.reserve(filtered_data.size());
+    for (const auto & data : filtered_data) {
+        retained_tokens.insert(data.id);
+    }
+
+    llama_token masked_token = LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL;
+    for (llama_token token = 0; token < n_vocab; ++token) {
+        if (retained_tokens.find(token) == retained_tokens.end()) {
+            masked_token = token;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    GGML_ASSERT(masked_token != LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL);
+
+    const auto add_samplers = [&](llama_sampler * chain) {
+        add_filter_and_penalties(chain, init_filter,
+                penalty_last_n, penalty_repeat, penalty_freq, penalty_present, position);
+    };
+    auto accept_history = [&](llama_sampler * smpl) {
+        if (!add_history) {
+            return;
+        }
+        accept_prompt(smpl, vocab, prompt);
+        llama_sampler_accept(smpl, penalized_token);
+        llama_sampler_accept(smpl, penalized_token);
+        llama_sampler_accept(smpl, masked_token);
+        llama_sampler_accept(smpl, masked_token);
+    };
+
+    const sampler_comparison_output output = run_sampler_comparison(
+            params, prompt, raw_logits, add_samplers, accept_history);
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(output.actual.logits.size() == (size_t) n_vocab);
+
+    const std::unordered_map<llama_token, float> expected_logits = map_logits(output.expected);
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(expected_logits.find(masked_token) == expected_logits.end());
+    if (add_history) {
+        if (position == penalties_position::after_filter) {
+            GGML_ASSERT(expected_logits.find(penalized_token) != expected_logits.end());
+            GGML_ASSERT(fabsf(expected_logits.at(penalized_token) - raw_logits[penalized_token]) > 1e-6f);
+        } else {
+            llama_sampler_ptr penalties(llama_sampler_init_penalties(
+                        penalty_last_n, penalty_repeat, penalty_freq, penalty_present));
+            accept_history(penalties.get());
+            const std::unordered_map<llama_token, float> penalized_logits =
+                map_logits(apply_cpu_sampler(raw_logits, penalties.get()));
+            GGML_ASSERT(fabsf(penalized_logits.at(penalized_token) - raw_logits[penalized_token]) > 1e-6f);
+        }
+    }
+
+    const std::string name = position == penalties_position::before_filter
+        ? "penalties " + std::string(filter_name)
+        : std::string(filter_name) + " penalties";
+    const sampler_comparison_stats stats = compare_sampler_outputs(
+            name.c_str(), expected_logits, output.actual, allow_extra_candidates);
+    const float masked_logit = find_backend_logit(output.actual, masked_token);
+    GGML_ASSERT(stats.n_masked > 0);
+    GGML_ASSERT(std::isinf(masked_logit) && masked_logit < 0.0f);
+    GGML_ASSERT(stats.n_mismatch == 0);
+}
+
+static void test_backend_penalties_sampling(const test_params & params) {
+    printf("Testing backend penalties (repeat + freq + presence)\n");
+    compare_penalties_logits(params, 64, 1.1f, 0.5f, 0.25f, "Hello Hello world");
+
+    printf("Testing backend penalties with penalty_last_n > 64\n");
+    const auto * vocab = llama_model_get_vocab(params.model.get());
+    std::vector<llama_token> tokens(8);
+    int32_t n_tok = llama_tokenize(vocab, "a", 1, tokens.data(), (int32_t) tokens.size(), false, false);
+    if (n_tok < 0) {
+        tokens.resize(-n_tok);
+        n_tok = llama_tokenize(vocab, "a", 1, tokens.data(), (int32_t) tokens.size(), false, false);
+    }
+    GGML_ASSERT(n_tok > 0);
+    const llama_token tok = tokens[0];
+
+    compare_penalties_logits(params, 80, 1.15f, 0.1f, 0.05f, "a", [tok](llama_sampler * smpl) {
+        // accept_prompt already accepted BOS + one 'a'; fill the ring to n=80
+        for (int i = 0; i < 78; ++i) {
+            llama_sampler_accept(smpl, tok);
+        }
+    });
+
+    printf("Testing backend penalties without filler entries\n");
+    compare_penalties_logits(params, 64, 1.1f, 0.5f, 0.25f, "Hello", [](llama_sampler * smpl) {
+        for (llama_token token = 0; token < 64; ++token) {
+            llama_sampler_accept(smpl, token);
+        }
+    });
+
+    printf("Testing backend top-k followed by penalties\n");
+    compare_top_k_penalties_logits(params, 8, 64, 1.1f, 0.5f, 0.25f, "Hello",
+            penalties_position::after_filter);
+
+    printf("Testing backend penalties followed by top-k\n");
+    compare_top_k_penalties_logits(params, 8, 64, 1.1f, 0.5f, 0.25f, "Hello",
+            penalties_position::before_filter);
+
+    printf("Testing backend top-p followed by penalties\n");
+    compare_masking_penalties_logits(params, "top-p", []() {
+        return llama_sampler_init_top_p(0.9f, 0);
+    }, 64, 1.1f, 0.5f, 0.25f, "Hello", penalties_position::after_filter, true);
+
+    printf("Testing backend top-p followed by penalties with a large history window\n");
+    compare_masking_penalties_logits(params, "top-p large-window", []() {
+        return llama_sampler_init_top_p(0.9f, 0);
+    }, 4096, 1.1f, 0.5f, 0.25f, "Hello", penalties_position::after_filter, true);
+
+    printf("Testing backend penalties followed by top-p\n");
+    compare_masking_penalties_logits(params, "top-p", []() {
+        return llama_sampler_init_top_p(0.9f, 0);
+    }, 64, 1.1f, 0.5f, 0.25f, "Hello", penalties_position::before_filter, true);
+
+    printf("Testing backend min-p followed by penalties\n");
+    compare_masking_penalties_logits(params, "min-p", []() {
+        return llama_sampler_init_min_p(0.1f, 0);
+    }, 64, 1.1f, 0.5f, 0.25f, "Hello", penalties_position::after_filter, false);
+
+    printf("Testing backend penalties followed by min-p\n");
+    compare_masking_penalties_logits(params, "min-p", []() {
+        return llama_sampler_init_min_p(0.1f, 0);
+    }, 64, 1.1f, 0.5f, 0.25f, "Hello", penalties_position::before_filter, false);
+
+    printf("Testing backend top-p followed by penalties with empty history\n");
+    compare_masking_penalties_logits(params, "top-p empty", []() {
+        return llama_sampler_init_top_p(0.9f, 0);
+    }, 64, 1.1f, 0.5f, 0.25f, "Hello", penalties_position::after_filter, true, false);
+
+    printf("Testing backend top-p followed by individual penalties\n");
+    compare_masking_penalties_logits(params, "top-p repeat", []() {
+        return llama_sampler_init_top_p(0.9f, 0);
+    }, 64, 1.1f, 0.0f, 0.0f, "Hello", penalties_position::after_filter, true);
+    compare_masking_penalties_logits(params, "top-p frequency", []() {
+        return llama_sampler_init_top_p(0.9f, 0);
+    }, 64, 1.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, "Hello", penalties_position::after_filter, true);
+    compare_masking_penalties_logits(params, "top-p presence", []() {
+        return llama_sampler_init_top_p(0.9f, 0);
+    }, 64, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.25f, "Hello", penalties_position::after_filter, true);
+
+    printf("Testing backend penalty parameter values\n");
+    test_penalty_parameter_values(params);
+
+    printf("backend penalties sampling test PASSED\n");
+}
+
 // This test verifies that it is possible to have two different backend samplers,
 // one that uses the backend dist sampler, and another that uses CPU dist sampler.
 static void test_backend_mixed_sampling(const test_params & params) {
@@ -1014,6 +1574,7 @@ struct backend_test_case {
 static const backend_test_case BACKEND_TESTS[] = {
     { "greedy",          test_backend_greedy_sampling,         true  },
     { "logit_bias",      test_backend_logit_bias_sampling,     true  },
+    { "penalties",       test_backend_penalties_sampling,      true  },
     { "temp",            test_backend_temp_sampling,           true  },
     { "temp_ext",        test_backend_temp_ext_sampling,       true  },
     { "top_k",           test_backend_top_k_sampling,          true  },

tests/test-chat-peg-parser.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 #include <iostream>
 #include <numeric>
+#include <regex>
 #include <string>
 
 #include "nlohmann/json.hpp"
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ static void test_example_qwen3_non_coder(testing & t);
 static void test_command7_parser_compare(testing & t);
 static void test_prefix_tool_names(testing & t);
 static void test_tagged_peg_parser(testing & t);
+static void test_permute(testing & t);
 
 int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
     testing t(std::cout);
@@ -39,6 +41,7 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
     t.test("comparison", test_command7_parser_compare);
     t.test("prefix tool names", test_prefix_tool_names);
     t.test("tagged peg parser", test_tagged_peg_parser);
+    t.test("permute", test_permute);
 
     return t.summary();
 }
@@ -981,3 +984,103 @@ static void test_tagged_peg_parser(testing & t) {
         t.assert_equal("fun_post should be '>'", ">", result.tags["fun_post"]);
     });
 }
+
+static void test_permute(testing & t) {
+    auto accepts = [](const common_peg_arena & parser, const std::string & input) {
+        common_peg_parse_context ctx(input);
+        return parser.parse(ctx).success();
+    };
+
+    auto gbnf_of = [](const common_peg_arena & parser) {
+        return build_grammar([&](const common_grammar_builder & builder) { parser.build_grammar(builder); });
+    };
+
+    auto assert_gbnf_equal = [](testing & t, const std::string & expected, const std::string & actual) {
+        static const std::regex leading_ws_re = std::regex(R"((^|\n)\s+)");
+        t.assert_equal("gbnf are equal", std::regex_replace(expected, leading_ws_re, "$1"), actual);
+    };
+
+    auto count_rules = [](const std::string & gbnf, const std::string & prefix) {
+        size_t count = 0;
+        for (const auto & line : string_split<std::string>(gbnf, '\n')) {
+            if (line.rfind(prefix, 0) == 0) {
+                count++;
+            }
+        }
+        return count;
+    };
+
+    t.test("accepts every ordering", [&](testing & t) {
+        auto parser = build_chat_peg_parser([](common_chat_peg_builder & p) {
+            return p.permute("abc", { p.literal("a"), p.literal("b"), p.literal("c") }) + p.end();
+        });
+
+        for (const std::string input : { "abc", "acb", "bac", "bca", "cab", "cba" }) {
+            t.assert_true("accepts " + input, accepts(parser, input));
+        }
+    });
+
+    t.test("single element", [&](testing & t) {
+        auto parser = build_chat_peg_parser([](common_chat_peg_builder & p) {
+            return p.permute("a", { p.literal("a") }) + p.end();
+        });
+
+        t.assert_true("accepts a", accepts(parser, "a"));
+        t.assert_true("rejects aa", !accepts(parser, "aa"));
+    });
+
+    t.test("grammar left-factorizes shared tails", [&](testing & t) {
+        auto parser = build_chat_peg_parser([](common_chat_peg_builder & p) {
+            return p.permute("abc", { p.literal("a"), p.literal("b"), p.literal("c") }) + p.end();
+        });
+
+        // Every rule is one remaining subset, keyed by bitmask: abc-3 is {a,b}, abc-7 is {a,b,c}.
+        // Each subset is emitted once and shared by every branch that leads into it.
+        assert_gbnf_equal(t, R"""(
+            abc-1 ::= "a"
+            abc-2 ::= "b"
+            abc-3 ::= "a" abc-2 | "b" abc-1
+            abc-4 ::= "c"
+            abc-5 ::= "a" abc-4 | "c" abc-1
+            abc-6 ::= "b" abc-4 | "c" abc-2
+            abc-7 ::= "a" abc-6 | "b" abc-5 | "c" abc-3
+            root ::= abc-7
+            space ::= | " " | "\n"{1,2} [ \t]{0,20}
+        )""", gbnf_of(parser));
+    });
+
+    t.test("grammar emits one rule per remaining subset", [&](testing & t) {
+        auto parser = build_chat_peg_parser([](common_chat_peg_builder & p) {
+            return p.permute("abcd", { p.literal("a"), p.literal("b"), p.literal("c"), p.literal("d") }) + p.end();
+        });
+
+        // 2^4 - 1 non-empty subsets, one rule each - not the 4! = 24 orderings.
+        t.assert_equal("permute rule count", 15u, count_rules(gbnf_of(parser), "abcd-"));
+    });
+
+    t.test("grammar emits no rules for a single element", [&](testing & t) {
+        auto parser = build_chat_peg_parser([](common_chat_peg_builder & p) {
+            return p.permute("a", { p.literal("a") }) + p.end();
+        });
+
+        assert_gbnf_equal(t, R"""(
+            root ::= "a"
+            space ::= | " " | "\n"{1,2} [ \t]{0,20}
+        )""", gbnf_of(parser));
+    });
+
+    t.test("grammar falls back to the given order when too large", [&](testing & t) {
+        auto parser = build_chat_peg_parser([](common_chat_peg_builder & p) {
+            std::vector<common_peg_parser> parsers;
+            for (size_t i = 0; i <= COMMON_CHAT_MAX_PERMUTE; i++) {
+                parsers.push_back(p.literal(std::string(1, (char) ('a' + i))));
+            }
+            return p.permute("big", parsers) + p.end();
+        });
+
+        assert_gbnf_equal(t, R"""(
+            root ::= "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f" "g"
+            space ::= | " " | "\n"{1,2} [ \t]{0,20}
+        )""", gbnf_of(parser));
+    });
+}

tests/test-chat.cpp

@@ -2278,46 +2278,39 @@ static void test_template_output_peg_parsers(bool detailed_debug) {
             .expect_content(R"({"amount": 123.45, "date": "2025-12-03"})")
             .run();
 
-        // tool call segment in reasoning
+        // a tool call ends the prefilled thinking block, with or without a closing </think>
         tst.test(
-               "Let's call a tool: <tool_call>\n"
-               "<function=python>\n"
-               "<parameter=code>\n"
-               "def hello():\n"
-               "    print(\"Not the real call!\")\n"
-               "\n"
-               "hello()\n"
-               "</parameter>\n"
-               "</function>\n"
-               "</tool_call>\n</think>\n\n"
                "<tool_call>\n"
-               "<function=python>\n"
-               "<parameter=code>\n"
-               "def hello():\n"
-               "    print(\"Hello, world!\")\n"
-               "\n"
-               "hello()\n"
+               "<function=run_in_terminal>\n"
+               "<parameter=command>\n"
+               "pwd\n"
                "</parameter>\n"
                "</function>\n"
                "</tool_call>")
             .enable_thinking(true)
             .reasoning_format(COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_AUTO)
-            .tools({
-                python_tool
-        })
-            .expect_reasoning(
-                "Let's call a tool: <tool_call>\n"
-                "<function=python>\n"
-                "<parameter=code>\n"
-                "def hello():\n"
-                "    print(\"Not the real call!\")\n"
-                "\n"
-                "hello()\n"
-                "</parameter>\n"
-                "</function>\n"
-                "</tool_call>")
+            .tools({ run_in_terminal_tool })
             .expect_tool_calls({
-                { "python", "{\"code\": \"def hello():\\n    print(\\\"Hello, world!\\\")\\n\\nhello()\"}", {} },
+                { "run_in_terminal", R"({"command": "pwd"})", {} },
+            })
+            .run();
+
+        // ...including after the model has thought about it
+        tst.test(
+               "Need to inspect the current directory.\n"
+               "<tool_call>\n"
+               "<function=run_in_terminal>\n"
+               "<parameter=command>\n"
+               "pwd\n"
+               "</parameter>\n"
+               "</function>\n"
+               "</tool_call>")
+            .enable_thinking(true)
+            .reasoning_format(COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_AUTO)
+            .tools({ run_in_terminal_tool })
+            .expect_reasoning("Need to inspect the current directory.")
+            .expect_tool_calls({
+                { "run_in_terminal", R"({"command": "pwd"})", {} },
             })
             .run();
 
@@ -2461,17 +2454,6 @@ static void test_template_output_peg_parsers(bool detailed_debug) {
             })
             .run();
 
-        tst.test(
-               "I might call <tool_call> later, but I am still thinking.\n"
-               "</think>\n\n"
-               "Final answer without tools.")
-            .reasoning_format(COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_AUTO)
-            .enable_thinking(true)
-            .tools({ run_in_terminal_tool })
-            .expect_reasoning("I might call <tool_call> later, but I am still thinking.")
-            .expect_content("Final answer without tools.")
-            .run();
-
         // Continuation tests
         tst.test("world!\nWhat's up?")
             .reasoning_format(COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_AUTO)
@@ -2776,49 +2758,6 @@ static void test_template_output_peg_parsers(bool detailed_debug) {
             .expect_content(R"({"amount": 123.45, "date": "2025-12-03"})")
             .run();
 
-        // tool call segment in reasoning
-        tst.test(
-               "Let's call a tool: <tool_call>\n"
-               "<function=python>\n"
-               "<parameter=code>\n"
-               "def hello():\n"
-               "    print(\"Not the real call!\")\n"
-               "\n"
-               "hello()\n"
-               "</parameter>\n"
-               "</function>\n"
-               "</tool_call>\n</think>\n"
-               "<tool_call>\n"
-               "<function=python>\n"
-               "<parameter=code>\n"
-               "def hello():\n"
-               "    print(\"Hello, world!\")\n"
-               "\n"
-               "hello()\n"
-               "</parameter>\n"
-               "</function>\n"
-               "</tool_call>\n"
-            )
-            .enable_thinking(true)
-            .reasoning_format(COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_AUTO)
-            .tools({
-                python_tool
-        })
-            .expect_reasoning("Let's call a tool: <tool_call>\n"
-               "<function=python>\n"
-               "<parameter=code>\n"
-               "def hello():\n"
-               "    print(\"Not the real call!\")\n"
-               "\n"
-               "hello()\n"
-               "</parameter>\n"
-               "</function>\n"
-               "</tool_call>\n")
-            .expect_tool_calls({
-                { "python", "{\"code\": \"def hello():\\n    print(\\\"Hello, world!\\\")\\n\\nhello()\"}", {} },
-            })
-            .run();
-
         // Continuation tests
         tst.test("world!\nWhat's up?")
             .reasoning_format(COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_AUTO)
@@ -3572,6 +3511,61 @@ static void test_template_output_peg_parsers(bool detailed_debug) {
             .expect_reconstruction()
             .run();
 
+        // Some models skip the opening <tool_call> and go straight to <function=>
+        tst.test(
+               "<function=special_function>\n"
+               "<parameter=arg1>\n"
+               "1\n"
+               "</parameter>\n"
+               "</function>\n"
+               "</tool_call>")
+            .tools({ special_function_tool })
+            .expect(message_assist_call)
+            .run();
+
+        tst.test(
+               "Let me call it.\n"
+               "<function=special_function>\n"
+               "<parameter=arg1>\n"
+               "1\n"
+               "</parameter>\n"
+               "</function>\n"
+               "</tool_call>")
+            .tools({ special_function_tool })
+            .expect_content("Let me call it.\n")
+            .expect_tool_calls({
+                { "special_function", R"({"arg1": 1})", {} },
+            })
+            .run();
+
+        // Only the first call may omit it, the rest keep the </tool_call>\n<tool_call> separator
+        tst.test(
+               "<function=special_function>\n"
+               "<parameter=arg1>\n"
+               "1\n"
+               "</parameter>\n"
+               "</function>\n"
+               "</tool_call>\n"
+               "<tool_call>\n"
+               "<function=special_function_with_opt>\n"
+               "<parameter=arg1>\n"
+               "1\n"
+               "</parameter>\n"
+               "<parameter=arg2>\n"
+               "2\n"
+               "</parameter>\n"
+               "</function>\n"
+               "</tool_call>")
+            .parallel_tool_calls(true)
+            .tools({
+                special_function_tool, special_function_tool_with_optional_param
+        })
+            .expect_tool_calls({
+                { "special_function", R"({"arg1": 1})", {} },
+                { "special_function_with_opt", R"({"arg1": 1, "arg2": 2})", {} },
+            })
+            .run();
+
         tst.test(
                "<tool_call>\n"
                "<function=special_function>\n"
@@ -3680,6 +3674,37 @@ static void test_template_output_peg_parsers(bool detailed_debug) {
             .expect_reconstruction()
             .run();
 
+        // Test flexible required argument ordering (required args still come first, in any order)
+        tst.test(
+               "<tool_call>\n"
+               "<function=edit>\n"
+               "<parameter=newString>\n#include\n</parameter>\n"
+               "<parameter=filename>\nfoo.c\n</parameter>\n"
+               "<parameter=oldString>\n#iclunde\n</parameter>\n"
+               "</function>\n"
+               "</tool_call>")
+            .tools({ edit_tool })
+            .expect_tool_calls({
+                { "edit", R"({"newString": "#include", "filename": "foo.c", "oldString": "#iclunde"})", {} },
+            })
+            .expect_reconstruction()
+            .run();
+
+        tst.test(
+               "<tool_call>\n"
+               "<function=tool_2req_4opt>\n"
+               "<parameter=req2>\n42\n</parameter>\n"
+               "<parameter=req1>\nhello\n</parameter>\n"
+               "<parameter=opt2>\n200\n</parameter>\n"
+               "</function>\n"
+               "</tool_call>")
+            .tools({ tool_2req_4opt })
+            .expect_tool_calls({
+                { "tool_2req_4opt", R"({"req2": 42, "req1": "hello", "opt2": 200})", {} },
+            })
+            .expect_reconstruction()
+            .run();
+
         // Test flexible optional argument ordering (2 required + 4 optional, reversed optional order)
         tst.test(
                "<tool_call>\n"
@@ -4227,6 +4252,20 @@ static void test_template_output_peg_parsers(bool detailed_debug) {
             .expect_reasoning("I'm thinking")
             .expect_content("Hello, world!\nWhat's up?")
             .run();
+
+        tst.test(
+            "Let me check the time\n\n"
+            "<｜DSML｜tool_calls>\n"
+            "<｜DSML｜invoke name=\"get_time\">\n"
+            "<｜DSML｜parameter name=\"city\" string=\"true\">Tokyo</｜DSML｜parameter>\n"
+            "</｜DSML｜invoke>\n"
+            "</｜DSML｜tool_calls>") // no </think> after the TC close because the grammar will immediately constrain it to end
+            .enable_thinking(true)
+            .reasoning_format(COMMON_REASONING_FORMAT_DEEPSEEK)
+            .tools({ get_time_tool })
+            .expect_reasoning("Let me check the time")
+            .expect_tool_calls({ { "get_time", R"({"city": "Tokyo"})", {} } })
+            .run();
     }
 
     // GLM-4.6 tests - format: <tool_call>function_name\n<arg_key>...</arg_key>\n<arg_value>...</arg_value>\n</tool_call>

tests/test-llama-archs.cpp

@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ static bool arch_supported(const llm_arch arch) {
 
     // FIXME: these hit scheduler/view-backed-output issues with WebGPU on CI.
 #ifdef GGML_USE_WEBGPU
-    if (arch == LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK32 || arch == LLM_ARCH_GLM_DSA) {
+    if (arch == LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK32 || arch == LLM_ARCH_GLM_DSA || arch == LLM_ARCH_MINIMAX_M3) {
         return false;
     }
 #endif // GGML_USE_WEBGPU

tests/test-recurrent-state-rollback.cpp

@@ -83,27 +83,33 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
     if (llama_vocab_type(vocab) == LLAMA_VOCAB_TYPE_NONE) {
         tokens = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
     } else {
-        tokens = common_tokenize(ctx_src, "The quick brown fox jumps", true);
+        tokens = common_tokenize(ctx_src, "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog", true);
     }
     const uint32_t n_rs_seq = llama_n_rs_seq(ctx_src);
-    if (tokens.size() > n_rs_seq + 1) {
-        tokens.resize(n_rs_seq + 1);
+    constexpr uint32_t n_rollback = 3;
+    if (n_rs_seq < n_rollback) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s : skipping because n_rs_seq is too small\n", __func__);
+        llama_free(ctx_src);
+        llama_free(ctx_dst);
+        return 0;
     }
-    if (tokens.size() < 2) {
+    if (tokens.empty()) {
         fprintf(stderr, "%s : not enough prompt tokens\n", __func__);
         return 1;
     }
-    const uint32_t    n_tokens = tokens.size();
-    const llama_token last_tok = tokens.back();
-    const llama_pos   last_pos = (llama_pos) n_tokens - 2;
+    tokens.resize(n_rs_seq + 1, tokens.back());
 
-    // Decode the full prompt on the source, then roll back the last position.
+    const uint32_t  n_tokens     = tokens.size();
+    const llama_pos rollback_pos = (llama_pos) n_tokens - n_rollback;
+
+    // Decode the full prompt on the source, then roll back three positions.
+    // Replaying them crosses DSV4's ratio-4 compressor boundary.
     // Rollback leaves the recurrent memory in a snapshot state (rs_idx != 0).
     if (!decode_tokens(ctx_src, tokens, n_tokens)) {
         fprintf(stderr, "%s : failed to decode prompt\n", __func__);
         return 1;
     }
-    if (!llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(ctx_src), 0, last_pos, -1)) {
+    if (!llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(ctx_src), 0, rollback_pos, -1)) {
         fprintf(stderr, "%s : rollback failed\n", __func__);
         return 1;
     }
@@ -113,31 +119,56 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
     ckpt.update_tgt(ctx_src, 0, 0);
     ckpt.load_tgt(ctx_dst, 0, 0);
 
-    // Replay the rolled-back token on both contexts and compare logits.
-    if (!decode_one(ctx_src, last_tok, last_pos) ||
-        !decode_one(ctx_dst, last_tok, last_pos)) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s : replay failed\n", __func__);
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    const float * logits_src = llama_get_logits_ith(ctx_src, 0);
-    const float * logits_dst = llama_get_logits_ith(ctx_dst, 0);
-    if (logits_src == nullptr || logits_dst == nullptr) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s : missing logits\n", __func__);
-        return 1;
-    }
-
     constexpr float eps = 1e-5f;
-    for (int i = 0; i < n_vocab; ++i) {
-        if (std::fabs(logits_src[i] - logits_dst[i]) > eps) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "%s : logits mismatch at token %d (%g != %g)\n",
-                    __func__, i, (double) logits_src[i], (double) logits_dst[i]);
-            return 1;
+    std::vector<std::vector<float>> logits_src_replay(n_rollback);
+    const auto replay_and_compare = [&](const char * mode) {
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n_rollback; ++i) {
+            const llama_pos pos = rollback_pos + i;
+            if (!decode_one(ctx_src, tokens[pos], pos) ||
+                !decode_one(ctx_dst, tokens[pos], pos)) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "%s : %s replay failed at position %d\n", __func__, mode, pos);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            const float * logits_src = llama_get_logits_ith(ctx_src, 0);
+            const float * logits_dst = llama_get_logits_ith(ctx_dst, 0);
+            if (logits_src == nullptr || logits_dst == nullptr) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "%s : missing %s logits at position %d\n", __func__, mode, pos);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            logits_src_replay[i].assign(logits_src, logits_src + n_vocab);
+            for (int token = 0; token < n_vocab; ++token) {
+                if (std::fabs(logits_src[token] - logits_dst[token]) > eps) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "%s : %s logits mismatch at position %d, token %d (%g != %g)\n",
+                            __func__, mode, pos, token, (double) logits_src[token], (double) logits_dst[token]);
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
         }
+        return true;
+    };
+    if (!replay_and_compare("full")) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if (!llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(ctx_src), 0, rollback_pos, -1) ||
+        !llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(ctx_dst), 0, rollback_pos, -1)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s : partial rollback failed\n", __func__);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    constexpr llama_state_seq_flags partial_flags = LLAMA_STATE_SEQ_FLAGS_PARTIAL_ONLY;
+    common_prompt_checkpoint ckpt_partial;
+    ckpt_partial.update_tgt(ctx_src, 0, partial_flags);
+    ckpt_partial.load_tgt(ctx_dst, 0, partial_flags);
+
+    if (!replay_and_compare("partial")) {
+        return 1;
     }
 
     // Repeat the load into a context that already has its own rollback state:
-    // groups 1..n_rs_seq hold a *different* prompt's history, and rs_idx[0] is
+    // groups 1..n_rs_seq hold a different prompt's history, and rs_idx[0] is
     // non-zero at load time. The restore must wipe that state and still match.
     llama_context * ctx_dirty = make_ctx(params, model);
     if (ctx_dirty == nullptr) {
@@ -156,30 +187,33 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         fprintf(stderr, "%s : dirty prompt decode failed\n", __func__);
         return 1;
     }
-    if (!llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(ctx_dirty), 0, last_pos, -1)) {
+    if (!llama_memory_seq_rm(llama_get_memory(ctx_dirty), 0, rollback_pos, -1)) {
         fprintf(stderr, "%s : dirty rollback failed\n", __func__);
         return 1;
     }
 
     ckpt.load_tgt(ctx_dirty, 0, 0);
 
-    if (!decode_one(ctx_dirty, last_tok, last_pos)) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s : dirty replay failed\n", __func__);
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    const float * logits_dirty = llama_get_logits_ith(ctx_dirty, 0);
-    if (logits_dirty == nullptr) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s : missing dirty logits\n", __func__);
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < n_vocab; ++i) {
-        if (std::fabs(logits_src[i] - logits_dirty[i]) > eps) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "%s : dirty-ctx logits mismatch at token %d (%g != %g)\n",
-                    __func__, i, (double) logits_src[i], (double) logits_dirty[i]);
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n_rollback; ++i) {
+        const llama_pos pos = rollback_pos + i;
+        if (!decode_one(ctx_dirty, tokens[pos], pos)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s : dirty replay failed at position %d\n", __func__, pos);
             return 1;
         }
+
+        const float * logits_dirty = llama_get_logits_ith(ctx_dirty, 0);
+        if (logits_dirty == nullptr) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s : missing dirty logits at position %d\n", __func__, pos);
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        for (int token = 0; token < n_vocab; ++token) {
+            if (std::fabs(logits_src_replay[i][token] - logits_dirty[token]) > eps) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "%s : dirty-ctx logits mismatch at position %d, token %d (%g != %g)\n",
+                        __func__, pos, token, (double) logits_src_replay[i][token], (double) logits_dirty[token]);
+                return 1;
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     fprintf(stderr, "%s : recurrent rollback checkpoint restored successfully\n", __func__);

tools/cli/cli-context.cpp

@@ -624,10 +624,14 @@ int cli_context::run() {
         generated_content content;
         generate_completion(content, timings);
 
-        impl->messages.push_back({
+        json assistant_msg = {
             {"role",    "assistant"},
             {"content", content.content}
-        });
+        };
+        if (!content.reasoning.empty()) {
+            assistant_msg["reasoning_content"] = content.reasoning;
+        }
+        impl->messages.push_back(std::move(assistant_msg));
 
         if (output_file) {
             std::string out_content = "Assistant:\n";

tools/mtmd/clip-impl.h

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 #define KEY_PROJ_DIM            "clip.%s.projection_dim"
 #define KEY_N_HEAD              "clip.%s.attention.head_count"
 #define KEY_N_HEAD_KV           "clip.%s.attention.head_count_kv"
+#define KEY_N_EMBD_HEAD         "clip.%s.attention.head_dim"
 #define KEY_LAYER_NORM_EPS      "clip.%s.attention.layer_norm_epsilon"
 #define KEY_FEATURE_LAYERS      "clip.%s.feature_layer"
 

tools/mtmd/clip-model.h

@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ struct clip_hparams {
     int32_t projection_dim = 0;
     int32_t n_head = 0;
     int32_t n_head_kv = 0;
+    // 0 = derive from n_embd; set when qkv width != n_embd
+    int32_t n_embd_head = 0;
     int32_t n_layer = 0;
     int32_t n_merge = 1; // number of patch merges **per-side**
 

tools/mtmd/clip.cpp

@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ clip_graph::clip_graph(clip_ctx * ctx, const clip_image_f32 & img) :
         n_embd(hparams.n_embd),
         n_head(hparams.n_head),
         n_head_kv(hparams.n_head_kv),
-        d_head(n_head > 0 ? n_embd / n_head : 0),
+        d_head(hparams.n_embd_head > 0 ? hparams.n_embd_head : (n_head > 0 ? n_embd / n_head : 0)),
         n_layer(hparams.n_layer),
         n_mmproj_embd(clip_n_mmproj_embd(ctx)),
         eps(hparams.eps),
@@ -372,13 +372,13 @@ ggml_tensor * clip_graph::build_vit(
                 /* nb1    */ ggml_row_size(cur->type, d_head),
                 /* nb2    */ cur->nb[1],
                 /* nb3    */ cur->nb[1] * n_pos,
-                /* offset */ ggml_row_size(cur->type, n_embd));
+                /* offset */ ggml_row_size(cur->type, n_head * d_head));
 
                 Vcur = ggml_view_4d(ctx0, cur, d_head, n_head, n_pos, B,
                 /* nb1    */ ggml_row_size(cur->type, d_head),
                 /* nb2    */ cur->nb[1],
                 /* nb3    */ cur->nb[1] * n_pos,
-                /* offset */ ggml_row_size(cur->type, 2 * n_embd));
+                /* offset */ ggml_row_size(cur->type, 2 * n_head * d_head));
 
                 if (layer.q_norm) {
                     GGML_ASSERT(layer.q_norm->ne[0] == Qcur->ne[0]);
@@ -1190,6 +1190,7 @@ struct clip_model_loader {
             const char * prefix = is_vision ? "vision" : "audio";
             get_u32(string_format(KEY_N_EMBD,         prefix), hparams.n_embd);
             get_u32(string_format(KEY_N_HEAD,         prefix), hparams.n_head);
+            get_u32(string_format(KEY_N_EMBD_HEAD,    prefix), hparams.n_embd_head, false);
             get_u32(string_format(KEY_N_FF,           prefix), hparams.n_ff);
             get_u32(string_format(KEY_N_BLOCK,        prefix), hparams.n_layer);
             get_u32(string_format(KEY_PROJ_DIM,       prefix), hparams.projection_dim);
@@ -1336,6 +1337,7 @@ struct clip_model_loader {
                         // ViT merger 2x2 + final merger 2x2 = 4x spatial merge per dimension
                         hparams.n_merge = 4;
                         get_u32(KEY_PROJ_SCALE_FACTOR, hparams.n_merge, false);
+                        GGML_ASSERT(hparams.n_merge == 2 || hparams.n_merge == 4);
 
                         // borrow wa_layer_indexes for vit_merger insertion point
                         std::vector<int> wa_layer_indexes_vec;
@@ -2142,24 +2144,29 @@ struct clip_model_loader {
                 } break;
             case PROJECTOR_TYPE_MINICPMV4_6:
                 {
+                    const bool merger_required = hparams.n_merge == 4;
+                    auto get_merger_tensor = [&](const std::string & name, bool required = true) {
+                        return get_tensor(name, merger_required && required);
+                    };
+
                     // ViT merger: window self-attention
-                    model.vit_merger_ln1_w     = get_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_LN1, "weight"));
-                    model.vit_merger_ln1_b     = get_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_LN1, "bias"));
-                    model.vit_merger_attn_q_w  = get_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_Q, "weight"));
-                    model.vit_merger_attn_q_b  = get_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_Q, "bias"), false);
-                    model.vit_merger_attn_k_w  = get_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_K, "weight"));
-                    model.vit_merger_attn_k_b  = get_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_K, "bias"), false);
-                    model.vit_merger_attn_v_w  = get_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_V, "weight"));
-                    model.vit_merger_attn_v_b  = get_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_V, "bias"), false);
-                    model.vit_merger_attn_o_w  = get_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_O, "weight"));
-                    model.vit_merger_attn_o_b  = get_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_O, "bias"), false);
+                    model.vit_merger_ln1_w     = get_merger_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_LN1, "weight"));
+                    model.vit_merger_ln1_b     = get_merger_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_LN1, "bias"));
+                    model.vit_merger_attn_q_w  = get_merger_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_Q, "weight"));
+                    model.vit_merger_attn_q_b  = get_merger_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_Q, "bias"), false);
+                    model.vit_merger_attn_k_w  = get_merger_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_K, "weight"));
+                    model.vit_merger_attn_k_b  = get_merger_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_K, "bias"), false);
+                    model.vit_merger_attn_v_w  = get_merger_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_V, "weight"));
+                    model.vit_merger_attn_v_b  = get_merger_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_V, "bias"), false);
+                    model.vit_merger_attn_o_w  = get_merger_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_O, "weight"));
+                    model.vit_merger_attn_o_b  = get_merger_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_ATTN_O, "bias"), false);
                     // ViT merger: MLP downsample
-                    model.vit_merger_ds_ln_w   = get_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_DS_LN, "weight"));
-                    model.vit_merger_ds_ln_b   = get_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_DS_LN, "bias"));
-                    model.vit_merger_ds_up_w   = get_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_DS_UP, "weight"));
-                    model.vit_merger_ds_up_b   = get_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_DS_UP, "bias"), false);
-                    model.vit_merger_ds_down_w = get_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_DS_DOWN, "weight"));
-                    model.vit_merger_ds_down_b = get_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_DS_DOWN, "bias"), false);
+                    model.vit_merger_ds_ln_w   = get_merger_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_DS_LN, "weight"));
+                    model.vit_merger_ds_ln_b   = get_merger_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_DS_LN, "bias"));
+                    model.vit_merger_ds_up_w   = get_merger_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_DS_UP, "weight"));
+                    model.vit_merger_ds_up_b   = get_merger_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_DS_UP, "bias"), false);
+                    model.vit_merger_ds_down_w = get_merger_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_DS_DOWN, "weight"));
+                    model.vit_merger_ds_down_b = get_merger_tensor(string_format(TN_VIT_MERGER_DS_DOWN, "bias"), false);
                     // Final Merger (DownsampleMLP)
                     model.mm_input_norm_w = get_tensor(TN_MM_INP_NORM);
                     model.mm_input_norm_b = get_tensor(TN_MM_INP_NORM_B, false);
@@ -3590,8 +3597,7 @@ int clip_n_output_tokens(const clip_ctx * ctx, const clip_image_f32 * img) {
             } break;
         case PROJECTOR_TYPE_MINICPMV4_6:
             {
-                // ViT merger 4x + final merger 4x = 16x total spatial downsample
-                n_patches = n_patches / 16;
+                n_patches /= params.n_merge * params.n_merge;
             } break;
         case PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN2VL:
         case PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN25VL:
@@ -3973,6 +3979,8 @@ bool clip_image_batch_encode(clip_ctx * ctx, int n_threads, const clip_image_f32
             } break;
         case PROJECTOR_TYPE_MINICPMV4_6:
             {
+                const bool is_4x = hparams.n_merge == 2;
+
                 // SigLIP position buckets (same as resampler path)
                 std::vector<int32_t> positions(pos_h * pos_w);
                 int bucket_coords_h[1024];
@@ -3993,40 +4001,6 @@ bool clip_image_batch_encode(clip_ctx * ctx, int n_threads, const clip_image_f32
                 const int half_h = pos_h / 2;
                 const int half_w = pos_w / 2;
 
-                // window reorder indices for 2x2 windows
-                std::vector<int32_t> window_idx(n_pos);
-                std::vector<int32_t> inv_window_idx(n_pos);
-                {
-                    int k = 0;
-                    for (int wi = 0; wi < half_h; wi++) {
-                        for (int wj = 0; wj < half_w; wj++) {
-                            window_idx[k++] = (2*wi    ) * pos_w + (2*wj    );
-                            window_idx[k++] = (2*wi    ) * pos_w + (2*wj + 1);
-                            window_idx[k++] = (2*wi + 1) * pos_w + (2*wj    );
-                            window_idx[k++] = (2*wi + 1) * pos_w + (2*wj + 1);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    for (int i = 0; i < n_pos; i++) {
-                        inv_window_idx[window_idx[i]] = i;
-                    }
-                }
-                set_input_i32("vit_merger_window_idx",     window_idx);
-                set_input_i32("vit_merger_inv_window_idx", inv_window_idx);
-
-                // block-diagonal attention mask: tokens in the same 4-token
-                // window attend to each other (mask = 0), all other positions
-                // are masked out (-inf). matches the window-major reorder above.
-                std::vector<float> window_mask_data(n_pos * n_pos, std::numeric_limits<float>::lowest());
-                for (int wi = 0; wi < n_pos / 4; wi++) {
-                    for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-                        for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
-                            window_mask_data[(wi*4 + i) * n_pos + (wi*4 + j)] = 0.0f;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                set_input_f32("vit_merger_window_mask", window_mask_data);
-
-                // ViT merger 2x2 downsample indices
                 auto make_ds_idx = [](int off_r, int off_c, int ds_h, int ds_w, int stride_w) {
                     std::vector<int32_t> idx(ds_h * ds_w);
                     for (int i = 0; i < ds_h; i++) {
@@ -4036,22 +4010,58 @@ bool clip_image_batch_encode(clip_ctx * ctx, int n_threads, const clip_image_f32
                     }
                     return idx;
                 };
-                auto vit_merger_ds_0 = make_ds_idx(0, 0, half_h, half_w, pos_w);
-                auto vit_merger_ds_1 = make_ds_idx(0, 1, half_h, half_w, pos_w);
-                auto vit_merger_ds_2 = make_ds_idx(1, 0, half_h, half_w, pos_w);
-                auto vit_merger_ds_3 = make_ds_idx(1, 1, half_h, half_w, pos_w);
-                set_input_i32("vit_merger_ds_idx_0", vit_merger_ds_0);
-                set_input_i32("vit_merger_ds_idx_1", vit_merger_ds_1);
-                set_input_i32("vit_merger_ds_idx_2", vit_merger_ds_2);
-                set_input_i32("vit_merger_ds_idx_3", vit_merger_ds_3);
 
-                // final merger 2x2 downsample indices (operates on half_h x half_w grid)
-                const int qh = half_h / 2;
-                const int qw = half_w / 2;
-                auto m_ds_0 = make_ds_idx(0, 0, qh, qw, half_w);
-                auto m_ds_1 = make_ds_idx(0, 1, qh, qw, half_w);
-                auto m_ds_2 = make_ds_idx(1, 0, qh, qw, half_w);
-                auto m_ds_3 = make_ds_idx(1, 1, qh, qw, half_w);
+                if (!is_4x) {
+                    // window reorder indices for 2x2 windows
+                    std::vector<int32_t> window_idx(n_pos);
+                    std::vector<int32_t> inv_window_idx(n_pos);
+                    {
+                        int k = 0;
+                        for (int wi = 0; wi < half_h; wi++) {
+                            for (int wj = 0; wj < half_w; wj++) {
+                                window_idx[k++] = (2*wi    ) * pos_w + (2*wj    );
+                                window_idx[k++] = (2*wi    ) * pos_w + (2*wj + 1);
+                                window_idx[k++] = (2*wi + 1) * pos_w + (2*wj    );
+                                window_idx[k++] = (2*wi + 1) * pos_w + (2*wj + 1);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        for (int i = 0; i < n_pos; i++) {
+                            inv_window_idx[window_idx[i]] = i;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    set_input_i32("vit_merger_window_idx",     window_idx);
+                    set_input_i32("vit_merger_inv_window_idx", inv_window_idx);
+
+                    // block-diagonal attention mask: tokens in the same 4-token
+                    // window attend to each other (mask = 0), all other positions
+                    // are masked out (-inf). matches the window-major reorder above.
+                    std::vector<float> window_mask_data(n_pos * n_pos, std::numeric_limits<float>::lowest());
+                    for (int wi = 0; wi < n_pos / 4; wi++) {
+                        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+                            for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
+                                window_mask_data[(wi*4 + i) * n_pos + (wi*4 + j)] = 0.0f;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    set_input_f32("vit_merger_window_mask", window_mask_data);
+
+                    // ViT merger 2x2 downsample indices
+                    auto vit_merger_ds_0 = make_ds_idx(0, 0, half_h, half_w, pos_w);
+                    auto vit_merger_ds_1 = make_ds_idx(0, 1, half_h, half_w, pos_w);
+                    auto vit_merger_ds_2 = make_ds_idx(1, 0, half_h, half_w, pos_w);
+                    auto vit_merger_ds_3 = make_ds_idx(1, 1, half_h, half_w, pos_w);
+                    set_input_i32("vit_merger_ds_idx_0", vit_merger_ds_0);
+                    set_input_i32("vit_merger_ds_idx_1", vit_merger_ds_1);
+                    set_input_i32("vit_merger_ds_idx_2", vit_merger_ds_2);
+                    set_input_i32("vit_merger_ds_idx_3", vit_merger_ds_3);
+                }
+
+                const int merger_h = is_4x ? pos_h : half_h;
+                const int merger_w = is_4x ? pos_w : half_w;
+                auto m_ds_0 = make_ds_idx(0, 0, merger_h / 2, merger_w / 2, merger_w);
+                auto m_ds_1 = make_ds_idx(0, 1, merger_h / 2, merger_w / 2, merger_w);
+                auto m_ds_2 = make_ds_idx(1, 0, merger_h / 2, merger_w / 2, merger_w);
+                auto m_ds_3 = make_ds_idx(1, 1, merger_h / 2, merger_w / 2, merger_w);
                 set_input_i32("merger_ds_idx_0", m_ds_0);
                 set_input_i32("merger_ds_idx_1", m_ds_1);
                 set_input_i32("merger_ds_idx_2", m_ds_2);

tools/mtmd/models/minicpmv.cpp

@@ -114,14 +114,12 @@ ggml_cgraph * clip_graph_minicpmv::build() {
 }
 
 ggml_cgraph * clip_graph_minicpmv4_6::build() {
-    const int insert_lid = hparams.insert_layer_id;
-    const int n_pos      = n_patches;
-    const int half_h     = n_patches_y / 2;
-    const int half_w     = n_patches_x / 2;
-    const int n_ds       = half_h * half_w;     // after ViT merger 2x2 downsample
-    const int qh         = half_h / 2;
-    const int qw         = half_w / 2;
-    const int n_ds2      = qh * qw;             // after final merger 2x2 downsample
+    const bool is_4x = hparams.n_merge == 2;
+    const int n_pos  = n_patches;
+    const int half_h = n_patches_y / 2;
+    const int half_w = n_patches_x / 2;
+    const int n_ds   = half_h * half_w;
+    const int n_out  = is_4x ? n_ds : (half_h / 2) * (half_w / 2);
 
     auto add_i32_input = [&](const char * name, int n) {
         ggml_tensor * t = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_I32, n);
@@ -134,29 +132,39 @@ ggml_cgraph * clip_graph_minicpmv4_6::build() {
     ggml_tensor * positions = add_i32_input("positions", n_pos);
     ggml_tensor * learned_pos_embd = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, model.position_embeddings, positions);
 
-    // ViT merger window reorder indices + block-diagonal mask
-    // (mask layout follows qwen2vl: -inf except for 4x4 blocks on the diagonal,
-    // so each window-major group of 4 tokens only attends to itself)
-    ggml_tensor * vit_merger_window_idx     = add_i32_input("vit_merger_window_idx", n_pos);
-    ggml_tensor * vit_merger_inv_window_idx = add_i32_input("vit_merger_inv_window_idx", n_pos);
-    ggml_tensor * vit_merger_window_mask    = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_pos, n_pos);
-    ggml_set_name(vit_merger_window_mask, "vit_merger_window_mask");
-    ggml_set_input(vit_merger_window_mask);
-    if (flash_attn_type == CLIP_FLASH_ATTN_TYPE_ENABLED) {
-        vit_merger_window_mask = ggml_cast(ctx0, vit_merger_window_mask, GGML_TYPE_F16);
+    ggml_tensor * vit_merger_window_idx     = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * vit_merger_inv_window_idx = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * vit_merger_window_mask    = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * vit_merger_ds_idx_0       = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * vit_merger_ds_idx_1       = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * vit_merger_ds_idx_2       = nullptr;
+    ggml_tensor * vit_merger_ds_idx_3       = nullptr;
+
+    if (!is_4x) {
+        // ViT merger window reorder indices + block-diagonal mask
+        // (mask layout follows qwen2vl: -inf except for 4x4 blocks on the diagonal,
+        // so each window-major group of 4 tokens only attends to itself)
+        vit_merger_window_idx     = add_i32_input("vit_merger_window_idx", n_pos);
+        vit_merger_inv_window_idx = add_i32_input("vit_merger_inv_window_idx", n_pos);
+        vit_merger_window_mask    = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_pos, n_pos);
+        ggml_set_name(vit_merger_window_mask, "vit_merger_window_mask");
+        ggml_set_input(vit_merger_window_mask);
+        if (flash_attn_type == CLIP_FLASH_ATTN_TYPE_ENABLED) {
+            vit_merger_window_mask = ggml_cast(ctx0, vit_merger_window_mask, GGML_TYPE_F16);
+        }
+
+        // ViT merger 2x2 downsample gather indices
+        vit_merger_ds_idx_0 = add_i32_input("vit_merger_ds_idx_0", n_ds);
+        vit_merger_ds_idx_1 = add_i32_input("vit_merger_ds_idx_1", n_ds);
+        vit_merger_ds_idx_2 = add_i32_input("vit_merger_ds_idx_2", n_ds);
+        vit_merger_ds_idx_3 = add_i32_input("vit_merger_ds_idx_3", n_ds);
     }
 
-    // ViT merger 2x2 downsample gather indices
-    ggml_tensor * vit_merger_ds_idx_0 = add_i32_input("vit_merger_ds_idx_0", n_ds);
-    ggml_tensor * vit_merger_ds_idx_1 = add_i32_input("vit_merger_ds_idx_1", n_ds);
-    ggml_tensor * vit_merger_ds_idx_2 = add_i32_input("vit_merger_ds_idx_2", n_ds);
-    ggml_tensor * vit_merger_ds_idx_3 = add_i32_input("vit_merger_ds_idx_3", n_ds);
-
     // final merger 2x2 downsample gather indices
-    ggml_tensor * merger_ds_idx_0 = add_i32_input("merger_ds_idx_0", n_ds2);
-    ggml_tensor * merger_ds_idx_1 = add_i32_input("merger_ds_idx_1", n_ds2);
-    ggml_tensor * merger_ds_idx_2 = add_i32_input("merger_ds_idx_2", n_ds2);
-    ggml_tensor * merger_ds_idx_3 = add_i32_input("merger_ds_idx_3", n_ds2);
+    ggml_tensor * merger_ds_idx_0 = add_i32_input("merger_ds_idx_0", n_out);
+    ggml_tensor * merger_ds_idx_1 = add_i32_input("merger_ds_idx_1", n_out);
+    ggml_tensor * merger_ds_idx_2 = add_i32_input("merger_ds_idx_2", n_out);
+    ggml_tensor * merger_ds_idx_3 = add_i32_input("merger_ds_idx_3", n_out);
 
     // patch embedding + positional embedding
     ggml_tensor * inp = build_inp();
@@ -169,150 +177,10 @@ ggml_cgraph * clip_graph_minicpmv4_6::build() {
         cb(inpL, "pre_ln", -1);
     }
 
-    // ViT layers 0..insert_layer_id (inclusive)
-    // Mirrors the separate-qkv path of clip_graph::build_vit so the two manually
-    // unrolled segments around the ViT merger read like build_vit() expansions.
-    for (int il = 0; il <= insert_lid; il++) {
-        auto & layer = model.layers[il];
-        ggml_tensor * cur = inpL;
-
-        cur = build_norm(cur, layer.ln_1_w, layer.ln_1_b, NORM_TYPE_NORMAL, eps, il);
-        cb(cur, "layer_inp_normed", il);
-
-        {
-            ggml_tensor * Qcur = build_mm(layer.q_w, cur);
-            if (layer.q_b) {
-                Qcur = ggml_add(ctx0, Qcur, layer.q_b);
-            }
-            ggml_tensor * Kcur = build_mm(layer.k_w, cur);
-            if (layer.k_b) {
-                Kcur = ggml_add(ctx0, Kcur, layer.k_b);
-            }
-            ggml_tensor * Vcur = build_mm(layer.v_w, cur);
-            if (layer.v_b) {
-                Vcur = ggml_add(ctx0, Vcur, layer.v_b);
-            }
-
-            Qcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Qcur, d_head, n_head, n_pos);
-            Kcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Kcur, d_head, n_head, n_pos);
-            Vcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Vcur, d_head, n_head, n_pos);
-            cb(Qcur, "Qcur", il);
-            cb(Kcur, "Kcur", il);
-            cb(Vcur, "Vcur", il);
-
-            cur = build_attn(layer.o_w, layer.o_b, Qcur, Kcur, Vcur, nullptr, kq_scale, il);
-            cb(cur, "attn_out", il);
-        }
-
-        if (layer.ls_1_w) {
-            cur = ggml_mul(ctx0, cur, layer.ls_1_w);
-            cb(cur, "attn_out_scaled", il);
-        }
-        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, inpL);
-        inpL = cur;
-        cb(cur, "ffn_inp", il);
-
-        cur = build_norm(cur, layer.ln_2_w, layer.ln_2_b, NORM_TYPE_NORMAL, eps, il);
-        cb(cur, "ffn_inp_normed", il);
-
-        cur = build_ffn(cur, layer.ff_up_w, layer.ff_up_b, layer.ff_gate_w, layer.ff_gate_b,
-                        layer.ff_down_w, layer.ff_down_b, hparams.ffn_op, il);
-        cb(cur, "ffn_out", il);
-
-        if (layer.ls_2_w) {
-            cur = ggml_mul(ctx0, cur, layer.ls_2_w);
-            cb(cur, "ffn_out_scaled", il);
-        }
-        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, inpL, cur);
-        cb(cur, "layer_out", il);
-
-        inpL = cur;
-    }
-
-    // ViT merger: window self-attention
-    // Tokens are reordered to window-major (4 tokens per window are contiguous),
-    // and a block-diagonal mask restricts attention to within each window. This
-    // mirrors the qwen2vl windowed-attention pattern so build_attn() can pick the
-    // flash-attention path when available.
-    {
-        ggml_tensor * residual = inpL;
-        ggml_tensor * cur = build_norm(inpL,
-            model.vit_merger_ln1_w, model.vit_merger_ln1_b,
-            NORM_TYPE_NORMAL, eps, -1);
-        cb(cur, "vit_merger_attn_inp_normed", -1);
-
-        cur = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, cur, vit_merger_window_idx);
-        cb(cur, "vit_merger_window_reorder", -1);
-
-        ggml_tensor * Qcur = build_mm(model.vit_merger_attn_q_w, cur);
-        if (model.vit_merger_attn_q_b) {
-            Qcur = ggml_add(ctx0, Qcur, model.vit_merger_attn_q_b);
-        }
-        ggml_tensor * Kcur = build_mm(model.vit_merger_attn_k_w, cur);
-        if (model.vit_merger_attn_k_b) {
-            Kcur = ggml_add(ctx0, Kcur, model.vit_merger_attn_k_b);
-        }
-        ggml_tensor * Vcur = build_mm(model.vit_merger_attn_v_w, cur);
-        if (model.vit_merger_attn_v_b) {
-            Vcur = ggml_add(ctx0, Vcur, model.vit_merger_attn_v_b);
-        }
-
-        Qcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Qcur, d_head, n_head, n_pos);
-        Kcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Kcur, d_head, n_head, n_pos);
-        Vcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Vcur, d_head, n_head, n_pos);
-        cb(Qcur, "vit_merger_Qcur", -1);
-        cb(Kcur, "vit_merger_Kcur", -1);
-        cb(Vcur, "vit_merger_Vcur", -1);
-
-        cur = build_attn(model.vit_merger_attn_o_w, model.vit_merger_attn_o_b,
-                         Qcur, Kcur, Vcur, vit_merger_window_mask, kq_scale, -1);
-        cb(cur, "vit_merger_attn_out", -1);
-
-        cur = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, cur, vit_merger_inv_window_idx);
-        inpL = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, residual);
-        cb(inpL, "vit_merger_attn_residual", -1);
-    }
-
-    // ViT merger: 2x2 spatial downsample + MLP (4 tokens -> 1)
-    {
-        ggml_tensor * p0 = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, inpL, vit_merger_ds_idx_0);
-        ggml_tensor * p1 = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, inpL, vit_merger_ds_idx_1);
-        ggml_tensor * p2 = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, inpL, vit_merger_ds_idx_2);
-        ggml_tensor * p3 = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, inpL, vit_merger_ds_idx_3);
-
-        ggml_tensor * mean_res = ggml_add(ctx0, p0, p1);
-        mean_res = ggml_add(ctx0, mean_res, p2);
-        mean_res = ggml_add(ctx0, mean_res, p3);
-        mean_res = ggml_scale(ctx0, mean_res, 0.25f);
-        cb(mean_res, "vit_merger_ds_mean_res", -1);
-
-        ggml_tensor * cat = ggml_concat(ctx0, p0, p1, 0);
-        cat = ggml_concat(ctx0, cat, p2, 0);
-        cat = ggml_concat(ctx0, cat, p3, 0);
-
-        ggml_tensor * cur = build_norm(cat,
-            model.vit_merger_ds_ln_w, model.vit_merger_ds_ln_b,
-            NORM_TYPE_NORMAL, eps, -1);
-        cb(cur, "vit_merger_ds_normed", -1);
-
-        // ViTWindowAttentionMerger downsample MLP uses gelu_pytorch_tanh (FFN_GELU)
-        cur = build_ffn(cur,
-            model.vit_merger_ds_up_w,   model.vit_merger_ds_up_b,
-            nullptr, nullptr,
-            model.vit_merger_ds_down_w, model.vit_merger_ds_down_b,
-            FFN_GELU, -1);
-        cb(cur, "vit_merger_ds_mlp_out", -1);
-
-        inpL = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, mean_res);
-        cb(inpL, "vit_merger_ds_out", -1);
-    }
-
-    // ViT layers (insert_layer_id+1)..n_layer-1, operating on the downsampled tokens
-    {
-        const int64_t n_pos_ds = n_ds;
-        for (int il = insert_lid + 1; il < n_layer; il++) {
+    auto build_vit_layers = [&](ggml_tensor * input, int il_begin, int il_end, int64_t n_pos_layer) {
+        for (int il = il_begin; il < il_end; il++) {
             auto & layer = model.layers[il];
-            ggml_tensor * cur = inpL;
+            ggml_tensor * cur = input;
 
             cur = build_norm(cur, layer.ln_1_w, layer.ln_1_b, NORM_TYPE_NORMAL, eps, il);
             cb(cur, "layer_inp_normed", il);
@@ -331,9 +199,9 @@ ggml_cgraph * clip_graph_minicpmv4_6::build() {
                     Vcur = ggml_add(ctx0, Vcur, layer.v_b);
                 }
 
-                Qcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Qcur, d_head, n_head, n_pos_ds);
-                Kcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Kcur, d_head, n_head, n_pos_ds);
-                Vcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Vcur, d_head, n_head, n_pos_ds);
+                Qcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Qcur, d_head, n_head, n_pos_layer);
+                Kcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Kcur, d_head, n_head, n_pos_layer);
+                Vcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Vcur, d_head, n_head, n_pos_layer);
                 cb(Qcur, "Qcur", il);
                 cb(Kcur, "Kcur", il);
                 cb(Vcur, "Vcur", il);
@@ -346,8 +214,8 @@ ggml_cgraph * clip_graph_minicpmv4_6::build() {
                 cur = ggml_mul(ctx0, cur, layer.ls_1_w);
                 cb(cur, "attn_out_scaled", il);
             }
-            cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, inpL);
-            inpL = cur;
+            cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, input);
+            input = cur;
             cb(cur, "ffn_inp", il);
 
             cur = build_norm(cur, layer.ln_2_w, layer.ln_2_b, NORM_TYPE_NORMAL, eps, il);
@@ -361,11 +229,98 @@ ggml_cgraph * clip_graph_minicpmv4_6::build() {
                 cur = ggml_mul(ctx0, cur, layer.ls_2_w);
                 cb(cur, "ffn_out_scaled", il);
             }
-            cur = ggml_add(ctx0, inpL, cur);
-            cb(cur, "layer_out", il);
-
-            inpL = cur;
+            input = ggml_add(ctx0, input, cur);
+            cb(input, "layer_out", il);
         }
+        return input;
+    };
+
+    if (!is_4x) {
+        const int insert_lid = hparams.insert_layer_id;
+
+        inpL = build_vit_layers(inpL, 0, insert_lid + 1, n_pos);
+
+        // ViT merger: window self-attention
+        // Tokens are reordered to window-major (4 tokens per window are contiguous),
+        // and a block-diagonal mask restricts attention to within each window. This
+        // mirrors the qwen2vl windowed-attention pattern so build_attn() can pick the
+        // flash-attention path when available.
+        {
+            ggml_tensor * residual = inpL;
+            ggml_tensor * cur = build_norm(inpL,
+                model.vit_merger_ln1_w, model.vit_merger_ln1_b,
+                NORM_TYPE_NORMAL, eps, -1);
+            cb(cur, "vit_merger_attn_inp_normed", -1);
+
+            cur = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, cur, vit_merger_window_idx);
+            cb(cur, "vit_merger_window_reorder", -1);
+
+            ggml_tensor * Qcur = build_mm(model.vit_merger_attn_q_w, cur);
+            if (model.vit_merger_attn_q_b) {
+                Qcur = ggml_add(ctx0, Qcur, model.vit_merger_attn_q_b);
+            }
+            ggml_tensor * Kcur = build_mm(model.vit_merger_attn_k_w, cur);
+            if (model.vit_merger_attn_k_b) {
+                Kcur = ggml_add(ctx0, Kcur, model.vit_merger_attn_k_b);
+            }
+            ggml_tensor * Vcur = build_mm(model.vit_merger_attn_v_w, cur);
+            if (model.vit_merger_attn_v_b) {
+                Vcur = ggml_add(ctx0, Vcur, model.vit_merger_attn_v_b);
+            }
+
+            Qcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Qcur, d_head, n_head, n_pos);
+            Kcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Kcur, d_head, n_head, n_pos);
+            Vcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Vcur, d_head, n_head, n_pos);
+            cb(Qcur, "vit_merger_Qcur", -1);
+            cb(Kcur, "vit_merger_Kcur", -1);
+            cb(Vcur, "vit_merger_Vcur", -1);
+
+            cur = build_attn(model.vit_merger_attn_o_w, model.vit_merger_attn_o_b,
+                             Qcur, Kcur, Vcur, vit_merger_window_mask, kq_scale, -1);
+            cb(cur, "vit_merger_attn_out", -1);
+
+            cur = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, cur, vit_merger_inv_window_idx);
+            inpL = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, residual);
+            cb(inpL, "vit_merger_attn_residual", -1);
+        }
+
+        // ViT merger: 2x2 spatial downsample + MLP (4 tokens -> 1)
+        {
+            ggml_tensor * p0 = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, inpL, vit_merger_ds_idx_0);
+            ggml_tensor * p1 = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, inpL, vit_merger_ds_idx_1);
+            ggml_tensor * p2 = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, inpL, vit_merger_ds_idx_2);
+            ggml_tensor * p3 = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, inpL, vit_merger_ds_idx_3);
+
+            ggml_tensor * mean_res = ggml_add(ctx0, p0, p1);
+            mean_res = ggml_add(ctx0, mean_res, p2);
+            mean_res = ggml_add(ctx0, mean_res, p3);
+            mean_res = ggml_scale(ctx0, mean_res, 0.25f);
+            cb(mean_res, "vit_merger_ds_mean_res", -1);
+
+            ggml_tensor * cat = ggml_concat(ctx0, p0, p1, 0);
+            cat = ggml_concat(ctx0, cat, p2, 0);
+            cat = ggml_concat(ctx0, cat, p3, 0);
+
+            ggml_tensor * cur = build_norm(cat,
+                model.vit_merger_ds_ln_w, model.vit_merger_ds_ln_b,
+                NORM_TYPE_NORMAL, eps, -1);
+            cb(cur, "vit_merger_ds_normed", -1);
+
+            // ViTWindowAttentionMerger downsample MLP uses gelu_pytorch_tanh (FFN_GELU)
+            cur = build_ffn(cur,
+                model.vit_merger_ds_up_w,   model.vit_merger_ds_up_b,
+                nullptr, nullptr,
+                model.vit_merger_ds_down_w, model.vit_merger_ds_down_b,
+                FFN_GELU, -1);
+            cb(cur, "vit_merger_ds_mlp_out", -1);
+
+            inpL = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, mean_res);
+            cb(inpL, "vit_merger_ds_out", -1);
+        }
+
+        inpL = build_vit_layers(inpL, insert_lid + 1, n_layer, n_ds);
+    } else {
+        inpL = build_vit_layers(inpL, 0, n_layer, n_pos);
     }
 
     if (model.post_ln_w) {

tools/mtmd/mtmd-image.cpp

@@ -972,6 +972,26 @@ mtmd_image_preproc_out mtmd_image_preprocessor_longest_edge::preprocess(const cl
     return output;
 }
 
+//
+// mtmd_image_preprocessor_minicpmv
+//
+
+mtmd_image_preprocessor_llava_uhd::slice_instructions mtmd_image_preprocessor_minicpmv::get_slice_instructions(const clip_image_size & original_size) {
+    if (hparams.n_merge == 2) {
+        const int   slice_size = hparams.image_size;
+        const float ratio      = (float)original_size.width * original_size.height / (slice_size * slice_size);
+        if (ratio <= 1.0f) {
+            mtmd_image_preprocessor_llava_uhd::slice_instructions inst;
+            const int patch_size = hparams.patch_size * hparams.n_merge;
+            inst.overview_size = get_best_resize(original_size, slice_size, patch_size, true);
+            inst.refined_size  = clip_image_size{0, 0};
+            inst.grid_size     = clip_image_size{0, 0};
+            return inst;
+        }
+    }
+    return mtmd_image_preprocessor_llava_uhd::get_slice_instructions(original_size);
+}
+
 //
 // mtmd_image_preprocessor_lfm2
 //

tools/mtmd/mtmd-image.h

@@ -74,7 +74,6 @@ struct mtmd_image_preprocessor_llava_uhd : mtmd_image_preprocessor {
         std::vector<slice_coordinates> slices;
     };
 
-    // LFM2 override this function to implement its custom slicing logic
     virtual slice_instructions get_slice_instructions(const clip_image_size & original_size);
 
     struct slice_output {
@@ -83,9 +82,10 @@ struct mtmd_image_preprocessor_llava_uhd : mtmd_image_preprocessor {
     };
     slice_output slice_image(const clip_image_u8 & img, const slice_instructions & inst);
 
-private:
+protected:
     clip_image_size get_best_resize(const clip_image_size & original_size, int scale_resolution, int patch_size, bool allow_upscale = false);
 
+private:
     clip_image_size resize_maintain_aspect_ratio(const clip_image_size & orig, const clip_image_size & target_max);
 
     /**
@@ -129,6 +129,12 @@ struct mtmd_image_preprocessor_longest_edge : mtmd_image_preprocessor {
     mtmd_image_preproc_out preprocess(const clip_image_u8 & img) override;
 };
 
+// custom llava-uhd slicing logic for MiniCPM-V
+struct mtmd_image_preprocessor_minicpmv : mtmd_image_preprocessor_llava_uhd {
+    using mtmd_image_preprocessor_llava_uhd::mtmd_image_preprocessor_llava_uhd;
+    slice_instructions get_slice_instructions(const clip_image_size & original_size) override;
+};
+
 // custom llava-uhd slicing logic for LFM2
 // ref: https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/v5.1.0/src/transformers/models/lfm2_vl/image_processing_lfm2_vl_fast.py
 struct mtmd_image_preprocessor_lfm2 : mtmd_image_preprocessor_llava_uhd {

tools/mtmd/mtmd.cpp

@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ struct mtmd_context {
                     tok_row_end       = {lookup_token("\n")};
                     tok_row_end_trail = false; // no trailing end-of-row token
                     ov_img_first      = true;
-                    image_preproc     = std::make_unique<mtmd_image_preprocessor_llava_uhd>(ctx_v);
+                    image_preproc     = std::make_unique<mtmd_image_preprocessor_minicpmv>(ctx_v);
                 } break;
             case PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN2VL:
             case PROJECTOR_TYPE_QWEN25VL:

tools/parser/debug-template-parser.cpp

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "peg-parser.h"
 
 #include <fstream>
+#include <iterator>
 #include <numeric>
 #include <optional>
 #include <sstream>
@@ -398,7 +399,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         if (std::optional<common_chat_params> spec_tmpl =
                 common_chat_try_specialized_template(chat_template, template_source, params)) {
             LOG_ERR("\n");
-            LOG_ERR("This template uses a specialized parser, analysis results will not be available.");
+            LOG_ERR("This template uses a specialized parser, analysis results will not be available.\n");
             parser_data = *spec_tmpl;
         } else {
             // Render template scenarios if requested
@@ -426,7 +427,9 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
                 // Generate Parser
                 parser_data = autoparser::peg_generator::generate_parser(chat_template, params, analysis);
             }
+        }
 
+        if (!std::empty(parser_data.parser)) {
             LOG_ERR("\n=== Generated Parser ===\n");
             common_peg_arena arena;
             arena.load(parser_data.parser);

tools/server/README-dev.md

@@ -199,6 +199,9 @@ Invoke a tool call, request body is a JSON object with:
 - `tool` (string): the name of the tool
 - `params` (object): a mapping from argument name (string) to argument value
 
+Headers:
+- `x-tool-cwd`: optional; if set, use as the CWD for tool; this is not part of tool's params because it's meant to be set by the runtime, not the LLM itself
+
 Returns JSON object. There are two response formats (MCP tools use the same two formats: their result content is concatenated into `plain_text_response`, and RPC or tool errors are surfaced as the `error` string):
 
 Format 1: Plain text. The text will be placed into a field called `plain_text_response`, example:

tools/server/server-context.cpp

@@ -1807,7 +1807,8 @@ private:
         // initialize samplers
         if (task.need_sampling()) {
             try {
-                slot.smpl.reset(common_sampler_init(model_tgt, task.params.sampling));
+                slot.smpl.reset(common_sampler_init(
+                        model_tgt, task.params.sampling, (int32_t) llama_n_ctx(ctx_tgt)));
             } catch (std::exception & e) {
                 std::string err_msg = std::string("Failed to initialize samplers: ") + e.what();
                 send_error(task, err_msg, ERROR_TYPE_INVALID_REQUEST);

tools/server/server-tools.cpp

@@ -64,24 +64,27 @@ public:
 
 class tools_io_basic : public tools_io {
 public:
+    // cwd, if non-empty, is used to resolve relative paths and as the working directory for run()
+    explicit tools_io_basic(std::string cwd = "") : cwd(std::move(cwd)) {}
+
     bool is_directory(const std::string & path) const override {
         std::error_code ec;
-        return fs::is_directory(path, ec) && !ec;
+        return fs::is_directory(resolve(path), ec) && !ec;
     }
 
     bool is_regular_file(const std::string & path) const override {
         std::error_code ec;
-        return fs::is_regular_file(path, ec) && !ec;
+        return fs::is_regular_file(resolve(path), ec) && !ec;
     }
 
     bool file_size(const std::string & path, uintmax_t & out_size) const override {
         std::error_code ec;
-        out_size = fs::file_size(path, ec);
+        out_size = fs::file_size(resolve(path), ec);
         return !ec;
     }
 
     bool read_file(const std::string & path, std::string & out) const override {
-        std::ifstream f(path, std::ios::binary);
+        std::ifstream f(resolve(path), std::ios::binary);
         if (!f) return false;
         std::ostringstream ss;
         ss << f.rdbuf();
@@ -91,12 +94,12 @@ public:
 
     bool write_file(const std::string & path, const std::string & content) const override {
         std::error_code ec;
-        fs::path fpath(path);
+        fs::path fpath(resolve(path));
         if (fpath.has_parent_path()) {
             fs::create_directories(fpath.parent_path(), ec);
             if (ec) return false;
         }
-        std::ofstream f(path, std::ios::binary);
+        std::ofstream f(fpath, std::ios::binary);
         if (!f) return false;
         f << content;
         return (bool) f;
@@ -104,13 +107,14 @@ public:
 
     std::vector<std::string> list_files(const std::string & base, std::string & err) const override {
         err.clear();
+        std::string abs_base = resolve(base);
         if (!is_directory(base)) {
             err = "path does not exist or is not a directory: " + base;
             return {};
         }
 
         auto res = run(
-            {"git", "-C", base, "ls-files", "--cached", "--others", "--exclude-standard"},
+            {"git", "-C", abs_base, "ls-files", "--cached", "--others", "--exclude-standard"},
             SERVER_TOOL_GIT_LS_FILES_MAX_OUTPUT, SERVER_TOOL_GIT_LS_FILES_TIMEOUT);
 
         if (res.exit_code == 0 && !res.timed_out) {
@@ -128,7 +132,7 @@ public:
             return result;
         }
 
-        return list_files_fallback(base);
+        return list_files_fallback(abs_base);
     }
 
     exec_result run(
@@ -145,7 +149,7 @@ public:
                     | subprocess_option_inherit_environment
                     | subprocess_option_search_user_path;
 
-        if (!proc.create(args, options)) {
+        if (!proc.create(args, options, {}, cwd.empty() ? nullptr : cwd.c_str())) {
             res.output = "failed to spawn process";
             return res;
         }
@@ -205,6 +209,16 @@ public:
     }
 
 private:
+    std::string cwd;
+
+    // resolves `path` against `cwd` if `path` is relative and `cwd` is set; otherwise returns `path` unchanged
+    std::string resolve(const std::string & path) const {
+        if (cwd.empty() || fs::path(path).is_absolute()) {
+            return path;
+        }
+        return (fs::path(cwd) / path).string();
+    }
+
     static const std::unordered_set<std::string> & junk_dir_names() {
         static const std::unordered_set<std::string> names = {
             ".git", ".svn", ".hg", "node_modules", "__pycache__",
@@ -244,8 +258,8 @@ private:
 };
 
 static std::unique_ptr<tools_io> make_tools_io(const json & params) {
-    GGML_UNUSED(params); // TODO in follow-up PR
-    return std::make_unique<tools_io_basic>();
+    std::string cwd = json_value(params, "cwd", std::string());
+    return std::make_unique<tools_io_basic>(cwd);
 }
 
 // no '/' in pattern -> match basename at any depth; else match full relative path
@@ -1188,6 +1202,22 @@ static std::vector<std::unique_ptr<server_tool>> build_tools() {
     return tools;
 }
 
+static std::string str_to_lower(const std::string & value) {
+    std::string lowered(value.size(), '\0');
+    std::transform(value.begin(), value.end(), lowered.begin(), [](unsigned char c) { return std::tolower(c); });
+    return lowered;
+}
+
+static std::string get_header(const std::map<std::string, std::string> & headers, const std::string & key, std::string default_value = "") {
+    const auto lowered_key = str_to_lower(key);
+    for (const auto & h : headers) {
+        if (str_to_lower(h.first) == lowered_key) {
+            return h.second;
+        }
+    }
+    return default_value;
+}
+
 void server_tools::setup(const std::vector<std::string> & enabled_tools,
                          server_mcp & mcp_mgr) {
     if (!enabled_tools.empty()) {
@@ -1271,6 +1301,12 @@ void server_tools::setup(const std::vector<std::string> & enabled_tools,
             json params = body.value("params", json::object());
             bool stream = body.value("stream", false);
 
+            // accept x-tool-cwd header to override of the process
+            auto cwd = get_header(req.headers, "x-tool-cwd");
+            if (!cwd.empty()) {
+                params["cwd"] = cwd;
+            }
+
             server_tool & tool = find_tool(tools, tool_name, stream);
 
             if (stream) {

tools/server/server.cpp

@@ -486,6 +486,13 @@ int llama_server(common_params & params, int argc, char ** argv) {
 
     SRV_INF("listening on %s\n", ctx_http.listening_address.c_str());
 
+    // TODO: remove this in the future
+    // check the string to also handle the .sock case
+    if (string_ends_with(ctx_http.listening_address, ":8080")) {
+        SRV_WRN("%s", "NOTICE: server default port will be changed to :9931 in a future release\n");
+        SRV_WRN("%s", "        ref: https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/26508\n");
+    }
+
     if (is_router_server) {
         if (!params.models_preset_hf.empty()) {
             SRV_WRN(      "NOTE: using preset.ini from HF repo '%s'\n", params.models_preset_hf.c_str());

tools/server/tests/unit/test_tools_builtin.py

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ def create_server():
     server.server_tools = "all"
 
 
-def call_tool(name: str, params: dict) -> dict:
-    res = server.make_request("POST", "/tools", data={"tool": name, "params": params})
+def call_tool(name: str, params: dict, headers: dict | None = None) -> dict:
+    res = server.make_request("POST", "/tools", data={"tool": name, "params": params}, headers=headers)
     assert res.status_code == 200, res.body
     assert "error" not in res.body, res.body
     return res.body
@@ -123,6 +123,29 @@ def test_tools_builtin_exec_shell_command_stream():
     assert "[exit code: 0]" in chunks
 
 
+def test_tools_builtin_cwd_header():
+    global server
+    server.start()
+
+    cwd_dir = os.path.join(PROJECT_ROOT, "tools", "server", "tests", "unit")
+    headers = {"x-tool-cwd": cwd_dir}
+
+    res = call_tool("read_file", {"path": "test_tools_builtin.py"}, headers=headers)
+    assert GREP_MARKER in res["plain_text_response"]
+
+    # exec_shell_command should also run with that directory as its working directory:
+    # writing to a relative filename must land inside cwd_dir
+    marker_name = "llama_cpp_test_tools_builtin_cwd_marker.txt"
+    marker_path = os.path.join(cwd_dir, marker_name)
+    try:
+        command = f"echo hello > {marker_name}"
+        call_tool("exec_shell_command", {"command": command}, headers=headers)
+        assert os.path.exists(marker_path)
+    finally:
+        if os.path.exists(marker_path):
+            os.remove(marker_path)
+
+
 def test_tools_builtin_edit_file_rejects_overlapping_edits():
     global server
     server.start()

tools/ui/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -61,12 +61,30 @@ if(CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING)
     # phony target to tie it into the dependency graph
     add_custom_target(llama-ui-embed DEPENDS "${LLAMA_UI_EMBED_EXE}")
 else()
+    # exclude llama-ui-embed from sanitizer flags,
+    # it's a build-time-only tool, no need to instrument it
+    # this is to fix TSan "memory layout is incompatible" error on CI
+    get_directory_property(_llama_ui_dir_co COMPILE_OPTIONS)
+    get_directory_property(_llama_ui_dir_ll LINK_LIBRARIES)
+    set(_llama_ui_embed_co ${_llama_ui_dir_co})
+    set(_llama_ui_embed_ll ${_llama_ui_dir_ll})
+    list(FILTER _llama_ui_embed_co EXCLUDE REGEX ".*-fsanitize=.*")
+    list(FILTER _llama_ui_embed_ll EXCLUDE REGEX ".*-fsanitize=.*")
+    set_directory_properties(PROPERTIES
+        COMPILE_OPTIONS "${_llama_ui_embed_co}"
+        LINK_LIBRARIES  "${_llama_ui_embed_ll}")
+
     add_executable(llama-ui-embed embed.cpp)
     target_compile_features(llama-ui-embed PRIVATE cxx_std_17)
     set_target_properties(llama-ui-embed PROPERTIES
         RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}"
     )
     set(LLAMA_UI_EMBED_EXE "$<TARGET_FILE:llama-ui-embed>")
+
+    # restore so the llama-ui library below keeps sanitizer instrumentation
+    set_directory_properties(PROPERTIES
+        COMPILE_OPTIONS "${_llama_ui_dir_co}"
+        LINK_LIBRARIES  "${_llama_ui_dir_ll}")
 endif()
 
 # Run the provisioning script every build so source changes in tools/ui/ are