fix(core): make web search limits non-fatal and report real errors

Oversized provider responses failed the whole search: WebSearchMcp.call rejected bodies over 256 KB, and a single 424 KB Firecrawl result was enough. The tool then replaced the cause with a generic message. All providers now read at most 1 MiB, parse a cut-off body as partial JSON, and keep the results that arrived complete. WebSearch.query caps each result's content at 4,000 characters so one page cannot crowd out the rest of the bounded tool output. Web search errors now carry readable messages, including the provider's own explanation for non-2xx responses, MCP isError results, and JSON-RPC errors, which previously surfaced as no results.
fix(tui): load history until the oldest group is complete (#50930 )
2026-09-23 17:17:43 +00:00 · 2026-09-23 11:44:55 -05:00 · 2026-09-23 11:58:44 -04:00 · 2026-09-23 15:48:10 +00:00 · 2026-09-23 21:15:50 +05:30 · 2026-09-23 11:33:19 -04:00
995 changed files with 38530 additions and 10430 deletions
@@ -53,8 +53,6 @@ runs:
      with:
        path: ${{ steps.cache.outputs.dir }}
        key: ${{ runner.os }}-bun-${{ hashFiles('**/bun.lock') }}
-        restore-keys: |
-          ${{ runner.os }}-bun-

    - name: Install setuptools for distutils compatibility
      run: python3 -m pip install setuptools || pip install setuptools || true
@@ -66,9 +64,9 @@ runs:
        # e.g. ./patches/ for standard-openapi
        # https://github.com/oven-sh/bun/issues/28147
        if [ "$RUNNER_OS" = "Windows" ]; then
-          bun install --linker hoisted ${{ inputs.install-flags }}
+          bun install --frozen-lockfile --linker hoisted ${{ inputs.install-flags }}
        else
-          bun install ${{ inputs.install-flags }}
+          bun install --frozen-lockfile ${{ inputs.install-flags }}
        fi
      shell: bash

@@ -112,11 +112,12 @@ jobs:
      - name: Run unit tests
        timeout-minutes: 20
        run: |
+          # The runners have four vCPUs, and each Bun test process performs its own concurrent work.
          if [ "${{ github.event_name }}" = "workflow_dispatch" ]; then
-            GITHUB_ACTIONS=false bun turbo test
+            GITHUB_ACTIONS=false bun turbo test --concurrency=3
            exit 0
          fi
-          GITHUB_ACTIONS=false bun turbo test --affected
+          GITHUB_ACTIONS=false bun turbo test --affected --concurrency=3
        env:
          OPENCODE_EXPERIMENTAL_DISABLE_FILEWATCHER: ${{ runner.os == 'Windows' && 'true' || 'false' }}
          TURBO_SCM_BASE: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && format('{0}^1', github.sha) || github.event.before }}
@@ -184,6 +184,7 @@ const table = sqliteTable("session", {
 - Keep `SessionRunner`, model resolution, tool registry, permissions, and filesystem Location-scoped. Omitted `Location.workspaceID` means implicit-local placement; explicit workspace identity remains reserved for future placement semantics.
 - Preserve one explicit `llm.stream(request)` call per Physical Attempt and reload projected history before durable continuation. A logical Step may use generic pre-output retries, one full-context retry after continuation rejection, incomplete-stream continuation, or one overflow-compaction rebuild. Generic retries retain the logical step number and do not consume another agent-step allowance. Do not delegate orchestration to an in-memory tool loop.
 - Keep local Session drains process-local until clustering is implemented. `SessionRunCoordinator` joins explicit same-Session resumes, coalesces prompt wakeups, and allows different Sessions to run concurrently. A write-ahead execution claim marks a process-local busy period for restart recovery: terminal completion, failure, or user interruption releases it, while shutdown interruption and process death preserve it. Startup recovery resumes claimed top-level Sessions with durable per-execution attempt accounting. The claim is a recovery marker, not clustered ownership, fencing, or an exactly-once guarantee.
+- Keep native compaction mechanisms out of `SessionCompaction`. Plugins register `native` strategies through the `SessionCompaction` editor that turn a prepared request into a replacement window (the built-in `NativeCompactionPlugin` handles `@opencode/ai` compaction operations); later registrations win. Core owns the provider-mode decision, route provenance, the retry policy, overflow recovery, interruption, usage accounting, and checkpoint persistence.
 - Keep delivery vocabulary explicit. Prompts steer by default. At safe step boundaries, steered compaction takes priority up to the first steered move control; other steers retain enqueue order. At an idle boundary, steers take priority; otherwise exactly one queued item delivers before the runner reevaluates continuation. Inbox items may be cancelled or changed between queue and steer before delivery. Promoting new user input resets the selected agent's step allowance; a batch of steers resets it once.
 - One step is one logical LLM call; its durable record covers only the model-visible span. Do not write "provider turn", and do not use bare "turn" for a single call: "turn" is reserved for the future assistant-turn unit containing all steps from prompt promotion until the session would go idle.
 - Keep event replay ownership separate from clustered Session execution ownership.
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
    },
    "packages/ai": {
      "name": "@opencode/ai",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@aws-sdk/credential-providers": "3.1057.0",
        "@opencode/schema": "workspace:*",
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
    },
    "packages/app": {
      "name": "@opencode/app",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@corvu/drawer": "catalog:",
        "@dnd-kit/abstract": "0.5.0",
@@ -87,12 +87,12 @@
        "effect": "catalog:",
        "fuzzysort": "catalog:",
        "ghostty-web": "github:anomalyco/ghostty-web#83c0a07b8628b748aed073b232cb4b52a6ca11c1",
-        "luxon": "catalog:",
        "qr-scanner": "1.4.2",
        "remeda": "catalog:",
        "solid-js": "catalog:",
        "solid-presence": "0.2.0",
        "tailwindcss": "4.3.3",
+        "uqr": "0.1.3",
      },
      "devDependencies": {
        "@happy-dom/global-registrator": "20.0.11",
@@ -100,7 +100,6 @@
        "@sentry/vite-plugin": "catalog:",
        "@tailwindcss/vite": "4.3.3",
        "@types/bun": "catalog:",
-        "@types/luxon": "catalog:",
        "@types/node": "catalog:",
        "@typescript/native-preview": "catalog:",
        "diff": "catalog:",
@@ -113,8 +112,9 @@
    },
    "packages/cli": {
      "name": "@opencode/cli",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "bin": {
+        "opencode": "./bin/opencode.cjs",
        "opencode2": "./bin/opencode2.cjs",
      },
      "dependencies": {
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
    },
    "packages/client": {
      "name": "@opencode/client",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@opencode/protocol": "workspace:*",
        "@opencode/schema": "workspace:*",
@@ -203,11 +203,10 @@
    },
    "packages/codemode": {
      "name": "@opencode/codemode",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "acorn": "8.15.0",
        "effect": "catalog:",
-        "typescript": "catalog:",
      },
      "devDependencies": {
        "@tsconfig/bun": "catalog:",
@@ -217,7 +216,7 @@
    },
    "packages/console/app": {
      "name": "@opencode/console-app",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@cloudflare/vite-plugin": "1.15.2",
        "@ibm/plex": "6.4.1",
@@ -253,7 +252,7 @@
    },
    "packages/console/core": {
      "name": "@opencode/console-core",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@aws-sdk/client-sts": "3.782.0",
        "@jsx-email/render": "1.1.1",
@@ -280,7 +279,7 @@
    },
    "packages/console/function": {
      "name": "@opencode/console-function",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@openauthjs/openauth": "0.0.0-20250322224806",
        "@opencode/console-core": "workspace:*",
@@ -297,7 +296,7 @@
    },
    "packages/console/mail": {
      "name": "@opencode/console-mail",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@jsx-email/all": "2.2.3",
        "@jsx-email/cli": "1.4.3",
@@ -321,7 +320,7 @@
    },
    "packages/console/support": {
      "name": "@opencode/console-support",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@cloudflare/vite-plugin": "1.15.2",
        "@opencode/console-core": "workspace:*",
@@ -341,7 +340,7 @@
    },
    "packages/core": {
      "name": "@opencode/core",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@ai-sdk/cohere": "3.0.27",
        "@ai-sdk/gateway": "3.0.104",
@@ -369,7 +368,7 @@
        "drizzle-orm": "catalog:",
        "effect": "catalog:",
        "fuzzysort": "3.1.0",
-        "gitlab-ai-provider": "6.12.1",
+        "gitlab-ai-provider": "6.16.0",
        "google-auth-library": "10.5.0",
        "gray-matter": "4.0.3",
        "htmlparser2": "8.0.2",
@@ -409,14 +408,12 @@
    },
    "packages/desktop": {
      "name": "@opencode/desktop",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@zip.js/zip.js": "2.7.62",
-        "electron-context-menu": "4.1.2",
+        "electron-context-menu": "5.0.0",
        "electron-log": "^5",
-        "electron-store": "11.0.2",
        "electron-updater": "6.8.9",
-        "electron-window-state": "^5.0.3",
        "lighthouse": "13.4.1",
      },
      "devDependencies": {
@@ -441,7 +438,7 @@
        "drizzle-kit": "catalog:",
        "drizzle-orm": "catalog:",
        "effect": "catalog:",
-        "electron": "42.10.1",
+        "electron": "44.4.3",
        "electron-builder": "26.15.7",
        "electron-vite": "6.0.0-beta.1",
        "puppeteer-core": "25.9.0",
@@ -456,12 +453,11 @@
        "@lydell/node-pty-linux-x64": "1.2.0-beta.12",
        "@lydell/node-pty-win32-arm64": "1.2.0-beta.12",
        "@lydell/node-pty-win32-x64": "1.2.0-beta.12",
-        "msgpackr-extract": "3.0.4",
      },
    },
    "packages/enterprise": {
      "name": "@opencode/enterprise",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@hono/standard-validator": "catalog:",
        "@opencode-ai/sdk": "1.18.21",
@@ -498,7 +494,7 @@
    },
    "packages/function": {
      "name": "@opencode/function",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@octokit/auth-app": "8.0.1",
        "@octokit/rest": "catalog:",
@@ -514,7 +510,7 @@
    },
    "packages/http-recorder": {
      "name": "@opencode/http-recorder",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@effect/platform-node-shared": "4.0.0-rc.112",
      },
@@ -533,7 +529,7 @@
    },
    "packages/httpapi-codegen": {
      "name": "@opencode/httpapi-codegen",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "effect": "catalog:",
        "prettier": "3.6.2",
@@ -546,7 +542,7 @@
    },
    "packages/latex": {
      "name": "@opencode/latex",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@opencode/plugin": "workspace:*",
        "@opentui/core": "catalog:",
@@ -560,7 +556,7 @@
    },
    "packages/merman": {
      "name": "@opencode/merman",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@opencode/plugin": "workspace:*",
        "@opentui/core": "catalog:",
@@ -575,7 +571,7 @@
    },
    "packages/plugin": {
      "name": "@opencode/plugin",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@ai-sdk/provider": "3.0.8",
        "@opencode/ai": "workspace:*",
@@ -614,7 +610,7 @@
    },
    "packages/plugin-browser": {
      "name": "@opencode/plugin-browser",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@opencode/plugin": "workspace:*",
        "@opencode/schema": "workspace:*",
@@ -644,7 +640,7 @@
    },
    "packages/protocol": {
      "name": "@opencode/protocol",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@opencode/schema": "workspace:*",
        "effect": "catalog:",
@@ -659,7 +655,7 @@
    },
    "packages/schema": {
      "name": "@opencode/schema",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@standard-schema/spec": "catalog:",
        "effect": "catalog:",
@@ -683,7 +679,7 @@
    },
    "packages/sdk": {
      "name": "@opencode/sdk",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@opencode/client": "workspace:*",
        "@opencode/core": "workspace:*",
@@ -704,7 +700,7 @@
    },
    "packages/server": {
      "name": "@opencode/server",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@effect/platform-node": "catalog:",
        "@effect/platform-node-shared": "catalog:",
@@ -726,7 +722,7 @@
    },
    "packages/session-ui": {
      "name": "@opencode/session-ui",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@kobalte/core": "catalog:",
        "@opencode/client": "workspace:*",
@@ -761,7 +757,7 @@
    },
    "packages/simulation": {
      "name": "@opencode/simulation",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@opencode/ai": "workspace:*",
        "@opencode/core": "workspace:*",
@@ -781,7 +777,7 @@
    },
    "packages/stats/app": {
      "name": "@opencode/stats-app",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@ibm/plex": "6.4.1",
        "@kobalte/core": "catalog:",
@@ -815,7 +811,7 @@
    },
    "packages/stats/core": {
      "name": "@opencode/stats-core",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@aws-sdk/client-athena": "3.933.0",
        "@planetscale/database": "1.19.0",
@@ -834,7 +830,7 @@
    },
    "packages/stats/server": {
      "name": "@opencode/stats-server",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@aws-sdk/client-firehose": "3.933.0",
        "@effect/platform-node": "catalog:",
@@ -880,7 +876,7 @@
    },
    "packages/theme": {
      "name": "@opencode/theme",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@opentui/core": "catalog:",
        "effect": "catalog:",
@@ -894,7 +890,7 @@
    },
    "packages/tui": {
      "name": "@opencode/tui",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@opencode/client": "workspace:*",
        "@opencode/core": "workspace:*",
@@ -929,7 +925,7 @@
    },
    "packages/ui": {
      "name": "@opencode/ui",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@kobalte/core": "catalog:",
        "@pierre/diffs": "catalog:",
@@ -964,7 +960,7 @@
    },
    "packages/util": {
      "name": "@opencode/util",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@effect/opentelemetry": "catalog:",
        "@effect/platform-node": "catalog:",
@@ -972,10 +968,14 @@
        "@npmcli/arborist": "catalog:",
        "@npmcli/config": "10.8.1",
        "@opentelemetry/api": "1.9.0",
-        "@opentelemetry/context-async-hooks": "2.6.1",
-        "@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http": "0.214.0",
-        "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": "2.6.1",
-        "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node": "2.6.1",
+        "@opentelemetry/api-logs": "0.219.0",
+        "@opentelemetry/context-async-hooks": "2.8.0",
+        "@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http": "0.219.0",
+        "@opentelemetry/resources": "2.8.0",
+        "@opentelemetry/sdk-logs": "0.219.0",
+        "@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics": "2.8.0",
+        "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": "2.8.0",
+        "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node": "2.8.0",
        "cross-spawn": "catalog:",
        "effect": "catalog:",
        "glob": "13.0.5",
@@ -997,7 +997,7 @@
    },
    "packages/web": {
      "name": "@opencode/web",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "@astrojs/cloudflare": "12.6.3",
        "@astrojs/markdown-remark": "6.3.1",
@@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@
    },
    "services/update": {
      "name": "@opencode/update",
-      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "version": "2.0.15",
      "dependencies": {
        "jose": "6.0.11",
        "semver": "catalog:",
@@ -1073,13 +1073,13 @@
  "trustedDependencies": [
    "electron",
    "esbuild",
-    "protobufjs",
  ],
  "patchedDependencies": {
    "@pierre/trees@1.0.0-beta.4": "patches/@pierre%2Ftrees@1.0.0-beta.4.patch",
    "@tanstack/virtual-core@3.17.8": "patches/@tanstack%2Fvirtual-core@3.17.8.patch",
    "ghostty-web@github:anomalyco/ghostty-web#83c0a07": "patches/ghostty-web@0.3.0.patch",
    "@modelcontextprotocol/client@2.0.0": "patches/@modelcontextprotocol%2Fclient@2.0.0.patch",
+    "pacote@21.5.1": "patches/pacote@21.5.1.patch",
    "@standard-community/standard-openapi@0.2.9": "patches/@standard-community%2Fstandard-openapi@0.2.9.patch",
    "@npmcli/agent@4.0.2": "patches/@npmcli%2Fagent@4.0.2.patch",
    "@silvia-odwyer/photon-node@0.3.4": "patches/@silvia-odwyer%2Fphoton-node@0.3.4.patch",
@@ -2224,31 +2224,31 @@

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@@ -4474,7 +4444,7 @@

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@@ -5066,8 +5034,6 @@

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@@ -5492,8 +5458,6 @@

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@@ -5618,8 +5582,6 @@

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@@ -6268,6 +6230,8 @@

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+    "@opentelemetry/api-logs/@opentelemetry/api": ["@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1", "", {}, "sha512-gLyJlPHPZYdAk1JENA9LeHejZe1Ti77/pTeFm/nMXmQH/HFZlcS/O2XJB+L8fkbrNSqhdtlvjBVjxwUYanNH5Q=="],
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@@ -6446,10 +6410,6 @@

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@@ -6490,8 +6450,6 @@

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@@ -6522,8 +6480,6 @@

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@@ -6926,18 +6882,12 @@

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-    "@electron/windows-sign/fs-extra/jsonfile": ["jsonfile@6.2.1", "", { "dependencies": { "universalify": "^2.0.0" }, "optionalDependencies": { "graceful-fs": "^4.1.6" } }, "sha512-zwOTdL3rFQ/lRdBnntKVOX6k5cKJwEc1HdilT71BWEu7J41gXIB2MRp+vxduPSwZJPWBxEzv4yH1wYLJGUHX4Q=="],
-
    "@expressive-code/plugin-shiki/shiki/@shikijs/core": ["@shikijs/core@3.23.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@shikijs/types": "3.23.0", "@shikijs/vscode-textmate": "^10.0.2", "@types/hast": "^3.0.4", "hast-util-to-html": "^9.0.5" } }, "sha512-NSWQz0riNb67xthdm5br6lAkvpDJRTgB36fxlo37ZzM2yq0PQFFzbd8psqC2XMPgCzo1fW6cVi18+ArJ44wqgA=="],

    "@expressive-code/plugin-shiki/shiki/@shikijs/engine-javascript": ["@shikijs/engine-javascript@3.23.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@shikijs/types": "3.23.0", "@shikijs/vscode-textmate": "^10.0.2", "oniguruma-to-es": "^4.3.4" } }, "sha512-aHt9eiGFobmWR5uqJUViySI1bHMqrAgamWE1TYSUoftkAeCCAiGawPMwM+VCadylQtF4V3VNOZ5LmfItH5f3yA=="],
@@ -7014,8 +6964,6 @@

    "@jsx-email/doiuse-email/htmlparser2/entities": ["entities@4.5.0", "", {}, "sha512-V0hjH4dGPh9Ao5p0MoRY6BVqtwCjhz6vI5LT8AJ55H+4g9/4vbHx1I54fS0XuclLhDHArPQCiMjDxjaL8fPxhw=="],

-    "@malept/flatpak-bundler/fs-extra/jsonfile": ["jsonfile@6.2.1", "", { "dependencies": { "universalify": "^2.0.0" }, "optionalDependencies": { "graceful-fs": "^4.1.6" } }, "sha512-zwOTdL3rFQ/lRdBnntKVOX6k5cKJwEc1HdilT71BWEu7J41gXIB2MRp+vxduPSwZJPWBxEzv4yH1wYLJGUHX4Q=="],
-
    "@octokit/auth-app/@octokit/request/@octokit/endpoint": ["@octokit/endpoint@11.0.4", "", { "dependencies": { "@octokit/types": "^17.0.0", "universal-user-agent": "^7.0.2" } }, "sha512-f1cOWoHPmxryJFknxbtDdjODWfV8A9tc8Aae6ermXPNgHFZ/x91AtHIz4gicEjL8hkJiip+u21QHJORfBv/qiA=="],

    "@octokit/auth-app/@octokit/request/@octokit/types": ["@octokit/types@17.0.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@octokit/openapi-types": "^28.0.0" } }, "sha512-ByP1v7YL5SMveFPP7+sj0/ZuWCOOg/Chs4NafOMpq6WNIM/hdGY0S7C0TCGDBWu1aGmOxmUIhMx3cO+IdwYZ1Q=="],
@@ -7394,8 +7342,6 @@

    "cliui/strip-ansi/ansi-regex": ["ansi-regex@5.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-quJQXlTSUGL2LH9SUXo8VwsY4soanhgo6LNSm84E1LBcE8s3O0wpdiRzyR9z/ZZJMlMWv37qOOb9pdJlMUEKFQ=="],

-    "conf/dot-prop/type-fest": ["type-fest@5.8.0", "", { "dependencies": { "tagged-tag": "^1.0.0" } }, "sha512-YGYEVz3Fm5iy/AybuA0oyNFq7H4CgQNfRp/qfe8nurE1kuCeNm3/vfm9X4Mtl+qLyaKJUh5xrFZwogr41SMjYA=="],
-
    "cross-spawn/which/isexe": ["isexe@2.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-RHxMLp9lnKHGHRng9QFhRCMbYAcVpn69smSGcq3f36xjgVVWThj4qqLbTLlq7Ssj8B+fIQ1EuCEGI2lKsyQeIw=="],

    "csso/css-tree/mdn-data": ["mdn-data@2.0.28", "", {}, "sha512-aylIc7Z9y4yzHYAJNuESG3hfhC+0Ibp/MAMiaOZgNv4pmEdFyfZhhhny4MNiAfWdBQ1RQ2mfDWmM1x8SvGyp8g=="],
@@ -7420,6 +7366,8 @@

    "electron-updater/js-yaml/argparse": ["argparse@2.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-8+9WqebbFzpX9OR+Wa6O29asIogeRMzcGtAINdpMHHyAg10f05aSFVBbcEqGf/PXw1EjAZ+q2/bEBg3DvurK3Q=="],

+    "electron-winstaller/fs-extra/jsonfile": ["jsonfile@4.0.0", "", { "optionalDependencies": { "graceful-fs": "^4.1.6" } }, "sha512-m6F1R3z8jjlf2imQHS2Qez5sjKWQzbuuhuJ/FKYFRZvPE3PuHcSMVZzfsLhGVOkfd20obL5SWEBew5ShlquNxg=="],
+
    "electron-winstaller/fs-extra/universalify": ["universalify@0.1.2", "", {}, "sha512-rBJeI5CXAlmy1pV+617WB9J63U6XcazHHF2f2dbJix4XzpUF0RS3Zbj0FGIOCAva5P/d/GBOYaACQ1w+0azUkg=="],

    "electron/@electron/get/env-paths": ["env-paths@3.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-dtJUTepzMW3Lm/NPxRf3wP4642UWhjL2sQxc+ym2YMj1m/H2zDNQOlezafzkHwn6sMstjHTwG6iQQsctDW/b1A=="],
@@ -7568,8 +7516,6 @@

    "tw-to-css/tailwindcss/postcss": ["postcss@8.5.26", "", { "dependencies": { "nanoid": "^3.3.17", "picocolors": "^1.1.1", "source-map-js": "^1.2.1" } }, "sha512-u82N74LFzG8ca+dD8puPnplTXoGH4fTPpVGuIbt36G3qvNlkvfD0lEAZSxaly3KX8TS/L1A1gsCEmvKmBcVbkQ=="],

-    "unzipper/fs-extra/jsonfile": ["jsonfile@6.2.1", "", { "dependencies": { "universalify": "^2.0.0" }, "optionalDependencies": { "graceful-fs": "^4.1.6" } }, "sha512-zwOTdL3rFQ/lRdBnntKVOX6k5cKJwEc1HdilT71BWEu7J41gXIB2MRp+vxduPSwZJPWBxEzv4yH1wYLJGUHX4Q=="],
-
    "venice-ai-sdk-provider/@ai-sdk/openai-compatible/@ai-sdk/provider": ["@ai-sdk/provider@3.0.15", "", { "dependencies": { "json-schema": "^0.4.0" } }, "sha512-XeZW1CcDF2GMbH4wejW6xBRI2QCOgnkVYUnxoeDadB1mf85riL2bMUeDoh+6gJ/r4mjNfzUPW8OjLjvwTP0u1Q=="],

    "venice-ai-sdk-provider/@ai-sdk/openai-compatible/@ai-sdk/provider-utils": ["@ai-sdk/provider-utils@4.0.46", "", { "dependencies": { "@ai-sdk/provider": "3.0.15", "@standard-schema/spec": "^1.1.0", "eventsource-parser": "^3.0.8", "undici": "^6.28.0" }, "peerDependencies": { "zod": "^3.25.76 || ^4.1.8" } }, "sha512-tEtld97plCFiYevsJuOkGkeuhQndeMWFBVrJS4AjnbD5AqrNSXRCe0p+BZ3Cju/sxDeeZ9ym3q9YUV8fASA7aQ=="],
@@ -7578,8 +7524,6 @@

    "vscode-languageserver/vscode-languageserver-protocol/vscode-jsonrpc": ["vscode-jsonrpc@8.2.0", "", {}, "sha512-C+r0eKJUIfiDIfwJhria30+TYWPtuHJXHtI7J0YlOmKAo7ogxP20T0zxB7HZQIFhIyvoBPwWskjxrvAtfjyZfA=="],

-    "workbox-build/fs-extra/jsonfile": ["jsonfile@6.2.1", "", { "dependencies": { "universalify": "^2.0.0" }, "optionalDependencies": { "graceful-fs": "^4.1.6" } }, "sha512-zwOTdL3rFQ/lRdBnntKVOX6k5cKJwEc1HdilT71BWEu7J41gXIB2MRp+vxduPSwZJPWBxEzv4yH1wYLJGUHX4Q=="],
-
    "wrangler/esbuild/@esbuild/aix-ppc64": ["@esbuild/aix-ppc64@0.25.4", "", { "os": "aix", "cpu": "ppc64" }, "sha512-1VCICWypeQKhVbE9oW/sJaAmjLxhVqacdkvPLEjwlttjfwENRSClS8EjBz0KzRyFSCPDIkuXW34Je/vk7zdB7Q=="],

    "wrangler/esbuild/@esbuild/android-arm": ["@esbuild/android-arm@0.25.4", "", { "os": "android", "cpu": "arm" }, "sha512-QNdQEps7DfFwE3hXiU4BZeOV68HHzYwGd0Nthhd3uCkkEKK7/R6MTgM0P7H7FAs5pU/DIWsviMmEGxEoxIZ+ZQ=="],
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 {
  "nodeModules": {
-    "x86_64-linux": "sha256-U9IuP/ev6w4urvogOwQyl3rdumY6W4YaY18NkFaOVHU=",
-    "aarch64-linux": "sha256-Wc8OT2DRZpVo56KaoGE0Hsj1NDknakbWXO9w2qy6j+0=",
-    "aarch64-darwin": "sha256-wAea8+jajnMDxZ6XJL+Hsrf0621hwtBtWyD1+dS45dE=",
-    "x86_64-darwin": "sha256-g8PCNBSV6rO+VQjKU9AtYqj+r18o+fhLDXEQq+X2EZ4="
+    "x86_64-linux": "sha256-LQ1GAz1qF4R5P4j/kkgUygsQvxm7KStVlMf24nmyq44=",
+    "aarch64-linux": "sha256-PsNR3VaClA1O1vSE0z/Hb3XRT1pb6PvNRXuK+giIx6s=",
+    "aarch64-darwin": "sha256-7VCS+GT7tDYAMgqNCnLh1zvHAZkLTnJJ4vtfM88ruT8=",
+    "x86_64-darwin": "sha256-HyxXjiFVd8vcKvSb/BuHAY5Jj3MGgdXEvuhDuglp4ss="
  }
 }
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  "$schema": "https://json.schemastore.org/package.json",
  "name": "opencode",
  "description": "AI-powered development tool",
-  "version": "2.0.6",
+  "version": "2.0.15",
  "private": true,
  "type": "module",
  "packageManager": "bun@1.4.2",
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@
    "solid-js@1.9.15": "patches/solid-js@1.9.15.patch",
    "@ai-sdk/mistral@3.0.51": "patches/@ai-sdk%2Fmistral@3.0.51.patch",
    "gcp-metadata@8.1.2": "patches/gcp-metadata@8.1.2.patch",
-    "pacote@21.5.0": "patches/pacote@21.5.0.patch",
+    "pacote@21.5.1": "patches/pacote@21.5.1.patch",
    "@ai-sdk/google@3.0.73": "patches/@ai-sdk%2Fgoogle@3.0.73.patch",
    "@pierre/trees@1.0.0-beta.4": "patches/@pierre%2Ftrees@1.0.0-beta.4.patch",
    "@tanstack/virtual-core@3.17.8": "patches/@tanstack%2Fvirtual-core@3.17.8.patch",
@@ -10,9 +10,17 @@

 ## Conventions

-Per-type constructors live on the type, not as top-level re-exports. Use `Message.system(...)`, `Message.user(...)`, `Message.assistant(...)`, `Message.tool(...)`, `LanguageModel.make(...)`, `ToolDefinition.make(...)`, `ToolCallPart.make(...)`, `ToolResultPart.make(...)`, `ToolChoice.make(...)`, `ToolChoice.named(...)`, `SystemPart.make(...)`, and `GenerationOptions.make(...)` directly. The top-level `LLM` namespace is reserved for request-shaped call APIs: `LLM.request`, `LLM.generate`, `LLM.stream`, and `LLM.generateObject`. Use `LLMRequest.update(...)` when deriving canonical request data; do not add a duplicate `LLM.updateRequest(...)` path. Two ways to construct the same thing is one too many.
+Per-type constructors live on the type, not as top-level re-exports. Use `Message.system(...)`, `Message.user(...)`, `Message.assistant(...)`, `Message.tool(...)`, `Message.media(...)`, `LanguageModel.make(...)`, `ToolDefinition.make(...)`, `ToolCallPart.make(...)`, `ToolResultPart.make(...)`, `ToolChoice.make(...)`, `ToolChoice.named(...)`, `SystemPart.make(...)`, and `GenerationOptions.make(...)` directly. The top-level `LLM` namespace is reserved for request-shaped call APIs: `LLM.request`, `LLM.generate`, `LLM.stream`, and `LLM.generateObject`. Use `LLMRequest.update(...)` when deriving canonical request data; do not add a duplicate `LLM.updateRequest(...)` path. Two ways to construct the same thing is one too many.

- Keep provider-defined string enums forward-compatible. Expose known values for autocomplete while accepting future values with `Known | (string & {})`; use `Schema.String` at runtime unless rejecting unknown values is required for correctness.
+Modality namespaces mirror `LLM` exactly: `Image.request`, `Image.generate`, `Image.stream` (later `Video`, `Speech`, `Transcription`). Common request fields (`images`, `mask`, `n`, `size`, `aspectRatio`, `seed`, `format`) lower natively or fail with a typed `AIError`; provider-native controls always live under `providerOptions`, never under a modality-specific `options` key.
+
+Media payloads are always `Media.Asset` (`src/media.ts`). Construct them with `Media.bytes`, `Media.base64`, `Media.url`, `Media.ref`, `Media.fromDataUrl`, or `Media.file`; never introduce a parallel `data: string | Uint8Array` shape. `MediaPart.media`, `ImageRequest.images`/`mask`, `ImageResponse.images`, and the `media` `LLMEvent` all share it. Protocols branch on `asset.source.type` and `asset.kind` and use `ProviderShared.inlineMedia` / `requireInlineMedia` / `mediaUrl` / `MediaInput.refID` rather than re-deriving base64 or URL handling.
+
+`schema/messages.ts → media.ts → route/executor-service.ts` is an accepted runtime dependency from the schema layer on the executor service tag: `Media.Asset.bytes()` must be able to download `url` sources, and the tag lives in that leaf module precisely so the schema barrel never imports the executor implementation (which imports the schema barrel back). Do not move the tag into `route/executor.ts` or import `route/executor.ts` from `src/schema/*` or `src/media.ts`.
+
+Nothing in `src/*` except `src/promise.ts` may know about Promises. `@opencode/ai/promise` (`AI.make({ layer? })`, default `ai`) is the single Promise/`AsyncIterable` surface for LLM and media; it runs the Effect APIs in one `ManagedRuntime` and rethrows `AIError` unchanged.
+
+- Prefer forward compatibility for provider-defined options that OpenCode only passes through. For pass-through string enums, expose known values for autocomplete while accepting future values with `Known | (string & {})`, and accept any string at runtime. Closed literals are appropriate when OpenCode branches on a value, transforms its associated structure, or otherwise cannot correctly handle an unknown variant. New options whose shape or behavior requires implementation remain unsupported until they are handled; do not blindly forward unknown structures.
 - Order reasoning-effort values from lowest to highest: `none`, `minimal`, `low`, `medium`, `high`, `xhigh`, `max`. Provider-specific subsets follow the same relative order in types, schemas, option lists, and tests.

 ## Tests
@@ -86,6 +94,16 @@ The four-axis decomposition is the reason DeepSeek, TogetherAI, Cerebras, Basete

 When a provider supports multiple physical transports, selection remains execution policy below its semantic route. `OpenResponsesChannel.transport(...)` owns the provider-neutral Responses WebSocket concept: it prepares one final request, executes HTTP by default, strips WebSocket-disallowed fields, and passes a generic channel exchange to a per-call `WebSocketChannelExecutor` when supplied. Provider-specific Responses routes opt in with handshake and connection-age policy. `Route.streamPrepared` owns decoding and acknowledges channel completion only after successful full consumption.

+### Media Routes
+
+Media does not fit the SSE-frames-to-event-state-machine LLM route. `MediaRoute.make(...)` (`src/route/media.ts`) composes a `MediaProtocol` kind with `Endpoint` and `Auth` and owns the transport plumbing: `http` option merging, URL/query rendering, auth headers, JSON vs multipart encoding, and handing the response back to the protocol. `MediaProtocol.inline` (`src/route/media-protocol.ts`) is `body.from(request)` plus `response.decode(response, context)`; use `MediaProtocol.decodeJson` / `text` / `bytes` so decode failures retain the raw body and HTTP context. `Generation` (`src/generation.ts`) is the provider-neutral handle for a queued generation over a `GenerationRoute` (`status`, `result`, `cancel`, `pollHint`). Image protocol files follow the same section order as LLM protocols and declare unsupported common fields once through `MediaInput.rejectUnsupported`.
+
+`MediaProtocol.queued` is the submit-then-poll kind every video route uses: `start` (body + decode into `{ token, snapshot }`), `status`, `result`, and optional `cancel`, each addressed by a route-owned `token` whose `Schema.Codec` makes it serializable. `MediaRoute.inline` and `MediaRoute.queued` compose the two kinds with `Endpoint` and `Auth`; the queued route decodes the token once at the boundary (`start` output or `resume` input) and closes over it in a token-free `GenerationRoute` (`status`/`result`/`cancel` are plain Effects), so `Generation` never sees the token's shape and only carries the encoded JSON for persistence. Polls reuse the route's auth and deployment headers plus the request's `http` overlay after `start`, and resolve relative paths against the route base URL (provider-issued absolute URLs such as fal's `status_url` pass through). `result` is always its own GET even when the provider returns output inside the status document, so `Generation.await` behaves the same after `start` and after `resume`. `PollContext.auth` carries only what `Auth` added so protocols can hand download credentials to output assets as transient `Media.Asset.headers` (Veo) — never part of `source` or JSON. Status strings map through a per-protocol `STATUS` table via `MediaProtocol.status`; terminal generations without output fail through `output.ended` / `output.contentPolicy` with the provider document on `reason.body`. `Generation.AwaitOptions` (`{ poll?: Poll }`) is the one options type for `await`, `events`, `Video.generate`, and `Video.stream`.
+
+`MediaProtocol.stream` is the incremental kind every speech route uses, with the same discipline as LLM protocols. `MediaRoute.stream` submits the caller's request as `MediaProtocol.Addressed<Request>` (`{ ...request, mode }`, `mode: "generate" | "stream"`), so one provider stays one protocol: `body.from`, the endpoint path, and `frames` read `request.mode` to pick the body, path, and framing. `frames(bytes, context)` returns frames — `Framing.sse`, `Framing.lines`, `Framing.document` (a single-document response shaped like a streamed record), or the raw `bytes` for chunked audio. `initial()` is fresh per-response parser state; `step` folds each frame into it and emits modality events; `finish(state, context)` runs once after the last frame with the request, body, and observed `http` (header-only usage lives there) and emits exactly one terminal event or fails with `MediaProtocol.incomplete`. Keep parser state to real accumulators and derive anything the request or body determines in `finish`. `generate` runs the same stream and folds it with the modality's `collect`. Request-derived URL parameters go on the body's `query` (array values repeat the parameter), applied before route and caller `http.query`. Decode frames with `MediaProtocol.decodeFrame` and raise stream-time failures with `MediaProtocol.frameError` (the frame stays on `reason.body`); protocols never thread HTTP context, because the route fills `reason.http` on stream errors that lack it. Speech protocols share `protocols/utils/speech-stream.ts` for deltas, timestamps, voice ids, PCM and container descriptions, and the terminal asset.
+
+Transcription uses all three kinds (OpenAI and Gemini stream, Deepgram is inline, AssemblyAI is queued): every route carries its `kind` and `TranscriptionClient` dispatches on it. Bodies are `json`, `multipart`, or `binary` (a raw upload), and a queued protocol that must upload media before submitting implements `start.prepare` (`MediaProtocol.Prepare`; AssemblyAI `/v2/upload`).
+
 ### URL Construction

 `Endpoint` owns `{ baseURL, path, query }`. Each protocol route includes a canonical endpoint when the provider has one (e.g. `https://api.openai.com/v1`); provider helpers override endpoint fields by configuring the route before selecting a model. Generic OpenAI-compatible routes have no canonical URL and require configuration before execution.
@@ -94,11 +112,12 @@ For providers where the URL is derived from typed inputs (Azure resource name, B

 ### Provider Facades

-Provider-facing APIs are configured facades over route values. Endpoint/auth/resource/API-version setup happens before model selection, and model selectors accept only a model or deployment id:
+Provider-facing APIs are configured facades over route values. Endpoint/auth/resource/API-version setup happens before model selection, and model selectors accept only a model or deployment id. Media models use per-modality selectors on the same facade (`openai.image(id)`, later `.video` / `.speech` / `.transcription`) that mirror `openai.responses(id)`; the one-word overlap with the request namespace is accepted over a second construction path:

 ```ts
 const openai = OpenAI.configure({ apiKey, baseURL })
 const model = openai.responses("gpt-4o-mini")
+const image = openai.image("gpt-image-2")

 const azure = Azure.configure({ resourceName, apiKey, apiVersion: "v1" })
 const deployment = azure.responses("my-deployment")
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ import { LLM, LLMClient } from "@opencode/ai"
 import { RequestExecutor } from "@opencode/ai/route"
 import { OpenAI } from "@opencode/ai/providers"

-const model = OpenAI.configure({ apiKey: process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY }).responses("gpt-4o-mini")
+const openai = OpenAI.configure({ apiKey: process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY })

 const request = LLM.request({
-  model,
+  model: openai.responses("gpt-4o-mini"), // `.chat(...)` selects the Chat Completions API instead
  system: "You are concise.",
  prompt: "Say hello in one short sentence.",
  generation: { maxTokens: 40 },
@@ -29,6 +29,94 @@ await Effect.runPromise(program.pipe(Effect.provide(llmLayer)))

 Run `LLMClient.stream(request)` instead of `generate` when you want incremental `LLMEvent`s. The event stream is provider-neutral — same shape across OpenAI Chat, OpenAI Responses, Anthropic Messages, Gemini, Bedrock Converse, and any OpenAI-compatible deployment.

+The same configured facade names image models. `Image.request` resolves the provider's image route from the ref and
+returns `Media.Asset`s with lazily decoded bytes:
+
+```ts
+import { NodeFileSystem } from "@effect/platform-node"
+import { Image, ImageClient, Media } from "@opencode/ai"
+
+const image = Effect.gen(function* () {
+  const response = yield* Image.generate({
+    model: openai.image("gpt-image-2"),
+    prompt: "A robot tending a rooftop garden",
+    size: "1024x1024",
+    providerOptions: { quality: "high" }, // typed per image model
+  })
+  yield* Media.write(response.image, "./garden.png")
+})
+
+// `asset.bytes()` / `Media.write` also need the executor, so merge it into the environment instead of hiding it.
+const imageLayer = ImageClient.layer.pipe(Layer.provideMerge(RequestExecutor.fetchLayer))
+
+await Effect.runPromise(image.pipe(Effect.provide(imageLayer), Effect.provide(NodeFileSystem.layer)))
+```
+
+Prefer promises? `@opencode/ai/promise` exposes the same LLM and image APIs over one managed runtime:
+
+```ts
+import { AI } from "@opencode/ai/promise"
+
+const ai = AI.make()
+const text = await ai.llm.generate({ model: openai.responses("gpt-4o-mini"), prompt: "Say hello." })
+const generated = await ai.image.generate({ model: openai.image("gpt-image-2"), prompt: "A lighthouse" })
+for await (const event of ai.llm.stream({ model: openai.responses("gpt-4o-mini"), prompt: "Stream hello." })) {
+  // LLMEvent
+}
+await ai.dispose()
+```
+
+## Experimental evaluation
+
+Evaluation models compare shared state with typed choice, score, and boolean questions. The API is
+isolated under an experimental entrypoint and provider namespace while the contract evolves:
+
+```ts
+import { Effect } from "effect"
+import { Evaluation, EvaluationClient } from "@opencode/ai/experimental"
+import { TypeSafeAI } from "@opencode/ai/providers"
+
+const model = TypeSafeAI.configure().experimental.evaluation("jev-latest")
+
+const program = Evaluation.run({
+  model,
+  state: "I was charged twice. Please refund the duplicate payment.",
+  questions: {
+    department: {
+      type: "choice",
+      instructions: "Which team should handle this?",
+      criteria: { billing: "Payments and refunds", technical: "Bugs and outages" },
+    },
+    urgency: {
+      type: "score",
+      instructions: "How urgent is this?",
+      criteria: ["Can wait", "Needs prompt attention", "Blocking revenue"],
+    },
+    refund: { type: "boolean", instructions: "Is the customer asking for a refund?" },
+  },
+})
+
+const response = await Effect.runPromise(program.pipe(Effect.provide(EvaluationClient.fetchLayer)))
+
+console.log(response.answers.department.choice)
+console.log(response.answers.refund.probability)
+```
+
+`TypeSafeAI` reads `TYPESAFE_API_KEY`. `OpenCodeZen` exposes the same selector and reads
+`OPENCODE_API_KEY`. OpenRouter and Vercel AI Gateway use the same provider shape:
+
+```ts
+import { OpenRouter, VercelAIGateway } from "@opencode/ai/providers"
+
+OpenRouter.configure().experimental.evaluation("typesafe/jev-1.13")
+VercelAIGateway.configure().experimental.evaluation("typesafe-ai/jev")
+```
+
+OpenRouter reads `OPENROUTER_API_KEY`. Vercel reads `AI_GATEWAY_API_KEY`, then `VERCEL_OIDC_TOKEN`.
+The common API uses `boolean`; System One routes lower it to native `noul`.
+Choice and score confidence plus score legends remain available in provider metadata, and the
+provider's rounded probabilities are returned unchanged.
+
 ## Alibaba Cloud Model Studio

 `Alibaba` provides standard Model Studio inference. Configure a region explicitly, then select
@@ -314,23 +402,25 @@ citations or separate result blocks. Retain `response.message` for either API's
 Use `Image.generate` for one-off generation or editing:

 ```ts
-import { Image, ImageInput } from "@opencode/ai"
+import { Image, Media } from "@opencode/ai"

 const generation = Image.generate({
-  model: meta.image("muse-image-1.0"),
+  model: meta("muse-image-1.0"),
  prompt: "A flat black square on a white background.",
-  options: { n: 1, reasoningStrength: "low" },
+  n: 1,
+  providerOptions: { reasoningStrength: "low" },
 })

 const edit = Image.generate({
-  model: meta.image("muse-image-1.0"),
+  model: meta("muse-image-1.0"),
  prompt: "Make the square purple.",
-  images: [ImageInput.bytes(imageBytes, "image/webp")],
-  options: { outputFormat: "png", reasoningStrength: "low" },
+  images: [Media.bytes(imageBytes, "image/webp")],
+  format: "png",
+  providerOptions: { reasoningStrength: "low" },
 })
 ```

-The default image format is WEBP; `outputFormat` also accepts PNG/JPEG and `responseFormat: "url"`
+The default image format is WEBP; `format` also accepts PNG/JPEG and `responseFormat: "url"`
 returns a signed URL. `size` is an aspect-ratio hint. For conversational images, select
 `meta.responses("muse-image-1.0")` with `tools: [Meta.imageGeneration({ reasoningStrength: "low" })]`.
 Generated images are provider-executed tool results with file content. Retain `response.message` to
@@ -341,29 +431,40 @@ Meta Responses is explicitly HTTP/SSE-only and does not use WebSockets, even whe

 ## Image generation

-Use `Image.generate` with an image model for direct asset generation:
+Use `Image.generate` with an image model for direct asset generation. `Image.request` mirrors `LLM.request`: the
+model comes from the facade's `.image(...)` selector (mirroring `.responses(...)`), common fields
+(`images`, `mask`, `n`, `size`, `aspectRatio`, `seed`, `format`) lower natively or fail typed, and
+`providerOptions` is inferred from the selected model:

 ```ts
-import { Image, ImageInput } from "@opencode/ai"
+import { Image, Media } from "@opencode/ai"
 import { OpenAI } from "@opencode/ai/providers"

+const openai = OpenAI.configure({ apiKey: process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY })
+
 const program = Effect.gen(function* () {
  const response = yield* Image.generate({
-    model: OpenAI.configure({ apiKey: process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY }).image("gpt-image-2"),
+    model: openai.image("gpt-image-2"),
    prompt: "A robot tending a rooftop garden",
-    options: {
-      n: 2,
-      size: "1024x1024",
+    n: 2,
+    size: "1024x1024",
+    format: "webp",
+    providerOptions: {
      quality: "high", // inferred from the OpenAI image model
-      outputFormat: "webp",
      future_option: true, // unknown native options pass through unchanged
    },
  })

-  return response.images // GeneratedImage[] with owned bytes or a provider URL
+  return response.images // Media.Asset[] with owned bytes or a provider URL
 })
 ```

+`Media.Asset` is the one asset type shared by image requests, image responses, LLM messages, and tool results.
+`asset.source` is the serializable `Media.Source` (`bytes`, `base64`, `url`, or `ref`); `asset.bytes()`,
+`asset.base64()`, and `asset.dataUrl()` decode or download lazily and cache; `asset.materialize()` pulls a `url`
+asset into owned bytes before the provider URL expires. Construct assets with `Media.bytes`, `Media.base64`,
+`Media.url`, `Media.ref(provider, id)`, `Media.fromDataUrl`, or `Media.file(path)`.
+
 Pass ordered image inputs to the same method for editing, composition, or image-conditioned generation:

 ```ts
@@ -373,49 +474,45 @@ const response =
    model,
    prompt: "Combine these product photos into one studio scene",
    images: [
-      ImageInput.bytes(firstBytes, "image/png"),
-      ImageInput.url("https://example.com/second.webp"),
-      ImageInput.file("file_123"),
+      Media.bytes(firstBytes, "image/png"),
+      Media.url("https://example.com/second.webp"),
+      Media.ref("openai", "file_123"),
    ],
-    options,
+    providerOptions,
    http,
  })
 ```

-`ImageInput.fileUri(uri, mediaType)` represents provider file URIs such as Gemini Files. Raw strings are not
-accepted as image inputs, avoiding ambiguity between base64, URLs, and provider IDs. Empty or omitted `images`
-uses text-to-image generation; a non-empty array selects the provider's edit behavior without enforcing provider
-image-count limits locally. `images` is the only common image-editing field. OpenAI uses multipart for byte/data-URL
-edits and its JSON reference body for URL or file-ID edits. Its provider-specific `options.mask` accepts an
-`ImageInput` for inpainting:
+`Media.ref(provider, id)` represents provider file handles such as OpenAI file IDs or Gemini Files URIs; routes
+only forward refs that belong to their own provider. Raw strings are not accepted as image inputs, avoiding
+ambiguity between base64, URLs, and provider IDs. Empty or omitted `images` uses text-to-image generation; a
+non-empty array selects the provider's edit behavior without enforcing provider image-count limits locally. OpenAI
+uses multipart for byte/data-URL edits and its JSON reference body for URL or file-ID edits. The common `mask`
+field selects inpainting; routes that cannot honor it fail with `UnsupportedOperation`:

 ```ts
 yield *
  Image.generate({
-    model: OpenAI.configure({ apiKey }).image("gpt-image-2"),
+    model: openai.image("gpt-image-2"),
    prompt,
-    images: [ImageInput.bytes(sourceBytes, "image/png")],
-    options: { mask: ImageInput.bytes(maskBytes, "image/png") },
+    images: [Media.bytes(sourceBytes, "image/png")],
+    mask: Media.bytes(maskBytes, "image/png"),
  })
 ```

-The OpenAI adapter extracts this helper value into the edit request's native `mask` field rather than passing the
-tagged `ImageInput` object through as an ordinary option. On multipart requests, `http.body` can override option
-fields but not structural `model`, `prompt`, `image[]`, or `mask` fields, and the transport owns the multipart
-`Content-Type` boundary. For JSON requests, `http.body` remains the final raw-native overlay. Gemini does not fetch
-public HTTP URLs, and hosted Z.ai image generation does not accept image inputs. These cases fail with
-`InvalidRequest` before network I/O.
+On multipart requests, `http.body` can override option fields but not structural `model`, `prompt`, `image[]`,
+or `mask` fields, and the transport owns the multipart `Content-Type` boundary. For JSON requests, `http.body`
+remains the final raw-native overlay. Gemini does not fetch public HTTP URLs, and hosted Z.ai image generation does
+not accept image inputs. These cases fail with a typed `AIError` before network I/O.

 Provider-native image options belong to each request. Raw `http.body` fields have final precedence over them:

 ```ts
-const model = OpenAI.configure({ apiKey }).image("gpt-image-2")
-
 yield *
  Image.generate({
-    model,
+    model: openai.image("gpt-image-2"),
    prompt,
-    options: { quality: "medium" },
+    providerOptions: { quality: "medium" },
    http,
  })
 ```
@@ -425,11 +522,11 @@ xAI image models use the same request API with xAI-native controls:
 ```ts
 yield *
  Image.generate({
-    model: XAI.configure({ apiKey }).image("any-model-id"),
+    model: XAI.configure({ apiKey })("any-model-id"),
    prompt,
-    options: {
-      n: 2,
-      aspectRatio: "16:9",
+    n: 2,
+    aspectRatio: "16:9",
+    providerOptions: {
      resolution: "1k",
      responseFormat: "b64_json",
      future_option: true,
@@ -445,12 +542,12 @@ import { Google } from "@opencode/ai/providers"

 const googleProgram = Effect.gen(function* () {
  const response = yield* Image.generate({
-    model: Google.configure({ apiKey }).image("any-model-id"),
+    model: Google.configure({ apiKey })("any-model-id"),
    prompt: "A robot tending a rooftop garden",
-    options: {
-      aspectRatio: "16:9",
+    aspectRatio: "16:9",
+    seed: 42,
+    providerOptions: {
      imageSize: "2K",
-      seed: 42,
      thinkingLevel: "HIGH",
      includeThoughts: true,
      futureOption: true,
@@ -472,9 +569,9 @@ Z.ai image models infer open Z.ai-native options from the selected model:
 ```ts
 yield *
  Image.generate({
-    model: ZAI.configure({ apiKey }).image("any-model-id"),
+    model: ZAI.configure({ apiKey })("any-model-id"),
    prompt,
-    options: {
+    providerOptions: {
      quality: "hd",
      userID: "user-123",
      future_option: true,
@@ -484,8 +581,8 @@ yield *
 ```

 Z.ai does not include trustworthy MIME metadata for output URLs, so generated images use
-`application/octet-stream`. Output URLs expire after 30 days; download and persist them promptly if they must
-remain available.
+`application/octet-stream` until materialized. Output URLs expire after 30 days; call `asset.materialize()` and
+persist the bytes promptly if they must remain available.

 Conversational image generation remains part of the LLM interaction. OpenAI Responses exposes it through its hosted image tool:

@@ -503,7 +600,234 @@ const program = Effect.gen(function* () {
 })
 ```

-The hosted result is represented as a provider-executed tool call and tool result. Its image is a `file` content item with a data URI, so retaining `response.message` preserves the generated image for continuation.
+The hosted result is represented as a provider-executed tool call and tool result, and the generated image is also emitted as a first-class `media` `LLMEvent` (`response.message` then carries a `media` part). Gemini image-capable models emit the same `media` event for inline image output. Retaining `response.message` preserves the generated image for continuation on both routes.
+
+## Video generation
+
+Video mirrors `Image` with one difference: every provider is asynchronous, so the route is a submit-then-poll
+`Generation`. Models come from `.video(...)` selectors on the `Google` (Veo), `XAI`, `Fal`, and `Runway` facades.
+Common fields (`frames`, `references`, `video`, `durationSeconds`, `aspectRatio`, `resolution`, `audio`, `n`, `seed`,
+`negativePrompt`) lower natively or fail with a typed `AIError` before any network call; provider-native controls live
+under `providerOptions`, inferred from the selected model.
+
+```ts
+import { Video, VideoClient } from "@opencode/ai"
+import { Google } from "@opencode/ai/providers"
+
+const google = Google.configure({ apiKey: process.env.GOOGLE_GENERATIVE_AI_API_KEY })
+
+// Simple: submit and wait.
+const program = Effect.gen(function* () {
+  const response = yield* Video.generate(
+    {
+      model: google.video("veo-3.1-generate-preview"),
+      prompt: "Panning wide shot of a calico kitten sleeping in the sunshine",
+      aspectRatio: "16:9",
+      resolution: "1080p",
+      durationSeconds: 8,
+      providerOptions: { personGeneration: "allow_adult" },
+    },
+    { poll: { interval: "10 seconds", timeout: "10 minutes" } },
+  )
+  // Veo serves files for two days behind the API key. The asset knows the deadline (`expiresAt`) and carries the
+  // download credentials only on the live instance (`asset.headers`), never in `source` or JSON: materialize
+  // before persisting, or the persisted URL cannot be fetched again.
+  return yield* response.video.materialize()
+})
+
+// Explicit control: keep the handle, persist the token, resume elsewhere.
+const controlled = Effect.gen(function* () {
+  const generation = yield* Video.start({ model: google.video("veo-3.1-generate-preview"), prompt })
+  generation.id // provider operation / task / request id
+  generation.status // "queued" | "running" | "completed" | "failed" | "cancelled" | "expired"
+  generation.token // route-owned JSON: `{ operation }`, `{ requestID }`, `{ taskID }`, or fal's follow-up URLs
+  const saved = JSON.stringify(generation.token)
+
+  const resumed = yield* Video.resume(google.video("veo-3.1-generate-preview"), JSON.parse(saved))
+  return yield* resumed.await({ poll: { interval: "10 seconds" } })
+})
+
+// Progress as a stream: generation-queued | generation-progress | video | finish.
+const events = Video.stream({ model: Runway.configure({ apiKey }).video("gen4.5"), prompt }, { poll })
+```
+
+`VideoClient.layer` needs `RequestExecutor.Service`, and status polls, result fetches, cancels, and asset downloads
+all run through the same executor with the route's auth. `Generation.await` and `Generation.events` fail with a
+`Timeout` reason when `poll.timeout` (default 10 minutes) elapses. Failed,
+cancelled, and expired generations fail typed with the provider's terminal document on `reason.body`; moderation
+outcomes (Veo `raiMediaFilteredReasons`, xAI `respect_moderation`, Runway `SAFETY.*` codes) surface as `notices` when
+a video is still returned and as a `ContentPolicy` reason when nothing is.
+
+Provider notes:
+
+- **Google Veo** takes inline bytes only (materialize `url` assets first); `frames.last` requires `frames.first`;
+  audio is always on, so `audio: false` fails typed; one video per request. Output URLs need the API key to
+  download, which the returned asset holds transiently (see above).
+- **xAI** sends a `video` input to `/videos/edits`, or `/videos/extensions` with `providerOptions.mode: "extend"`.
+  `seed` and `negativePrompt` are not supported.
+- **fal** endpoints are model-specific: `durationSeconds`, `references`, and `frames.last` fail typed and belong in
+  `providerOptions` under the model's own names (`duration: "8s"`, `end_image_url`, …). Auth is
+  `Authorization: Key <FAL_KEY>`.
+- **Runway** expects pixel ratios in `aspectRatio` for most models (`"1280:720"`), pins `X-Runway-Version`, reports
+  `usage: { type: "credits" }`, and its output URLs expire after 24–48 hours.
+
+The promise client exposes the same surface: `ai.video.start(...)` resolves to a handle with `await`, `refresh`,
+`cancel`, and `token`; `ai.video.generate`, `ai.video.resume(model, token)`, and `ai.video.stream` mirror the Effect
+API.
+
+```ts
+import { ai } from "@opencode/ai/promise"
+
+const generation = await ai.video.start({ model, prompt })
+const video = await generation.await({ poll: { interval: 10_000 }, signal })
+```
+
+## Speech generation
+
+Speech (text-to-speech) is one request whose response is parsed incrementally, so every route supports both
+`Speech.generate` (the whole file) and `Speech.stream` (audio chunks as they arrive). Models come from `.speech(...)`
+selectors on the `OpenAI`, `Google` (Gemini TTS), `ElevenLabs`, `Cartesia`, and `Deepgram` facades. Common fields
+(`voice`, `format`, `speed`, `language`, `instructions`, `timestamps`) lower natively or fail with a typed `AIError`
+before any network call; provider-native controls live under `providerOptions`, inferred from the selected model.
+
+```ts
+import { Media, Speech, SpeechClient, SpeechEvent } from "@opencode/ai"
+import { ElevenLabs, OpenAI } from "@opencode/ai/providers"
+
+const openai = OpenAI.configure({ apiKey: process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY })
+
+// The whole file, written to disk.
+const program = Effect.gen(function* () {
+  const response = yield* Speech.generate({
+    model: openai.speech("gpt-4o-mini-tts"),
+    text: "Hello from OpenCode.",
+    voice: "coral",
+    format: "mp3",
+    instructions: "Warm and unhurried.",
+  })
+  response.audio // Media.Asset with bytes; headerless PCM carries info.encoding / sampleRate / channels
+  response.usage // undefined: OpenAI reports tokens only on SSE streams (Gemini: tokens; ElevenLabs: credits; Deepgram: characters)
+  yield* Media.write(response.audio, "hello.mp3")
+})
+
+// Chunks as they arrive: audio-delta* (interleaved with timestamps) then one finish carrying the assembled asset.
+const events = Speech.stream({
+  model: ElevenLabs.configure({ apiKey }).speech("eleven_flash_v2_5"),
+  text: "Hello from OpenCode.",
+  voice: "JBFqnCBsd6RMkjVDRZzb",
+  format: "pcm",
+  timestamps: true,
+}).pipe(
+  Stream.tap((event) => {
+    if (SpeechEvent.is.audioDelta(event)) return play(event.chunk)
+    if (SpeechEvent.is.timestamps(event)) return highlight(event.items) // { text, startSeconds, endSeconds }[]
+    return Effect.void
+  }),
+)
+```
+
+`voice` is the provider's own identifier — a name on OpenAI and Gemini (`"coral"`, `"Kore"`), a voice id on
+ElevenLabs and Cartesia. `{ id }` selects an OpenAI custom voice (`{ id: "voice_1234" }`) and means the same as the
+plain string elsewhere. There is no cross-provider voice catalog. `format` is the container-level word (`mp3`, `wav`,
+`pcm`, `opus`, `aac`, `flac`); sample rates and bitrates live under `providerOptions`, and a value the route cannot
+produce fails as `UnsupportedOperation`. Streams buffer every chunk so `finish` can carry the whole clip.
+`SpeechClient.layer` needs `RequestExecutor.Service`.
+
+Provider notes:
+
+- **OpenAI** streams over SSE (`stream_format: "sse"`), which is also the only place it reports token usage; `tts-1`
+  and `tts-1-hd` do not support SSE and stream the raw audio body instead. `pcm` is 24 kHz 16-bit mono. `language`
+  and `timestamps` are not supported.
+- **Gemini TTS** returns raw 16-bit PCM only (`audio/L16;codec=pcm;rate=24000`), so any `format` other than `pcm`
+  fails typed; wrap the samples yourself. Style is directed in the text, so `instructions` and `speed` fail typed.
+  Only `gemini-3.1-flash-tts-preview` and later support streaming. Two-speaker audio goes through
+  `providerOptions.speechConfig.multiSpeakerVoiceConfig`.
+- **ElevenLabs** requires `voice` (the path voice id) and authenticates with `xi-api-key`. `format` maps to the
+  `output_format` query parameter (`mp3_44100_128`, `pcm_24000`, `wav_24000`, `opus_48000_64`);
+  `providerOptions.outputFormat` sets the exact string. WAV is only available from `generate`. `timestamps: true`
+  selects the `with-timestamps` endpoints and yields character-level alignment. `instructions` is not supported.
+- **Cartesia** requires `voice` and pins `Cartesia-Version`. `generate` defaults to MP3 from `/tts/bytes`; streams
+  and `timestamps: true` (word-level) use `/tts/sse`, which only serves raw PCM. `providerOptions.sampleRate`,
+  `bitRate`, and `encoding` complete `output_format`. No usage is reported.
+- **Deepgram** Aura's voice is the model id (`aura-2-thalia-en`), so `voice` and `language` fail typed. `format`
+  and `providerOptions` lower to query parameters (`encoding`, `container`, `sample_rate`, `bit_rate`); `pcm` is
+  `linear16` without a container. Auth is `Authorization: Token <DEEPGRAM_API_KEY>`.
+
+The promise client mirrors the Effect API; `ai.speech.stream` is an `AsyncIterable`.
+
+```ts
+import { ai } from "@opencode/ai/promise"
+
+const response = await ai.speech.generate({ model, text: "Hello from OpenCode.", voice: "coral" })
+await Bun.write("hello.mp3", await ai.run(response.audio.bytes()))
+
+for await (const event of ai.speech.stream({ model, text: "Hello from OpenCode.", voice: "coral" })) {
+  if (event.type === "audio-delta") player.write(event.chunk)
+}
+```
+
+## Transcription
+
+Transcription (speech-to-text) is the one modality whose providers use every route kind: OpenAI and Gemini stream,
+Deepgram answers inline, and AssemblyAI is queued. `Transcription.generate` and `Transcription.stream` work on all of
+them; `Transcription.start` / `resume` return a `Generation` on queued routes and fail with `UnsupportedOperation`
+elsewhere. Models come from `.transcription(...)` selectors on the `OpenAI`, `Google`, `Deepgram`, and `AssemblyAI`
+facades. Common fields (`language`, `prompt`, `timestamps: "none" | "segment" | "word"`, `diarize`, `speakers`) lower
+natively or fail with a typed `AIError` before any network call; a route may return more than asked.
+
+```ts
+import { Media, Transcription, TranscriptionEvent } from "@opencode/ai"
+import { AssemblyAI, Deepgram, OpenAI } from "@opencode/ai/providers"
+
+const openai = OpenAI.configure({ apiKey: process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY })
+
+const program = Effect.gen(function* () {
+  const audio = yield* Media.file("./call.mp3")
+
+  // Speaker-labelled segments; labels are provider-native strings ("A", "0", "spk:0").
+  const response = yield* Transcription.generate({
+    model: Deepgram.configure({ apiKey }).transcription("nova-3"),
+    audio,
+    diarize: true,
+    timestamps: "word",
+  })
+  response.text // "Hello from OpenCode."
+  response.segments // [{ text, startSeconds, endSeconds, speaker: "0" }]
+  response.words // [{ text, startSeconds, endSeconds, speaker, confidence }]
+  response.language // the provider's own value, lowercased ("en", "english", "en_us")
+
+  // Text deltas as the model transcribes, then one finish carrying the whole transcript.
+  yield* Transcription.stream({ model: openai.transcription("gpt-4o-mini-transcribe"), audio }).pipe(
+    Stream.tap((event) => (TranscriptionEvent.is.textDelta(event) ? Console.log(event.delta) : Effect.void)),
+    Stream.runDrain,
+  )
+
+  // Queued: persist the token, resume from another process, and await.
+  const model = AssemblyAI.configure({ apiKey }).transcription("universal-3-5-pro")
+  const generation = yield* Transcription.start({ model, audio })
+  const resumed = yield* Transcription.resume(model, JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(generation.token)))
+  const transcript = yield* resumed.await({ poll: { interval: "3 seconds" } })
+})
+```
+
+Inline routes emit only `finish` from `stream` (no faked deltas); queued routes emit `generation-queued` /
+`generation-progress` before it. `TranscriptionClient.layer` needs `RequestExecutor.Service`.
+
+Provider notes:
+
+- **OpenAI** takes inline audio only; `diarize` needs `gpt-4o-transcribe-diarize`, timestamps need `whisper-1`, and `whisper-1` does not stream.
+- **Gemini** needs a transcribe model (`gemini-3.5-transcribe`); `prompt` and `speakers` fail typed.
+- **Deepgram** detects the language unless `language` is set; vocabulary goes in `providerOptions.keyterm`.
+- **AssemblyAI** uploads inline audio before submitting and is the only route that accepts `speakers`.
+
+The promise client mirrors the Effect API:
+
+```ts
+const text = (await ai.transcription.generate({ model, audio })).text
+for await (const event of ai.transcription.stream({ model, audio })) if (event.type === "text-delta") write(event.delta)
+const generation = await ai.transcription.start({ model: assemblyai, audio })
+const transcript = await generation.await({ poll: { interval: 3_000 } })
+```

 ## Public API

@@ -512,8 +836,13 @@ The hosted result is represented as a provider-executed tool call and tool resul
 - **`Message.user(...)` / `Message.assistant(...)` / `Message.tool(...)`** — message constructors from the canonical schema model.
 - **`LanguageModel.make(...)` / `ToolCallPart.make(...)` / `ToolResultPart.make(...)` / `ToolDefinition.make(...)`** — model and tool-related constructors from the canonical schema model.
 - **`LLMEvent.is.*`** — typed guards (`is.textDelta`, `is.toolCall`, `is.finish`, …) for filtering streams.
- **`Image.generate({...})`** — generate images through a provider-neutral image request and response model.
+- **`Image.request` / `Image.generate` / `Image.stream`** — generate images through a provider-neutral image request and response model.
 - **`ImageClient`** — Effect service and layer for image execution, parallel to `LLMClient`.
+- **`Media`** — the shared asset type (`Media.Asset`, `Media.Source`) and constructors used by messages, tool results, and media requests.
+- **`Generation`** — provider-neutral handle for an in-flight media generation (`await`, `refresh`, `cancel`, `events`) used by queued media routes.
+- **`Speech.request` / `Speech.generate` / `Speech.stream`** — text-to-speech through a provider-neutral request; `SpeechClient` is its Effect service and layer.
+- **`Transcription.request` / `generate` / `stream` / `start` / `resume`** — speech-to-text over inline, streaming, and queued routes; `TranscriptionClient` is its Effect service and layer.
+- **`@opencode/ai/promise`** — `AI.make({ layer? })` and a default `ai` client exposing `llm`, `image`, `video`, `speech`, and `transcription` as Promise / `AsyncIterable` APIs.

 ## Testing

@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
+# Media generation in `@opencode/ai` — public API direction
+
+Status: phases 1–3 implemented (Speech and Transcription); phases 4–5 proposal.
+
+## Goal
+
+`@opencode/ai` becomes the one package you reach for to generate anything: text, images, video, speech, transcripts, and later music and realtime. The LLM surface already exists and is shaped by three constraints: Effect-first, used by OpenCode Core, usable externally. Media has a different priority order: **external DX first**, Effect and Promise as peers, Core as one consumer among many.
+
+The design below is derived from a survey of the raw provider APIs (OpenAI, Gemini/Veo/Imagen, xAI, Stability, BFL, fal, Replicate, Runway, Luma, Kling, MiniMax, ElevenLabs, Deepgram, Cartesia, AssemblyAI, Lyria) and of existing multi-provider SDKs.
+
+## What the survey forces
+
+1. **Three execution shapes, everywhere.** Inline sync (OpenAI images, all TTS, Gemini), async job with polling or webhook (every video provider, BFL, fal, Replicate, AssemblyAI), and bidirectional streams (ElevenLabs/Cartesia/Deepgram WS, realtime). Video has no sync provider at all.
+2. **Output is never just bytes.** base64, signed URLs with TTLs from 10 minutes (BFL) to 2 days (Veo), URLs that need auth plus redirect (Veo), separate download endpoints (Sora `/content?variant=`), raw bodies (Stability, TTS). Multi-output is the norm.
+3. **Inputs have roles.** First/last frame, mask, style/subject reference, source video for edit/extend, reference audio, prior generation id, provider-side file handles (`file_id`, `gs://`, `runway://`, `mm_file://`).
+4. **Partial streaming is modality-specific.** Images: a few whole partial frames. Audio: ordered chunks plus timestamp events. Jobs: status/progress/logs. Video: none.
+5. **Usage is a union**: tokens, seconds, characters (often only in headers), credits, compute time.
+6. **Moderation can be partial success** (Veo strips audio but returns video). Deprecations are constant (Sora API shuts down 2026-09-24, Imagen on Gemini API 2026-08-17).
+
+## Where existing SDKs are weak and we should not be
+
+- No streaming TTS.
+- Video handles are experimental start/status pairs; the polling loop lives inside the generate call.
+- Unsupported inputs become silent warnings arrays, so a request can succeed while dropping your mask.
+- `n` is fanned out into hidden parallel calls, which obscures cost and idempotency.
+- Each modality has its own bespoke result type; the file abstraction is a lazy base64/bytes pair with no URL, expiry, or provider ref.
+- Effect's own `unstable/ai` has no media generation. Nothing in the Effect ecosystem owns this.
+
+## Design principles
+
+- **Same shape as LLM.** `X.request(...)` → Schema class; `X.generate(request)` / `X.stream(request)`; `XClient.Service` + `layer`; typed `AIError`. If you know `LLM`, you know `Video`.
+- **Execution shape is route policy, not API shape.** `Image.generate` returns an image whether the provider is inline or queued. Job control is available uniformly when you want it.
+- **Errors, not warnings.** Unsupported common fields fail at the protocol boundary with a typed `AIError`, as the LLM routes do today. Provider-side partial results (filtered audio, moderated sample) surface as `notices` on the response, never as silent drops.
+- **One asset type in, one asset type out**, shared with LLM messages and tool results.
+- **Typed per-model options**, no hidden fan-out, no implicit retries that spend money.
+- **Promise API is one mechanism for the whole package**, not a media-only wrapper.
+- **One construction path per model.** Media models come from per-modality selectors on the configured facade (`openai.image("gpt-image-2")`), the same shape as `openai.responses("gpt-5")`.
+
+## Public API
+
+### Model selection
+
+A model value is built as `OpenAI.configure({ apiKey }).responses("gpt-5")` or `.image("gpt-image-2")`: `configure` fixes credentials, endpoint, and defaults; the selector fixes which of the provider's APIs to hit and binds the typed `providerOptions` generic. Media follows the same shape with one selector per modality — `openai.image(id)` today, `.video(id)` / `.speech(id)` / `.transcription(id)` as those modalities land — mirroring `openai.responses(id)`. `Image.request` accepts `ImageModel` only, exactly as `LLM.request` accepts `LanguageModel`.
+
+```ts
+import { OpenAI, Google } from "@opencode/ai/providers"
+
+const openai = OpenAI.configure({ apiKey })      // OpenAI(...) alone uses env auth (OPENAI_API_KEY)
+
+LLM.request({ model: openai.responses("gpt-5"), prompt })
+Image.request({ model: openai.image("gpt-image-2"), prompt })
+Video.request({ model: google.video("veo-3.1-generate-preview"), prompt })
+Speech.request({ model: openai.speech("gpt-4o-mini-tts"), text })
+Transcription.request({ model: openai.transcription("gpt-4o-transcribe"), audio })
+```
+
+The request namespace and the selector share one word (`Image.request` + `.image(...)`). That redundancy is accepted: a callable facade returning a lazily resolved ref would be a second way to construct the same model, and the type machinery to infer `providerOptions` through it is not worth one word. Where a provider has two APIs for one modality, the selectors stay explicit (`openai.chat`, a future `google.imagen`), and one default per modality per provider is part of the facade definition (OpenAI image → Images API, Google image → Gemini-native since Imagen on the Gemini API shuts down 2026-08-17). Provider package entrypoints keep `model(modelID, settings)` per modality-specific path, e.g. `@opencode/ai/providers/openai/responses`.
+
+### `Media` — the asset type
+
+Replaces `MediaPart.data: string | Uint8Array`, `ImageInput`, `GeneratedImage`, and aligns `Tool.FileContent`.
+
+```ts
+import { Media } from "@opencode/ai"
+
+Media.Source =
+  | { type: "bytes";  data: Uint8Array; mediaType: string }
+  | { type: "base64"; data: string;     mediaType: string }
+  | { type: "url";    url: string; mediaType?: string; expiresAt?: number }
+  | { type: "ref";    provider: ProviderID; id: string; mediaType?: string }   // file_id, gs://, runway://, prior generation
+
+class Media.Asset {
+  readonly source: Media.Source
+  readonly mediaType: string                    // always resolved (sniffed when the provider omits it)
+  readonly kind: "image" | "video" | "audio" | "document" | "other"
+  readonly info?: { width?; height?; durationSeconds?; sampleRate?; channels?; encoding?; format? }
+  readonly expiresAt?: number
+  readonly providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata
+  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>     // transient download credentials (Veo); never in source/JSON
+
+  bytes(): Effect<Uint8Array, AIError, RequestExecutor.Service>   // downloads/decodes lazily, cached
+  base64(): Effect<string, AIError, RequestExecutor.Service>
+  dataUrl(): Effect<string, AIError, RequestExecutor.Service>
+  materialize(): Effect<Media.Asset, AIError, RequestExecutor.Service>  // url/ref → bytes, before the URL dies
+}
+
+Media.bytes(data, mediaType?)      Media.base64(data, mediaType?)
+Media.url(url, options?)           Media.ref(provider, id)
+Media.file(path)                   // Bun/Node: reads + sniffs; Effect FileSystem variant for layers
+Media.write(asset, path)           // convenience, uses FileSystem
+```
+
+Raw-PCM outputs (Gemini TTS, Cartesia raw, Deepgram WS) carry `info.encoding/sampleRate/channels` because there is no container header.
+
+### Modality namespaces
+
+Each namespace mirrors `LLM` exactly.
+
+```ts
+import { Image, Video, Speech, Transcription } from "@opencode/ai"
+import { OpenAI, Google, ElevenLabs, Fal } from "@opencode/ai/providers"
+```
+
+#### Image
+
+```ts
+const request = Image.request({
+  model: openai.image("gpt-image-2"),
+  prompt: "A robot tending a rooftop garden",
+  images: [Media.file("./ref.png")],           // references / edit sources
+  mask: Media.file("./mask.png"),
+  n: 2,
+  size: "1536x1024",                            // or aspectRatio: "3:2"
+  seed: 7,
+  format: "webp",
+  providerOptions: { quality: "high", background: "transparent" },   // typed per model
+})
+
+const response = yield* Image.generate(request)   // ImageResponse
+response.image                                    // Media.Asset (first)
+response.images                                   // Media.Asset[]
+response.usage                                    // Usage union (see below)
+response.notices                                  // moderation / partial-result notices
+
+yield* Image.stream(request)                      // Stream<ImageEvent>
+// ImageEvent: generation-queued | generation-progress | image-partial { index, image } | image { index, image } | finish { usage }
+```
+
+Editing is not a separate function; `images`/`mask` on the request select the edit path in the route (OpenAI `/images/edits`, Gemini multimodal parts, xAI `/images/edits`). Routes that cannot honor `mask` fail with `Unsupported`.
+
+#### Video
+
+Shipped in phase 2 (`src/video.ts`, `src/video-client.ts`, protocols `google-video`, `xai-video`, `fal-video`, `runway-video`).
+
+```ts
+const request = Video.request({
+  model: google.video("veo-3.1-generate-preview"),
+  prompt: "Panning wide shot of a calico kitten sleeping in the sunshine",
+  frames: { first: Media.file("./start.png"), last: Media.file("./end.png") },
+  references: [Media.file("./style.png")],
+  video: Media.bytes(previous, "video/mp4"),    // edit / extend source
+  durationSeconds: 8,
+  aspectRatio: "16:9",
+  resolution: "1080p",
+  audio: true,
+  n: 1,
+  seed: 7,
+  negativePrompt: "text, watermark",            // common, not provider-native
+  providerOptions: { personGeneration: "allow_adult" },
+})
+
+// Simple: wait for it.
+const response = yield* Video.generate(request, { poll: { interval: "10 seconds", timeout: "10 minutes" } })
+response.video                                     // Media.Asset: url with expiresAt (+ transient `headers` for Veo downloads)
+response.usage                                     // credits on Runway; the other three report none
+response.notices                                   // Veo raiMediaFilteredReasons → filtered, xAI respect_moderation → moderated
+yield* response.video.materialize()                // pull bytes before the URL expires
+
+// Explicit generation control.
+const generation = yield* Video.start(request)     // Generation<VideoResponse>
+generation.id; generation.status; generation.progress; generation.position; generation.token
+yield* generation.await({ poll })                  // VideoResponse
+yield* generation.cancel()                         // fal PUT cancel_url, Runway DELETE /tasks/{id}; no-op for Veo and xAI
+
+// Resume from another process. The token is validated against the route's codec and refreshed once.
+const resumed = yield* Video.resume(model, JSON.parse(saved))
+
+// Progress as a stream.
+yield* Video.stream(request, { poll })             // Stream<VideoEvent>: generation-queued { id, position } | generation-progress { id, progress } | video { index, video } | finish { usage, notices }
+```
+
+Tokens are route-owned JSON: Veo `{ operation }`, xAI `{ requestID }`, Runway `{ taskID }`, fal
+`{ requestID, statusURL, responseURL, cancelURL }` (fal's follow-up URLs are authoritative and absolute). Common-field
+lowering per provider: Veo takes inline media only and rejects `audio: false` and `n > 1`; xAI rejects `seed` and
+`negativePrompt` and routes a `video` input to edits or (`providerOptions.mode: "extend"`) extensions; fal rejects
+`durationSeconds`, `references`, and `frames.last` because the field names and enums differ per model; Runway passes
+`aspectRatio` through as its pixel `ratio` and rejects `n`.
+
+Deferred: `Video.complete(model, token, webhook)` (finish from a webhook payload without polling) and provider poll
+hints (none of the four providers emit one). Later providers: Luma, Kling, MiniMax, Replicate.
+
+#### Speech (TTS)
+
+Shipped in phase 3 (`src/speech.ts`, `src/speech-client.ts`, protocols `openai-speech`, `google-speech`,
+`elevenlabs-speech`, `cartesia-speech`, `deepgram-speech`; new `ElevenLabs`, `Cartesia`, and `Deepgram` facades).
+
+```ts
+const request = Speech.request({
+  model: elevenlabs.speech("eleven_flash_v2_5"),
+  text: "Hello from OpenCode.",
+  voice: "JBFqnCBsd6RMkjVDRZzb",                  // provider-native identifier, or { id }
+  format: "mp3",                                   // mp3 | wav | pcm | opus | aac | flac | (string & {})
+  speed: 1.0,
+  language: "en",
+  instructions: "Warm, unhurried.",                // only OpenAI; elsewhere fails typed
+  timestamps: true,                                // request alignment; routes without it fail typed
+  providerOptions: { voice_settings: { stability: 0.5 } },
+})
+
+const response = yield* Speech.generate(request)   // SpeechResponse: audio: Media.Asset, timestamps?, usage?, providerMetadata?
+yield* Speech.stream(request)                      // Stream<SpeechEvent>: audio-delta { chunk } | timestamps { items } | finish { audio, usage? }
+```
+
+Execution is `MediaProtocol.stream` for every provider: one request whose body is framed and folded by a `step`
+state machine, with `generate` running the same stream and collecting it. The route submits the request with its
+`mode` (`"generate" | "stream"`), which lets one provider stay one protocol — OpenAI adds `stream_format: "sse"` (except `tts-1`/`tts-1-hd`, which stream raw bytes), ElevenLabs appends
+`/stream`, Cartesia switches `/tts/bytes` to `/tts/sse`, Gemini switches `generateContent` to
+`streamGenerateContent`. The terminal `finish` event carries the assembled asset (every provider's stream is
+concatenable chunks), so stream consumers also get the whole file and `generate` is just "take `finish`, gather
+`timestamps`". The cost is memory: a stream holds every chunk until `finish`, so even a consumer that only plays deltas
+keeps the whole clip in memory. That is bounded by the providers' input text limits (a few minutes of audio); a
+long-form or session API would need an opt-out.
+
+**Voice.** `voice?: string | { id: string }`. A string is passed through as the provider's native identifier — a
+name on OpenAI and Gemini, a voice id on ElevenLabs (path segment) and Cartesia. `{ id }` selects an OpenAI custom
+voice and is treated as the plain string on routes that do not distinguish custom from built-in. Deepgram's voice is
+the model id (`aura-2-thalia-en`), so `voice` is `unsupported` there. There is no cross-provider voice catalog or
+name→id resolution. Multi-speaker (Gemini `speechConfig.multiSpeakerVoiceConfig`) and per-voice settings
+(ElevenLabs `voice_settings`) go through `providerOptions`.
+
+**Format and PCM.** `format` is container-level; provider sample rates and bitrates live under `providerOptions`
+(ElevenLabs `outputFormat`, Cartesia `sampleRate`/`bitRate`/`encoding`, Deepgram `encoding`/`container`/`sampleRate`/
+`bitRate`). Each protocol maps `format` to its native value (ElevenLabs `mp3_44100_128`/`pcm_24000`/`wav_24000`/
+`opus_48000_64`, Cartesia `{ container, encoding, sample_rate }`, Deepgram `encoding`+`container`) and declares the
+asset's media type rather than sniffing, because headerless PCM can look like an MPEG frame sync. Headerless PCM
+always carries `info.encoding`, `info.sampleRate`, and `info.channels`; its media type is the provider's declaration
+(Gemini `audio/L16;codec=pcm;rate=24000`, Deepgram's `content-type`) or `audio/pcm`. Gemini returns PCM only, so any
+other `format` is rejected rather than wrapped as WAV by the route. Every `format` value a route cannot produce (unknown
+to it, a container on Cartesia SSE, WAV on an ElevenLabs stream, anything but PCM on Gemini) fails the same way as an
+unsupported field: `UnsupportedOperation` with `operation: "media.format"`.
+
+**Timestamps.** `timestamps: true` on the request asks for alignment. ElevenLabs selects the `with-timestamps`
+endpoints (character-level, NDJSON when streaming); Cartesia sets `add_timestamps` on `/tts/sse` (word-level; a
+`generate` with timestamps collects the SSE stream). OpenAI, Gemini, and Deepgram reject it.
+
+Common-field lowering per provider:
+
+| Provider | `voice` | `speed` | `language` | `instructions` | `timestamps` | Usage |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| OpenAI | `voice` (name or `{ id }`) | `speed` | unsupported | `instructions` | unsupported | `tokens` from SSE `speech.audio.done` only |
+| Gemini | `prebuiltVoiceConfig.voiceName` | unsupported | `speechConfig.languageCode` | unsupported (direct in text) | unsupported | `tokens` from `usageMetadata` |
+| ElevenLabs | path voice id (required) | `voice_settings.speed` | `language_code` | unsupported | `with-timestamps` | `credits` from `character-cost` header |
+| Cartesia | `voice` (required) | `generation_config.speed` | `language` | unsupported | `add_timestamps` | none |
+| Deepgram | unsupported (voice is the model) | `speed` query | unsupported | unsupported | unsupported | `characters` from `dg-char-count` header |
+
+Deferred: `Speech.session(...)` — input-streaming TTS where text arrives incrementally over a WebSocket (ElevenLabs
+`stream-input`, Cartesia WebSocket contexts, Deepgram WebSocket speak) — is a separate scoped resource, not part of
+`generate`/`stream`, and ships with the realtime work in phase 5.
+
+#### Transcription (STT)
+
+Shipped as the second half of phase 3 (`src/transcription.ts`, `src/transcription-client.ts`, protocols
+`openai-transcription`, `google-transcription`, `deepgram-transcription`, `assemblyai-transcription`; new `AssemblyAI`
+facade).
+
+```ts
+const request = Transcription.request({
+  model: openai.transcription("gpt-4o-transcribe-diarize"),
+  audio: yield* Media.file("./call.wav"),
+  language: "en",                                  // provider-native passthrough
+  timestamps: "segment",                           // none | segment | word
+  diarize: true,
+  speakers: 2,                                     // expected count, hint only (AssemblyAI)
+  providerOptions: { known_speaker_names: ["agent"] },
+})
+
+const response = yield* Transcription.generate(request)
+response.text; response.segments; response.words; response.language; response.durationSeconds; response.usage
+yield* Transcription.stream(request)               // Stream<TranscriptionEvent>: generation-queued | generation-progress | text-delta | segment | finish
+const generation = yield* Transcription.start(request) // queued routes only
+yield* Transcription.resume(model, token)
+```
+
+Transcription is the first modality whose providers span all three protocol kinds, and it needed no fourth kind.
+Every `MediaRoute` now carries its `kind`; `TranscriptionRoute` is the union of the inline, stream, and queued routes;
+`TranscriptionModel.fromRoute` is overloaded per protocol kind (arity picks the overload: `<Options>`,
+`<Options, Frame, State>`, `<Options, Token>`) and composes through `MediaRoute.inline` / `stream` / `queued`; and
+`TranscriptionClient` dispatches on `route.kind`. `generate` on a queued route is `start` then `await`; `stream` on an
+inline route is the response as a single `finish`, and on a queued route it is the status observations followed by
+`finish`. `start` / `resume` on a non-queued route fail with `UnsupportedOperation` (`transcription.start`). The
+`finish` event carries the whole transcript (text, segments, words, language, duration, usage), so the stream route's
+`collect` is just "take `finish`".
+
+The route layer gained a `binary` body with array-valued `query` (Deepgram) and `Queued.start.prepare` (AssemblyAI's
+upload); `packages/ai/AGENTS.md` (Media Routes) describes both.
+
+Settled rules:
+
+- **Timestamps.** A granularity the selected route or model cannot produce fails as `UnsupportedOperation`
+  (`media.timestamps`), following Speech; a route that returns more than asked (Deepgram and AssemblyAI always return
+  words) is not stripped. Segments always carry start and end times: Gemini times each transcription part from its
+  word offsets, so segment timestamps and diarization also request word offsets there.
+- **Diarization.** `diarize` means segments (and words, where the provider labels them) carry `speaker`. Labels are
+  provider-native strings — OpenAI `A` or a known speaker name, Deepgram `0`, Gemini `spk:0`, AssemblyAI `A` — with no
+  cross-provider speaker model. `speakers` is a hint; only AssemblyAI (`speakers_expected`) accepts it.
+- **Language** is passed through (`language`, OpenAI `gpt-transcribe` `languages[]`, Gemini `languageCodes`,
+  AssemblyAI `language_code`). `response.language` is the provider's own value, lowercased but not normalized: an
+  ISO code on most routes, `english` from whisper-1, `en_us` from AssemblyAI. Deepgram and AssemblyAI assume English
+  unless asked to detect, so a missing `language` enables their detection.
+- **Gemini** requires a transcribe model; other model ids fail with `UnsupportedOperation` before the call, because
+  general models ignore `audioTranscriptionConfig` and answer conversationally. Streamed chunks carry whole speaker
+  turns (one part per turn), which join with a space.
+- **Streaming inline providers** emit only `finish`; deltas are never faked.
+- **Units.** AssemblyAI milliseconds and Gemini protobuf durations (`"0.400s"`) are normalized to seconds at the
+  protocol boundary.
+
+| Provider | Kind | Audio input | `timestamps` | `diarize` | Unsupported | Usage |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| OpenAI | stream (`stream: true` in `stream` mode) | multipart `file` (inline only) | `whisper-1` (`verbose_json`); diarize model: `segment` | `gpt-4o-transcribe-diarize` (`diarized_json`) | `speakers`; `prompt` on the diarize model; streaming on `whisper-1` | `tokens` or `seconds` |
+| Gemini | stream (`generateContent` / `streamGenerateContent`) | `inlineData` or Gemini Files `fileData` | `audioTranscriptionConfig.wordTimestamp` | `audioTranscriptionConfig.diarization` | `prompt`, `speakers` | `tokens` |
+| Deepgram | inline | raw body, or JSON `{ url }` | words always; `segment` → `utterances` | `diarize_model=latest` + `utterances` | `prompt`, `speakers` | `seconds` (`metadata.duration`) |
+| AssemblyAI | queued (upload → submit → poll) | `/v2/upload` then `audio_url`, or a URL | words always; `segment` → `speaker_labels` | `speaker_labels` | — | `seconds` (`audio_duration`) |
+
+Deferred: `Transcription.session(...)` — realtime STT over WebSocket (Deepgram live, AssemblyAI streaming, ElevenLabs
+realtime, OpenAI realtime transcription) — is the same future scoped `session` shape as input-streaming TTS and ships
+with the realtime work in phase 5. ElevenLabs Scribe is not implemented yet.
+
+### `Generation` — shared async execution
+
+```ts
+class Generation<Response> {
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly route: GenerationRoute<Response>        // token-free: { status, result, cancel?: Effect; pollHint? } closed over the decoded token
+  readonly token: unknown                          // route-owned serializable JSON
+  readonly status: "queued" | "running" | "completed" | "failed" | "cancelled" | "expired"
+  readonly progress?: number                       // 0..1, normalized
+  readonly position?: number
+  readonly expiresAt?: number
+  refresh(): Effect<Generation<Response>, AIError>
+  result(): Effect<Response, AIError>
+  await(options?: AwaitOptions): Effect<Response, AIError>
+  cancel(): Effect<void, AIError>
+  events(options?: AwaitOptions): Stream<GenerationEvent, AIError>   // fails with Timeout past poll.timeout, checked per observation
+}
+
+AwaitOptions = { poll?: Poll }
+Poll = { interval?: Duration; timeout?: Duration; schedule?: Schedule }   // route may override from provider hints (`openai-poll-after-ms`)
+```
+
+`Generation` is not video-specific. Image routes on BFL, fal, and Replicate are queued; `Image.start` exists for them. A route declares itself `inline` or `queued`; `generate` on a queued route is `start` then `await`.
+
+### Usage
+
+```ts
+Usage =
+  | { type: "tokens"; input; output; total; details? }
+  | { type: "seconds"; seconds }
+  | { type: "characters"; characters }
+  | { type: "credits"; credits }
+  | { type: "compute"; seconds }
+```
+
+Header-only usage (ElevenLabs `character-cost`, Deepgram `dg-char-count`) is lifted into `usage` by the route.
+
+### Promise API — `@opencode/ai/promise`
+
+Mirrors the `packages/plugin/src/effect` and `packages/plugin/src/promise` split that already exists in this repo. One mechanism for LLM and media.
+
+```ts
+import { AI } from "@opencode/ai/promise"
+
+const ai = AI.make()                                // ManagedRuntime over RequestExecutor.fetchLayer + all clients
+// AI.make({ layer }) to inject a custom executor / recorder / middleware
+
+const image = await ai.image.generate({ model, prompt })
+await image.image.bytes()
+
+for await (const event of ai.speech.stream({ model, text, voice })) { … }
+
+const generation = await ai.video.start({ model, prompt })
+const video = await generation.await({ poll: { interval: 10_000 }, signal })
+const resumed = ai.video.resume(model, JSON.parse(saved))
+
+const text = await ai.llm.generate({ model, prompt })   // closes today's gap: LLM has no promise API either
+for await (const event of ai.llm.stream(request)) { … }
+
+await ai.dispose()
+```
+
+Streams become `AsyncIterable` via `Stream.toAsyncIterable`. `AIError` is thrown as-is. `AbortSignal` maps to interruption. Nothing in `src/*` except this entrypoint knows about promises.
+
+### Providers
+
+Existing facades gain per-modality selectors; the modality routes each facade provides:
+
+| Facade | llm | image | video | speech | transcription | other |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| `OpenAI` | responses (default), chat | Images API | Sora (deprecated 2026-09-24) | ✓ | ✓ | |
+| `Google` | Gemini | Gemini-native (default), `imagen` | Veo | Gemini TTS | `gemini-3.5-transcribe` | |
+| `XAI` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | | |
+| `ElevenLabs` | | | | ✓ | Scribe | soundEffect, music |
+| `Cartesia` | | | | ✓ | | |
+| `Deepgram` | | | | Aura | ✓ | |
+| `Fal` | | ✓ | ✓ | | | |
+| `AssemblyAI` | | | | | ✓ (queued) | |
+| `Replicate`, `Runway`, `Luma`, `Kling`, `MiniMax`, `BlackForestLabs`, `Stability` | | per provider | | | | |
+
+New facades follow the existing one-file-per-provider rule. Package entrypoints are modality-specific, such as `@opencode/ai/providers/openai/images`, and return the concrete model.
+
+`ImageModel<Options>` already gives typed `providerOptions` per model; `VideoModel`, `SpeechModel`, `TranscriptionModel` follow the same generic. A shared `MediaModel` union is what `Generation` and the promise client key on.
+
+### Routes and protocols
+
+Media does not fit the LLM four-axis route (SSE frames → event state machine) except for streaming TTS/STT. Reuse `Endpoint`, `Auth`, `Framing`, `RequestExecutor`, and add media protocol kinds:
+
+- `MediaProtocol.inline` — `body.from(request)` (JSON, multipart, or query), `response.decode(response)` (JSON, or binary body → `Media.Asset`).
+- `MediaProtocol.queued` — `start` (body + decode to `{ token, snapshot }`), `status`, `result`, optional `cancel`, `pollHint`, and a `token` codec. `result` is always a separate GET (against the status document for Veo/xAI/Runway, fal's `response_url` otherwise) so `await` after `start` and after `resume` share one path. `PollContext.auth` hands the auth headers the route sent to the protocol for output URLs that need them (Veo downloads); they become transient `Media.Asset.headers`, never part of `source`. There is no separate `download` step: `Media.Asset.bytes()` downloads through the executor with those headers. `MediaRoute.inline(...)` / `MediaRoute.queued(...)` compose each kind with endpoint and auth; the queued route decodes the token once and hands `Generation` a token-free `{ status, result, cancel? }`.
+- `MediaProtocol.stream` — `body.from(request)` over the request plus its `mode`, `frames` (a function that picks the framing for the call: `Framing.sse`, `lines`, `document`, or the raw bytes), fresh per-response `initial()` state, `step` emitting modality events, and `finish(state, context)` — with the observed response for header-only usage — emitting exactly one terminal event or failing as an incomplete stream. The route fills `reason.http` on stream errors. `MediaRoute.stream(...)` exposes `stream` and `generate` (the same stream folded by the modality's `collect`).
+
+`MediaRoute.inline` / `MediaRoute.queued` / `MediaRoute.stream` compose one protocol kind with endpoint/auth and tag the route with its `kind`; `ImageModel`/`VideoModel`/`SpeechModel`/`TranscriptionModel` share the `MediaModel` base (`src/media-model.ts`).
+
+### LLM integration
+
+- `MediaPart` becomes `{ type: "media"; media: Media.Asset; … }` so protocols branch on `kind` and can pass `url`/`ref` sources through natively (OpenAI `image_url`, Gemini `fileData`).
+- New `LLMEvent`s: `media { media: Media.Asset }` so Gemini inline image output is first-class instead of dropped. OpenAI Responses `image_generation_call` keeps its single carrier — the provider-executed `tool-result` with `file` content — because Core consumes hosted tool-result content today and has no `media` event handling yet; it switches to the `media` carrier when Core adopts the event, so the image is never emitted twice.
+- `Message.assistant([...])` accepts media parts; Gemini multi-turn image editing replays them.
+- `Tool.FileContent` aligns with `Media.Source`.
+
+## Decisions
+
+All settled:
+
+1. **Per-modality selectors** (`openai.image(id)`, `.video`, `.speech`, `.transcription`) name media models, mirroring `openai.responses(id)`. The one-word overlap with the request namespace is accepted over a callable-facade `ModelRef` as a second construction path.
+2. **`providerOptions` everywhere** (rename current `Image.options`) for consistency with LLM.
+3. **No hidden `n` fan-out.** `n` lowers natively; routes that cannot do `n > 1` fail typed. Callers use `Effect.all` / `Promise.all` explicitly.
+4. **Errors over warnings** for unsupported common fields; `notices` for provider-side partial results only.
+5. **`Media.Asset` is a class** (lazy bytes, cached) with `Media.Source` as the serializable Schema for wire/persistence. `Asset.from(source)` / `asset.source` round-trip losslessly. Same pattern as `LanguageModel` today.
+6. **Promise entrypoint**: `@opencode/ai/promise` exporting `AI.make(options?: { layer? })` plus a module-level default `ai` for scripts, covering LLM too.
+7. **Modality set for v1**: `Image`, `Video`, `Speech`, `Transcription`. `Music`/`SoundEffect` and `session` (bidirectional WS, realtime) are designed-for but deferred.
+8. **Sora is skipped** (API shuts down 2026-09-24). Video launches with Veo, xAI, fal, Runway.
+
+## Build order
+
+Foundation + Image ship together as the reference implementation, serially. Video, Speech, and Transcription then proceed in parallel on separate branches. Image jobs and partial streaming come last, after Video has hardened `Generation`.
+
+## Phasing
+
+1. **Foundation** — per-modality selectors, `Media`, `Generation`, `Poll`, `Usage` union, `MediaProtocol` kinds, `@opencode/ai/promise` with `llm` + `image`. Port the five existing image protocols onto it. Unify `MediaPart` and add the `media` LLM event (fixes Gemini image output being dropped).
+2. **Video** — ✅ Veo, xAI, fal, Runway shipped (`MediaProtocol.queued`, `Video.start/generate/resume/stream`, promise `ai.video`). Deferred: `Video.complete` (webhooks), Luma, Kling, MiniMax, Replicate.
+3. **Speech + Transcription** — ✅ Speech: OpenAI, Gemini TTS, ElevenLabs, Cartesia, Deepgram shipped (`MediaProtocol.stream`, `Speech.generate/stream`, promise `ai.speech`). ✅ Transcription: OpenAI, Gemini, Deepgram, AssemblyAI shipped across all three route kinds (`Transcription.generate/stream/start/resume`, promise `ai.transcription`). Pending: ElevenLabs Scribe. Deferred: `Speech.session` and `Transcription.session` (WebSocket streaming).
+4. **Image queued routes and partials** — BFL, fal, Replicate, Stability; OpenAI `partial_images` streaming.
+5. **Later** — ElevenLabs music/SFX, Lyria, `Speech.session` / `Transcription.session`, realtime.
+
+Core adoption (session attachments beyond png/jpeg/gif/webp/pdf, image-generation tool, TUI rendering) comes after phase 1 and is a Core concern.
@@ -1,5 +1,17 @@
 import { Config, Effect, Formatter, Layer, Schema, Stream } from "effect"
-import { LLM, LLMClient, LLMRequest, Message, ProviderID, Tool, ToolRuntime } from "@opencode/ai"
+import { NodeFileSystem } from "@effect/platform-node"
+import {
+  Image,
+  ImageClient,
+  LLM,
+  LLMClient,
+  LLMRequest,
+  Media,
+  Message,
+  ProviderID,
+  Tool,
+  ToolRuntime,
+} from "@opencode/ai"
 import { Route, Auth, Endpoint, Framing, Protocol, RequestExecutor } from "@opencode/ai/route"
 import { OpenAI } from "@opencode/ai/providers"

@@ -16,15 +28,18 @@ import { OpenAI } from "@opencode/ai/providers"

 const apiKey = Config.redacted("OPENAI_API_KEY")

-// 1. Pick a model. The provider helper records provider identity, protocol
-// choice, capabilities, deployment options, authentication, and defaults.
-const model = OpenAI.configure({
+// 1. Configure a provider. The configured facade records provider identity,
+// deployment options, authentication, and defaults. Per-modality selectors pick
+// the API: `.responses(...)` / `.chat(...)` for LLM calls and `.image(...)` for
+// image generation.
+const openai = OpenAI.configure({
  apiKey,
  generation: { maxTokens: 160 },
  providerOptions: {
    store: false,
  },
-}).model("gpt-4o-mini")
+})
+const model = openai.responses("gpt-4o-mini")

 // 2. Build a provider-neutral request. This is useful when reusing one request
 // across generate and stream examples.
@@ -209,18 +224,39 @@ const FakeEcho = {
  }),
 }

+// 8. Image generation uses the same facade and the same request/generate shape.
+// `response.image` is a `Media.Asset`: bytes decode lazily and are cached, and
+// `Media.write` persists them through the Effect `FileSystem`.
+const generateImage = Effect.gen(function* () {
+  const response = yield* Image.generate({
+    model: openai.image("gpt-image-1-mini"),
+    prompt: "A flat black circle centered on a plain white background.",
+    size: "1024x1024",
+    format: "jpeg",
+    providerOptions: { quality: "low" },
+  })
+
+  console.log("\n== image ==")
+  console.log("media type:", response.image.mediaType)
+  console.log("bytes:", (yield* response.image.bytes()).byteLength)
+  console.log("usage", Formatter.formatJson(response.usage, { space: 2 }))
+  yield* Media.write(response.image, "tutorial-image.jpg").pipe(Effect.provide(NodeFileSystem.layer))
+})
+
 // Provide the LLM runtime and the HTTP request executor once. Keep one path
 // enabled at a time so the tutorial can demonstrate generate, stream, or
 // tool-loop behavior without spending tokens on every example.
 const requestExecutorLayer = RequestExecutor.fetchLayer
 const llmClientLayer = LLMClient.layer.pipe(Layer.provide(requestExecutorLayer))
+const imageClientLayer = ImageClient.layer.pipe(Layer.provide(requestExecutorLayer))

 const program = Effect.gen(function* () {
  // yield* generateOnce
  // yield* streamText
  // yield* generateStructuredObject
  // yield* generateDynamicObject.pipe(Effect.andThen((response) => Effect.sync(() => console.log(response.object))))
+  // yield* generateImage
  yield* streamWithTools
-}).pipe(Effect.provide(Layer.mergeAll(requestExecutorLayer, llmClientLayer)))
+}).pipe(Effect.provide(Layer.mergeAll(requestExecutorLayer, llmClientLayer, imageClientLayer)))

 Effect.runPromise(program)
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
  "$schema": "https://json.schemastore.org/package.json",
-  "version": "2.0.6",
+  "version": "2.0.15",
  "name": "@opencode/ai",
  "type": "module",
  "license": "MIT",
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  ],
  "exports": {
    ".": "./src/index.ts",
+    "./promise": "./src/promise.ts",
    "./testing": "./src/testing.ts",
    "./*": "./src/*.ts"
  },
@@ -104,6 +104,83 @@ const PROVIDERS: ReadonlyArray<Provider> = [
    vars: [{ name: "XAI_API_KEY" }],
    validate: (env) => validateBearer("https://api.x.ai/v1/models", Redacted.make(env.XAI_API_KEY)),
  },
+  {
+    id: "fal",
+    label: "fal",
+    tier: "canary",
+    note: "fal queue video recorded tests",
+    vars: [{ name: "FAL_KEY" }],
+    // fal has no free authenticated list endpoint; a 404 for an unknown request id proves the key was accepted.
+    validate: (env) =>
+      Effect.gen(function* () {
+        const http = yield* HttpClient.HttpClient
+        const response = yield* http.execute(
+          HttpClientRequest.get(
+            "https://queue.fal.run/fal-ai/veo3.1/requests/00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000/status",
+          ).pipe(HttpClientRequest.setHeaders({ authorization: `Key ${Redacted.value(Redacted.make(env.FAL_KEY))}` })),
+        )
+        if (response.status === 404) return undefined
+        return yield* responseError(response)
+      }),
+  },
+  {
+    id: "runway",
+    label: "Runway",
+    tier: "canary",
+    note: "Runway task video recorded tests",
+    vars: [{ name: "RUNWAYML_API_SECRET" }],
+    validate: (env) =>
+      validateBearer("https://api.dev.runwayml.com/v1/organization", Redacted.make(env.RUNWAYML_API_SECRET), {
+        "X-Runway-Version": "2024-11-06",
+      }),
+  },
+  {
+    id: "elevenlabs",
+    label: "ElevenLabs",
+    tier: "canary",
+    note: "ElevenLabs text-to-speech recorded tests",
+    vars: [{ name: "ELEVENLABS_API_KEY" }],
+    validate: (env) =>
+      HttpClientRequest.get("https://api.elevenlabs.io/v1/models").pipe(
+        HttpClientRequest.setHeader("xi-api-key", Redacted.value(Redacted.make(env.ELEVENLABS_API_KEY))),
+        executeRequest,
+      ),
+  },
+  {
+    id: "cartesia",
+    label: "Cartesia",
+    tier: "canary",
+    note: "Cartesia text-to-speech recorded tests",
+    vars: [{ name: "CARTESIA_API_KEY" }],
+    validate: (env) =>
+      validateBearer("https://api.cartesia.ai/voices?limit=1", Redacted.make(env.CARTESIA_API_KEY), {
+        "Cartesia-Version": "2026-08-14",
+      }),
+  },
+  {
+    id: "deepgram",
+    label: "Deepgram",
+    tier: "canary",
+    note: "Deepgram Aura text-to-speech and Nova transcription recorded tests",
+    vars: [{ name: "DEEPGRAM_API_KEY" }],
+    validate: (env) =>
+      HttpClientRequest.get("https://api.deepgram.com/v1/projects").pipe(
+        HttpClientRequest.setHeader("authorization", `Token ${Redacted.value(Redacted.make(env.DEEPGRAM_API_KEY))}`),
+        executeRequest,
+      ),
+  },
+  {
+    id: "assemblyai",
+    label: "AssemblyAI",
+    tier: "canary",
+    note: "AssemblyAI queued transcription recorded tests",
+    vars: [{ name: "ASSEMBLYAI_API_KEY" }],
+    validate: (env) =>
+      HttpClientRequest.get("https://api.assemblyai.com/v2/transcript?limit=1").pipe(
+        HttpClientRequest.setHeader("authorization", Redacted.value(Redacted.make(env.ASSEMBLYAI_API_KEY))),
+        executeRequest,
+      ),
+  },
  {
    id: "cloudflare-ai-gateway",
    label: "Cloudflare AI Gateway",
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+export { EvaluationClient } from "./experimental/evaluation-client.js"
+export {
+  BooleanAnswer,
+  BooleanQuestion,
+  ChoiceAnswer,
+  ChoiceQuestion,
+  Evaluation,
+  EvaluationAnswer,
+  EvaluationInput,
+  EvaluationModel,
+  EvaluationModelSchema,
+  EvaluationQuestion,
+  EvaluationRequest,
+  EvaluationResponse,
+  EvaluationRounding,
+  ScoreAnswer,
+  ScoreQuestion,
+} from "./experimental/evaluation.js"
+export type {
+  AnswerFor,
+  AnswersFor,
+  EvaluationModelOptions,
+  EvaluationOptions,
+  EvaluationQuestions,
+  EvaluationRequestFor,
+  EvaluationRequestInput,
+  EvaluationResponseFor,
+  EvaluationRoute,
+} from "./experimental/evaluation.js"
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+import { Context, Effect, Layer } from "effect"
+import { RequestExecutor } from "../route/executor.js"
+import { AIError, InvalidProviderOutputError, mergeHttpOptions } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { sanitizeSurrogates } from "../utils/sanitize.js"
+import {
+  type EvaluationOptions,
+  type EvaluationQuestions,
+  type EvaluationRequestFor,
+  type EvaluationResponseFor,
+} from "./evaluation.js"
+
+export type Execute = RequestExecutor.Interface["execute"]
+
+export interface Interface {
+  readonly evaluate: <Options extends EvaluationOptions, const Questions extends EvaluationQuestions>(
+    request: EvaluationRequestFor<Options, Questions>,
+  ) => Effect.Effect<EvaluationResponseFor<Questions>, AIError>
+}
+
+export class Service extends Context.Service<Service, Interface>()("@opencode/AI/Experimental/EvaluationClient") {}
+
+export const evaluate = <Options extends EvaluationOptions, const Questions extends EvaluationQuestions>(
+  request: EvaluationRequestFor<Options, Questions>,
+): Effect.Effect<EvaluationResponseFor<Questions>, AIError, Service> =>
+  Effect.flatMap(Service, (client) => client.evaluate(request))
+
+export const layer: Layer.Layer<Service, never, RequestExecutor.Service> = Layer.effect(
+  Service,
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const executor = yield* RequestExecutor.Service
+    return Service.of({
+      evaluate: (request) =>
+        request.model.route
+          .evaluate(
+            {
+              ...sanitizeSurrogates({
+                ...request,
+                model: undefined,
+                http: mergeHttpOptions(request.model.http, request.http),
+              }),
+              model: request.model,
+            },
+            executor.execute,
+          )
+          .pipe(
+            Effect.flatMap((response) => {
+              const questions = Object.entries(request.questions)
+              if (
+                questions.length === Object.keys(response.answers).length &&
+                questions.every(([id, question]) => {
+                  const answer = response.answers[id]
+                  if (question.type === "boolean") return answer?.type === "boolean"
+                  if (question.type === "choice") {
+                    if (answer?.type !== "choice" || !Object.hasOwn(question.criteria, answer.choice)) return false
+                    if (answer.probabilities === undefined) return true
+                    const keys = Object.keys(question.criteria)
+                    const probabilities = answer.probabilities
+                    return (
+                      Object.keys(probabilities).length === keys.length &&
+                      keys.every((key) => Object.hasOwn(probabilities, key))
+                    )
+                  }
+                  if (answer?.type !== "score" || answer.score < 0 || answer.score > question.criteria.length - 1)
+                    return false
+                  if (answer.probabilities === undefined) return true
+                  const keys = question.criteria.map((_, index) => String(index))
+                  const probabilities = answer.probabilities
+                  return (
+                    Object.keys(probabilities).length === keys.length &&
+                    keys.every((key) => Object.hasOwn(probabilities, key))
+                  )
+                })
+              )
+                return Effect.succeed(response as EvaluationResponseFor<typeof request.questions>)
+              return Effect.fail(
+                new AIError({
+                  reason: new InvalidProviderOutputError({
+                    route: request.model.route.id,
+                    message: "Evaluation answers do not match the requested questions",
+                    cause: response.answers,
+                  }),
+                }),
+              )
+            }),
+          ),
+    })
+  }),
+)
+export const fetchLayer = layer.pipe(Layer.provide(RequestExecutor.fetchLayer))
+
+export const EvaluationClient = {
+  Service,
+  layer,
+  fetchLayer,
+  evaluate,
+} as const
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import {
+  AIError,
+  HttpOptions,
+  InvalidRequestError,
+  ModelID,
+  ProviderID,
+  ProviderMetadata,
+  Usage,
+} from "../schema/index.js"
+import { EvaluationClient, Service, type Execute } from "./evaluation-client.js"
+
+export const EvaluationInput = Schema.Union([Schema.String, Schema.JsonObject, Schema.Array(Schema.Json)])
+export type EvaluationInput = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof EvaluationInput>
+
+const EvaluationCriterion = Schema.NullOr(EvaluationInput)
+const ChoiceCriteria = Schema.Record(Schema.String, EvaluationCriterion).pipe(
+  Schema.refine((x): x is typeof x => Object.keys(x).length > 0, {
+    message: "Choice criteria must be a nonempty option map",
+  }),
+)
+
+export const ChoiceQuestion = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.Literal("choice"),
+  instructions: EvaluationInput,
+  criteria: ChoiceCriteria,
+})
+export type ChoiceQuestion = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ChoiceQuestion>
+
+export const ScoreQuestion = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.Literal("score"),
+  instructions: EvaluationInput,
+  criteria: Schema.Array(EvaluationCriterion).check(Schema.isMinLength(2)),
+})
+export type ScoreQuestion = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ScoreQuestion>
+
+export const BooleanQuestion = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.Literal("boolean"),
+  instructions: EvaluationInput,
+  criteria: Schema.optional(
+    Schema.Struct({
+      true: Schema.optional(EvaluationCriterion),
+      false: Schema.optional(EvaluationCriterion),
+    }),
+  ),
+})
+export type BooleanQuestion = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof BooleanQuestion>
+
+export const EvaluationQuestion = Schema.Union([ChoiceQuestion, ScoreQuestion, BooleanQuestion]).pipe(
+  Schema.toTaggedUnion("type"),
+)
+export type EvaluationQuestion = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof EvaluationQuestion>
+export type EvaluationQuestions = Readonly<Record<string, EvaluationQuestion>>
+const EvaluationQuestions = Schema.Record(Schema.String, EvaluationQuestion).pipe(
+  Schema.refine((x): x is typeof x => Object.keys(x).length > 0, {
+    message: "Evaluation questions must be a nonempty map",
+  }),
+)
+
+const Probability = Schema.Number.check(Schema.isBetween({ minimum: 0, maximum: 1 }))
+
+export const ChoiceAnswer = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.Literal("choice"),
+  choice: Schema.String,
+  probabilities: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Probability)),
+})
+export type ChoiceAnswer = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ChoiceAnswer>
+
+export const ScoreAnswer = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.Literal("score"),
+  score: Schema.Number,
+  probabilities: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Probability)),
+})
+export type ScoreAnswer = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ScoreAnswer>
+
+export const BooleanAnswer = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.Literal("boolean"),
+  probability: Probability,
+})
+export type BooleanAnswer = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof BooleanAnswer>
+
+export const EvaluationAnswer = Schema.Union([ChoiceAnswer, ScoreAnswer, BooleanAnswer]).pipe(
+  Schema.toTaggedUnion("type"),
+)
+export type EvaluationAnswer = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof EvaluationAnswer>
+
+export type AnswerFor<Question extends EvaluationQuestion> = Question extends {
+  readonly type: "choice"
+  readonly criteria: infer Criteria
+}
+  ? {
+      readonly type: "choice"
+      readonly choice: Extract<keyof Criteria, string>
+      readonly probabilities?: Readonly<Record<Extract<keyof Criteria, string>, number>>
+    }
+  : Question extends { readonly type: "score" }
+    ? ScoreAnswer
+    : BooleanAnswer
+
+export type AnswersFor<Questions extends EvaluationQuestions> = {
+  readonly [ID in keyof Questions]: AnswerFor<Questions[ID]>
+}
+
+export type EvaluationOptions = Record<string, unknown>
+
+export interface EvaluationRoute<Options extends EvaluationOptions = EvaluationOptions> {
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly evaluate: (
+    request: EvaluationRequestFor<Options>,
+    execute: Execute,
+  ) => Effect.Effect<EvaluationResponse, AIError>
+}
+
+export class EvaluationModel<Options extends EvaluationOptions = EvaluationOptions> {
+  declare protected readonly _Options: (options: Options) => Options
+  readonly id: ModelID
+  readonly provider: ProviderID
+  readonly route: EvaluationRoute<Options>
+  readonly http?: HttpOptions
+
+  constructor(input: EvaluationModel.Input<Options>) {
+    this.id = input.id
+    this.provider = input.provider
+    this.route = input.route
+    this.http = input.http
+  }
+
+  static make<Options extends EvaluationOptions = EvaluationOptions>(input: EvaluationModel.MakeInput<Options>) {
+    return new EvaluationModel<Options>({
+      id: ModelID.make(input.id),
+      provider: ProviderID.make(input.provider),
+      route: input.route,
+      http: input.http,
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+export namespace EvaluationModel {
+  export interface Input<Options extends EvaluationOptions = EvaluationOptions> {
+    readonly id: ModelID
+    readonly provider: ProviderID
+    readonly route: EvaluationRoute<Options>
+    readonly http?: HttpOptions
+  }
+
+  export interface MakeInput<Options extends EvaluationOptions = EvaluationOptions>
+    extends Omit<Input<Options>, "id" | "provider"> {
+    readonly id: string | ModelID
+    readonly provider: string | ProviderID
+  }
+}
+
+export const EvaluationModelSchema = Schema.declare(
+  (value): value is EvaluationModel => value instanceof EvaluationModel,
+  {
+    expected: "Evaluation.Model",
+  },
+)
+
+export class EvaluationRequest extends Schema.Class<EvaluationRequest>("Evaluation.Request")({
+  model: EvaluationModelSchema,
+  state: EvaluationInput,
+  questions: EvaluationQuestions,
+  options: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)),
+  http: Schema.optional(HttpOptions),
+}) {
+  declare protected readonly _EvaluationRequest: void
+}
+
+export type EvaluationModelOptions<Model> = Model extends EvaluationModel<infer Options> ? Options : never
+
+export type EvaluationRequestFor<
+  Options extends EvaluationOptions = EvaluationOptions,
+  Questions extends EvaluationQuestions = EvaluationQuestions,
+> = Omit<EvaluationRequest, "model" | "questions" | "options"> & {
+  readonly model: EvaluationModel<Options>
+  readonly questions: Questions
+  readonly options?: Options
+}
+
+export type EvaluationRequestInput<
+  Model extends object = EvaluationModel,
+  Questions extends EvaluationQuestions = EvaluationQuestions,
+> = Omit<ConstructorParameters<typeof EvaluationRequest>[0], "model" | "questions" | "options" | "http"> & {
+  readonly model: Model
+  readonly questions: Questions
+  readonly options?: NoInfer<EvaluationModelOptions<Model>>
+  readonly http?: HttpOptions.Input
+} & (Model extends EvaluationModel<EvaluationModelOptions<Model>> ? unknown : never)
+
+export class EvaluationRounding extends Schema.Class<EvaluationRounding>("Evaluation.Rounding")({
+  probabilityDecimals: Schema.optional(Schema.Int),
+  scoreDecimals: Schema.optional(Schema.Int),
+}) {}
+
+export class EvaluationResponse extends Schema.Class<EvaluationResponse>("Evaluation.Response")({
+  model: ModelID,
+  answers: Schema.Record(Schema.String, EvaluationAnswer),
+  usage: Schema.optional(Usage),
+  rounding: Schema.optional(EvaluationRounding),
+  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
+}) {}
+
+export type EvaluationResponseFor<Questions extends EvaluationQuestions> = Omit<EvaluationResponse, "answers"> & {
+  readonly answers: AnswersFor<Questions>
+}
+
+export function request<const Model extends object, const Questions extends EvaluationQuestions>(
+  input: EvaluationRequestInput<Model, Questions>,
+): EvaluationRequestFor<EvaluationModelOptions<Model>, Questions>
+export function request(input: EvaluationRequest): EvaluationRequest
+export function request(input: EvaluationRequest | EvaluationRequestInput) {
+  if (input instanceof EvaluationRequest) return input
+  return new EvaluationRequest({
+    ...input,
+    model: input.model as unknown as EvaluationModel,
+    http: input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
+  })
+}
+
+export function run<const Model extends object, const Questions extends EvaluationQuestions>(
+  input: EvaluationRequestInput<Model, Questions>,
+): Effect.Effect<EvaluationResponseFor<Questions>, AIError, Service>
+export function run(input: EvaluationRequest): Effect.Effect<EvaluationResponse, AIError, Service>
+export function run(input: EvaluationRequest | EvaluationRequestInput) {
+  return Effect.try({
+    try: () => (input instanceof EvaluationRequest ? input : request(input)),
+    catch: (cause) =>
+      new AIError({
+        reason: new InvalidRequestError({
+          message: cause instanceof Error ? cause.message : String(cause),
+          cause,
+        }),
+      }),
+  }).pipe(
+    Effect.flatMap((request) =>
+      EvaluationClient.evaluate(request as EvaluationRequestFor<EvaluationOptions, EvaluationQuestions>),
+    ),
+  )
+}
+
+export const Evaluation = {
+  request,
+  run,
+} as const
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import { Headers, HttpClientRequest } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import {
+  ChoiceQuestion,
+  EvaluationInput,
+  EvaluationModel,
+  EvaluationResponse,
+  EvaluationRounding,
+  ScoreQuestion,
+  type EvaluationAnswer,
+  type EvaluationOptions,
+} from "./evaluation.js"
+import { Auth, type Definition as AuthDefinition } from "../route/auth.js"
+import {
+  AIError,
+  HttpContext,
+  HttpOptions,
+  InvalidProviderOutputError,
+  InvalidRequestError,
+  ModelID,
+  Usage,
+  mergeJsonRecords,
+} from "../schema/index.js"
+
+const Noul = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.Literal("noul"),
+  instructions: EvaluationInput,
+  criteria: Schema.optional(
+    Schema.Struct({
+      true: Schema.optional(Schema.NullOr(EvaluationInput)),
+      false: Schema.optional(Schema.NullOr(EvaluationInput)),
+    }),
+  ),
+})
+const Question = Schema.Union([
+  ChoiceQuestion.pipe(
+    Schema.refine((x): x is typeof x => Object.keys(x.criteria).length <= 255, {
+      message: "System One Choice questions support at most 255 options",
+    }),
+  ),
+  ScoreQuestion.pipe(
+    Schema.refine((x): x is typeof x => x.criteria.length <= 10, {
+      message: "System One Score questions support at most 10 levels",
+    }),
+  ),
+  Noul,
+])
+const Request = Schema.StructWithRest(
+  Schema.Struct({
+    model: Schema.String,
+    state: EvaluationInput,
+    questions: Schema.Record(Schema.String, Question),
+  }),
+  [Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Any)],
+)
+
+const Probability = Schema.Number.check(Schema.isBetween({ minimum: 0, maximum: 1 }))
+const NoulAnswer = Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.Literal("noul"), noul: Probability })
+const Choice = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.Literal("choice"),
+  choice: Schema.String,
+  probabilities: Schema.Record(Schema.String, Probability),
+  confidence: Schema.optional(Probability),
+})
+const Score = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.Literal("score"),
+  score: Schema.Number,
+  probabilities: Schema.Record(Schema.String, Probability),
+  legend: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Json)),
+  confidence: Schema.optional(Probability),
+})
+const Answer = Schema.Union([NoulAnswer, Choice, Score]).pipe(Schema.toTaggedUnion("type"))
+const NativeUsage = Schema.StructWithRest(
+  Schema.Struct({
+    input_tokens: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+    output_tokens: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  }),
+  [Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)],
+)
+const Response = Schema.Struct({
+  model: Schema.String,
+  answers: Schema.Record(Schema.String, Answer),
+  usage: Schema.optional(NativeUsage),
+  id: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  provider: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  provider_metadata: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown))),
+})
+
+export interface ModelInput {
+  readonly id: string | ModelID
+  readonly provider: string
+  readonly providerMetadataKey: string
+  readonly auth: AuthDefinition
+  readonly baseURL: string
+  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
+  readonly http?: HttpOptions
+}
+
+export const model = <Options extends EvaluationOptions = EvaluationOptions>(cfg: ModelInput) =>
+  EvaluationModel.make<Options>({
+    id: cfg.id,
+    provider: cfg.provider,
+    http: cfg.http,
+    route: {
+      id: "system-one",
+      evaluate: (req, send) =>
+        Effect.gen(function* () {
+          const url = new URL(`${cfg.baseURL.replace(/\/$/, "")}/systemone`)
+          Object.entries(req.http?.query ?? {}).forEach(([key, value]) => url.searchParams.set(key, value))
+          const body = yield* Schema.encodeUnknownEffect(Schema.fromJsonString(Request))({
+            ...mergeJsonRecords(req.options, req.http?.body),
+            model: req.model.id,
+            state: req.state,
+            questions: Object.fromEntries(
+              Object.entries(req.questions).map(([id, x]) => [id, x.type === "boolean" ? { ...x, type: "noul" } : x]),
+            ),
+          }).pipe(
+            Effect.mapError(
+              (cause) => new AIError({ reason: new InvalidRequestError({ message: cause.message, cause }) }),
+            ),
+          )
+          const headers = yield* Auth.toEffect(cfg.auth)({
+            request: req,
+            method: "POST",
+            url: url.toString(),
+            body,
+            headers: Headers.fromInput({ ...cfg.headers, ...req.http?.headers }),
+          })
+          const res = yield* send(
+            HttpClientRequest.post(url).pipe(
+              HttpClientRequest.setHeaders(headers),
+              HttpClientRequest.bodyText(body, "application/json"),
+            ),
+          )
+          const http = new HttpContext({ url: res.request.url, status: res.status, headers: res.headers })
+          const fail = (message: string, cause: unknown, body?: string) =>
+            new AIError({ reason: new InvalidProviderOutputError({ route: "system-one", message, body, http, cause }) })
+          const text = yield* res.text.pipe(
+            Effect.mapError((cause) => fail("Failed to read the System One response", cause)),
+          )
+          const data = yield* Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Schema.fromJsonString(Response))(text).pipe(
+            Effect.mapError((cause) => fail("System One returned an invalid response", cause, text)),
+          )
+
+          const confidence: Record<string, number> = {}
+          const legend: Record<string, Record<string, Schema.Json>> = {}
+          const answers = Object.fromEntries(
+            Object.entries(data.answers).map(([id, answer]): [string, EvaluationAnswer] => {
+              if (answer.type === "noul") return [id, { type: "boolean", probability: answer.noul }]
+              if (answer.type === "choice") {
+                if (answer.confidence !== undefined) confidence[id] = answer.confidence
+                return [
+                  id,
+                  {
+                    type: "choice",
+                    choice: answer.choice,
+                    probabilities: answer.probabilities,
+                  },
+                ]
+              }
+              if (answer.confidence !== undefined) confidence[id] = answer.confidence
+              if (answer.legend !== undefined) legend[id] = answer.legend
+              return [id, { type: "score", score: answer.score, probabilities: answer.probabilities }]
+            }),
+          )
+          const meta = {
+            ...(data.id === undefined ? {} : { responseId: data.id }),
+            ...(data.provider === undefined ? {} : { provider: data.provider }),
+            ...data.provider_metadata?.[cfg.providerMetadataKey],
+            ...(Object.keys(confidence).length === 0 ? {} : { confidence }),
+            ...(Object.keys(legend).length === 0 ? {} : { legend }),
+          }
+          return new EvaluationResponse({
+            model: ModelID.make(data.model),
+            answers,
+            usage: data.usage
+              ? new Usage({
+                  inputTokens: data.usage.input_tokens,
+                  outputTokens: data.usage.output_tokens,
+                  totalTokens:
+                    data.usage.input_tokens === undefined && data.usage.output_tokens === undefined
+                      ? undefined
+                      : (data.usage.input_tokens ?? 0) + (data.usage.output_tokens ?? 0),
+                  providerMetadata: { [cfg.providerMetadataKey]: data.usage },
+                })
+              : undefined,
+            rounding: new EvaluationRounding({ probabilityDecimals: 2, scoreDecimals: 2 }),
+            providerMetadata: Object.keys(meta).length === 0 ? undefined : { [cfg.providerMetadataKey]: meta },
+          })
+        }),
+    },
+  })
+
+export const SystemOne = { model } as const
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+import { Clock, Duration, Effect, Schedule, Schema, Stream } from "effect"
+import { AIError, TimeoutError } from "./schema/errors.js"
+
+export const Status = Schema.Literals(["queued", "running", "completed", "failed", "cancelled", "expired"])
+export type Status = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Status>
+
+/** Provider-neutral view of one generation observation. */
+export interface Snapshot {
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly status: Status
+  /** Normalized 0..1 when the provider reports progress. */
+  readonly progress?: number
+  readonly position?: number
+  readonly expiresAt?: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * Route-owned generation operations for one generation. The media route decodes its serializable token once (from the
+ * submission response or a `resume` input) and closes over it, so `Generation` never sees the token's shape.
+ */
+export interface Route<Response> {
+  readonly status: Effect.Effect<Snapshot, AIError>
+  readonly result: Effect.Effect<Response, AIError>
+  readonly cancel?: Effect.Effect<void, AIError>
+  /** Provider polling hint (e.g. `openai-poll-after-ms`) that overrides the default interval for the next poll. */
+  readonly pollHint?: (snapshot: Snapshot) => Duration.Duration | undefined
+}
+
+export interface Poll {
+  readonly interval?: Duration.Input
+  readonly timeout?: Duration.Input
+  /** Full override of the polling schedule; `interval` and `pollHint` are ignored when supplied. */
+  readonly schedule?: Schedule.Schedule<unknown, Snapshot>
+}
+
+export interface AwaitOptions {
+  readonly poll?: Poll
+}
+
+export const DEFAULT_POLL_INTERVAL = Duration.seconds(5)
+export const DEFAULT_POLL_TIMEOUT = Duration.minutes(10)
+
+export const QueuedEvent = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.tag("generation-queued"),
+  id: Schema.String,
+  position: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Generation.Event.Queued" })
+
+export const ProgressEvent = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.tag("generation-progress"),
+  id: Schema.String,
+  progress: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Generation.Event.Progress" })
+
+export type Observation = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof QueuedEvent> | Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ProgressEvent>
+
+export type Event = Observation | { readonly type: "generation-finished"; readonly id: string; readonly status: Status }
+
+const TERMINAL: ReadonlySet<Status> = new Set(["completed", "failed", "cancelled", "expired"])
+
+export class Generation<Response> {
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly status: Status
+  readonly progress?: number
+  readonly position?: number
+  readonly expiresAt?: number
+
+  constructor(
+    readonly route: Route<Response>,
+    /** Route-owned serializable JSON; pass it to the modality's `resume` from another process. */
+    readonly token: unknown,
+    snapshot: Snapshot,
+  ) {
+    this.id = snapshot.id
+    this.status = snapshot.status
+    this.progress = snapshot.progress
+    this.position = snapshot.position
+    this.expiresAt = snapshot.expiresAt
+  }
+
+  get snapshot(): Snapshot {
+    return {
+      id: this.id,
+      status: this.status,
+      progress: this.progress,
+      position: this.position,
+      expiresAt: this.expiresAt,
+    }
+  }
+
+  get terminal() {
+    return TERMINAL.has(this.status)
+  }
+
+  refresh(): Effect.Effect<Generation<Response>, AIError> {
+    return this.route.status.pipe(Effect.map((snapshot) => new Generation(this.route, this.token, snapshot)))
+  }
+
+  /** Fetch the result without polling; non-completed terminal generations fail with the provider's terminal body. */
+  result(): Effect.Effect<Response, AIError> {
+    return this.route.result
+  }
+
+  /** Poll until the generation reaches a terminal status, then fetch the result. Fails with a `Timeout` reason on deadline. */
+  await(options?: AwaitOptions): Effect.Effect<Response, AIError> {
+    const timeout = Duration.fromInputUnsafe(options?.poll?.timeout ?? DEFAULT_POLL_TIMEOUT)
+    const settled = this.terminal ? Effect.succeed(this) : this.poll(options?.poll)
+    return settled.pipe(
+      // Non-completed terminal states also go through `result` so the route can surface its provider failure body.
+      Effect.flatMap((generation) => generation.result()),
+      Effect.timeoutOrElse({ duration: timeout, orElse: () => this.timeoutError(timeout) }),
+    )
+  }
+
+  cancel(): Effect.Effect<void, AIError> {
+    return this.route.cancel ?? Effect.void
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Status observations as a stream, ending after the first terminal observation. Each poll is bounded by the time
+   * remaining until `poll.timeout`, so a hung status request fails the stream instead of stalling it. (`Stream.interruptWhen`
+   * would express this directly but deadlocks under `TestClock` when the source completes while the timer sleeps.)
+   */
+  events(options?: AwaitOptions): Stream.Stream<Event, AIError> {
+    if (this.terminal) return Stream.make(this.event())
+    const timeout = Duration.fromInputUnsafe(options?.poll?.timeout ?? DEFAULT_POLL_TIMEOUT)
+    return Stream.unwrap(
+      Clock.currentTimeMillis.pipe(
+        Effect.map((start) => {
+          const deadline = start + Duration.toMillis(timeout)
+          const refresh = Clock.currentTimeMillis.pipe(
+            Effect.flatMap((now) =>
+              this.refresh().pipe(
+                Effect.timeoutOrElse({
+                  duration: Duration.millis(Math.max(0, deadline - now)),
+                  orElse: () => this.timeoutError(timeout),
+                }),
+              ),
+            ),
+          )
+          return Stream.fromEffectSchedule(refresh, this.schedule(options?.poll)).pipe(
+            Stream.takeUntil((generation) => generation.terminal),
+            Stream.map((generation) => generation.event()),
+          )
+        }),
+      ),
+    )
+  }
+
+  private event(): Event {
+    if (this.terminal) return { type: "generation-finished", id: this.id, status: this.status }
+    if (this.status === "queued") return { type: "generation-queued", id: this.id, position: this.position }
+    return { type: "generation-progress", id: this.id, progress: this.progress }
+  }
+
+  private timeoutError(timeout: Duration.Duration) {
+    return new AIError({
+      reason: new TimeoutError({
+        message: `Generation ${this.id} did not finish within ${Duration.format(timeout)}`,
+        timeoutMs: Duration.toMillis(timeout),
+      }),
+    })
+  }
+
+  private poll(poll: Poll | undefined) {
+    return this.refresh().pipe(
+      Effect.repeat({ schedule: this.schedule(poll), until: (generation) => generation.terminal }),
+    )
+  }
+
+  private schedule(poll: Poll | undefined): Schedule.Schedule<unknown, Generation<Response>> {
+    if (poll?.schedule) return poll.schedule.pipe(Schedule.setInputType<Generation<Response>>())
+    const interval = poll?.interval ?? DEFAULT_POLL_INTERVAL
+    const pollHint = this.route.pollHint
+    const spaced = Schedule.spaced(interval).pipe(Schedule.setInputType<Generation<Response>>())
+    if (!pollHint) return spaced
+    return spaced.pipe(
+      Schedule.modifyDelay((metadata) => Effect.succeed(pollHint(metadata.input.snapshot) ?? interval)),
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+export const resultEvents = <Response, A>(
+  generation: Generation<Response>,
+  expand: (response: Response) => ReadonlyArray<A>,
+  options?: AwaitOptions,
+): Stream.Stream<Observation | A, AIError> =>
+  generation.events(options).pipe(
+    Stream.filter((event): event is Observation => event.type !== "generation-finished"),
+    Stream.concat(Stream.fromIterableEffect(Effect.map(generation.result(), expand))),
+  )
@@ -1,15 +1,21 @@
-import { Context, Effect, Layer } from "effect"
+import { Context, Effect, Layer, Stream } from "effect"
 import { RequestExecutor } from "./route/executor.js"
-import { mergeHttpOptions, type AIError } from "./schema/index.js"
-import { sanitizeSurrogates } from "./utils/sanitize.js"
-import type { ImageOptions, ImageRequest, ImageRequestFor, ImageResponse } from "./image.js"
-
-export type Execute = RequestExecutor.Interface["execute"]
+import type { AIError } from "./schema/index.js"
+import {
+  responseEvents,
+  type ImageEvent,
+  type ImageOptions,
+  type ImageRequestFor,
+  type ImageResponse,
+} from "./image.js"

 export interface Interface {
  readonly generate: <Options extends ImageOptions>(
    request: ImageRequestFor<Options>,
  ) => Effect.Effect<ImageResponse, AIError>
+  readonly stream: <Options extends ImageOptions>(
+    request: ImageRequestFor<Options>,
+  ) => Stream.Stream<ImageEvent, AIError>
 }

 export class Service extends Context.Service<Service, Interface>()("@opencode/ImageClient") {}
@@ -22,23 +28,27 @@ export const generate = <Options extends ImageOptions>(
    return yield* client.generate(request)
  })

+export const stream = <Options extends ImageOptions>(
+  request: ImageRequestFor<Options>,
+): Stream.Stream<ImageEvent, AIError, Service> =>
+  Stream.unwrap(
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const client = yield* Service
+      return client.stream(request)
+    }),
+  )
+
 export const layer: Layer.Layer<Service, never, RequestExecutor.Service> = Layer.effect(
  Service,
  Effect.gen(function* () {
    const executor = yield* RequestExecutor.Service
+    const generate = <Options extends ImageOptions>(request: ImageRequestFor<Options>) =>
+      request.model.route.generate(request, executor.execute)
    return Service.of({
-      generate: (request) =>
-        request.model.route.generate(
-          {
-            ...sanitizeSurrogates({
-              ...request,
-              model: undefined,
-              http: mergeHttpOptions(request.model.http, request.http),
-            }),
-            model: request.model,
-          },
-          executor.execute,
-        ),
+      generate,
+      // Inline routes have no partial frames yet; the stream is the completed response expanded into events.
+      stream: (request) =>
+        Stream.fromIterableEffect(Effect.map(generate(request), responseEvents)),
    })
  }),
 )
@@ -47,4 +57,5 @@ export const ImageClient = {
  Service,
  layer,
  generate,
+  stream,
 } as const
@@ -1,134 +1,115 @@
-import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
-import {
-  HttpOptions,
-  InvalidRequestError,
-  AIError,
-  ModelID,
-  ProviderID,
-  ProviderMetadata,
-  Usage,
-} from "./schema/index.js"
-import { ImageClient, Service, type Execute as ImageExecute } from "./image-client.js"
+import { Effect, Schema, Stream } from "effect"
+import { Media } from "./media.js"
+import { MediaModel, composeRoute, tryRequest } from "./media-model.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "./route/media.js"
+import type { MediaProtocol } from "./route/media-protocol.js"
+import { AIError, HttpOptions, MediaUsage, ProviderMetadata } from "./schema/index.js"
+import { ImageClient, Service } from "./image-client.js"

-export interface ImageRoute<Options extends ImageOptions = ImageOptions> {
-  readonly id: string
-  readonly generate: (request: ImageRequestFor<Options>, execute: ImageExecute) => Effect.Effect<ImageResponse, AIError>
-}
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Model
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 export type ImageOptions = Record<string, unknown>

-export class ImageModel<Options extends ImageOptions = ImageOptions> {
-  declare protected readonly _Options: (options: Options) => Options
-  readonly id: ModelID
-  readonly provider: ProviderID
-  readonly route: ImageRoute<Options>
-  readonly http?: HttpOptions
+export type ImageRoute<Options extends ImageOptions = ImageOptions> = MediaRoute.Route<
+  ImageRequestFor<Options>,
+  ImageResponse
+>

-  constructor(input: ImageModel.Input<Options>) {
-    this.id = input.id
-    this.provider = input.provider
-    this.route = input.route
-    this.http = input.http
+export class ImageModel<Options extends ImageOptions = ImageOptions> extends MediaModel<ImageRoute<Options>, Options> {
+  declare protected readonly _ImageModel: void
+
+  static make<Options extends ImageOptions = ImageOptions>(input: MediaModel.Input<ImageRoute<Options>>) {
+    return new ImageModel<Options>(input)
  }

-  static make<Options extends ImageOptions = ImageOptions>(input: ImageModel.MakeInput<Options>) {
+  /** Compose an inline image protocol with its canonical path into a model for one deployment. */
+  static fromRoute<Options extends ImageOptions = ImageOptions>(
+    route: ImageModel.RouteInput<Options>,
+    input: MediaRoute.ModelInput,
+  ) {
    return new ImageModel<Options>({
-      id: ModelID.make(input.id),
-      provider: ProviderID.make(input.provider),
-      route: input.route,
+      id: input.id,
+      provider: route.provider,
      http: input.http,
+      route: composeRoute(MediaRoute.inline, route, input),
    })
  }
 }

 export namespace ImageModel {
-  export interface Input<Options extends ImageOptions = ImageOptions> {
-    readonly id: ModelID
-    readonly provider: ProviderID
-    readonly route: ImageRoute<Options>
-    readonly http?: HttpOptions
-  }
-
-  export interface MakeInput<Options extends ImageOptions = ImageOptions>
-    extends Omit<Input<Options>, "id" | "provider"> {
-    readonly id: string | ModelID
-    readonly provider: string | ProviderID
-  }
+  export type RouteInput<Options extends ImageOptions = ImageOptions> = MediaModel.RouteInput<
+    ImageRequestFor<Options>,
+    MediaProtocol.Inline<ImageRequestFor<Options>, ImageResponse>
+  >
 }

 export const ImageModelSchema = Schema.declare((value): value is ImageModel => value instanceof ImageModel, {
  expected: "Image.Model",
 })

-const ImageBytesInput = Schema.Struct({
-  type: Schema.Literal("bytes"),
-  data: Schema.Uint8Array,
-  mediaType: Schema.String,
-})
-const ImageUrlInput = Schema.Struct({
-  type: Schema.Literal("url"),
-  url: Schema.String,
-})
-const ImageFileIDInput = Schema.Struct({
-  type: Schema.Literal("file-id"),
-  id: Schema.String,
-})
-const ImageFileURIInput = Schema.Struct({
-  type: Schema.Literal("file-uri"),
-  uri: Schema.String,
-  mediaType: Schema.String,
-})
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Request
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

-export const ImageInputSchema = Schema.Union([
-  ImageBytesInput,
-  ImageUrlInput,
-  ImageFileIDInput,
-  ImageFileURIInput,
-]).pipe(Schema.toTaggedUnion("type"))
-export type ImageInput = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ImageInputSchema>
+export type ImageSize = `${number}x${number}`
+export const ImageSize = Schema.declare<ImageSize>(
+  (value): value is ImageSize => typeof value === "string" && /^\d+x\d+$/.test(value),
+  { title: "ImageSize" },
+)

-export const ImageInput = {
-  bytes: (data: Uint8Array, mediaType: string): ImageInput => ({ type: "bytes", data, mediaType }),
-  url: (url: string): ImageInput => ({ type: "url", url }),
-  file: (id: string): ImageInput => ({ type: "file-id", id }),
-  fileUri: (uri: string, mediaType: string): ImageInput => ({ type: "file-uri", uri, mediaType }),
-} as const
+export type ImageAspectRatio = Media.AspectRatio
+export const ImageAspectRatio = Media.AspectRatio
+
+export type ImageFormat = "png" | "jpeg" | "webp" | (string & {})

 export class ImageRequest extends Schema.Class<ImageRequest>("Image.Request")({
  model: ImageModelSchema,
  prompt: Schema.String,
-  images: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(ImageInputSchema)),
-  options: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)),
+  /** Edit sources or style/subject references, in order. */
+  images: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(Media.AssetSchema)),
+  /** Inpainting mask; routes that cannot honor it fail with `UnsupportedOperation`. */
+  mask: Schema.optional(Media.AssetSchema),
+  n: Schema.optional(Schema.Int),
+  size: Schema.optional(ImageSize),
+  aspectRatio: Schema.optional(ImageAspectRatio),
+  seed: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  format: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  providerOptions: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)),
  http: Schema.optional(HttpOptions),
 }) {
  declare protected readonly _ImageRequest: void
 }

-export type ImageRequestFor<Options extends ImageOptions = ImageOptions> = Omit<ImageRequest, "model" | "options"> & {
+export type ImageRequestFor<Options extends ImageOptions = ImageOptions> = Omit<
+  ImageRequest,
+  "model" | "providerOptions"
+> & {
  readonly model: ImageModel<Options>
-  readonly options?: Options
+  readonly providerOptions?: Options
 }

 export type ImageModelOptions<Model> = Model extends ImageModel<infer Options> ? Options : never

-export type ImageRequestInput<Model extends object = ImageModel> = Omit<
+export type ImageRequestInput<Model extends ImageModel = ImageModel> = Omit<
  ConstructorParameters<typeof ImageRequest>[0],
-  "model" | "options" | "http"
+  "model" | "providerOptions" | "http"
 > & {
  readonly model: Model
-  readonly options?: NoInfer<ImageModelOptions<Model>>
+  readonly format?: ImageFormat
+  readonly providerOptions?: NoInfer<ImageModelOptions<Model>>
  readonly http?: HttpOptions.Input
-} & (Model extends ImageModel<ImageModelOptions<Model>> ? unknown : never)
+}

-export class GeneratedImage extends Schema.Class<GeneratedImage>("Image.Generated")({
-  mediaType: Schema.String,
-  data: Schema.Union([Schema.String, Schema.Uint8Array]),
-  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
-}) {}
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Response and events
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 export class ImageResponse extends Schema.Class<ImageResponse>("Image.Response")({
-  images: Schema.Array(GeneratedImage),
-  usage: Schema.optional(Usage),
+  images: Schema.Array(Media.AssetSchema),
+  usage: Schema.optional(MediaUsage),
+  notices: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(Media.Notice)),
  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
 }) {
  get image() {
@@ -136,7 +117,43 @@ export class ImageResponse extends Schema.Class<ImageResponse>("Image.Response")
  }
 }

-export function request<const Model extends object>(
+export const ImageOutputEvent = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.tag("image"),
+  index: Schema.Number,
+  image: Media.AssetSchema,
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Image.Event.Image" })
+
+export const ImageFinishEvent = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.tag("finish"),
+  usage: Schema.optional(MediaUsage),
+  notices: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(Media.Notice)),
+  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Image.Event.Finish" })
+
+const imageEventTagged = Schema.Union([ImageOutputEvent, ImageFinishEvent]).pipe(Schema.toTaggedUnion("type"))
+export const ImageEvent = Object.assign(imageEventTagged, {
+  is: {
+    image: imageEventTagged.guards.image,
+    finish: imageEventTagged.guards.finish,
+  },
+})
+export type ImageEvent = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof imageEventTagged>
+
+/** Inline routes produce every image at once; expand the response into the streaming event shape. */
+export const responseEvents = (response: ImageResponse): ReadonlyArray<ImageEvent> => [
+  ...response.images.map((image, index) => ImageOutputEvent.make({ index, image })),
+  ImageFinishEvent.make({
+    usage: response.usage,
+    notices: response.notices,
+    providerMetadata: response.providerMetadata,
+  }),
+]
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Request-shaped call API
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export function request<const Model extends ImageModel>(
  input: ImageRequestInput<Model>,
 ): ImageRequestFor<ImageModelOptions<Model>>
 export function request(input: ImageRequest): ImageRequest
@@ -144,29 +161,30 @@ export function request(input: ImageRequest | ImageRequestInput) {
  if (input instanceof ImageRequest) return input
  return new ImageRequest({
    ...input,
-    model: input.model as unknown as ImageModel,
    http: input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
  })
 }

-export function generate<const Model extends object>(
+const requestEffect = (input: ImageRequest | ImageRequestInput) => tryRequest(() => request(input))
+
+export function generate<const Model extends ImageModel>(
  input: ImageRequestInput<Model>,
 ): Effect.Effect<ImageResponse, AIError, Service>
 export function generate(input: ImageRequest): Effect.Effect<ImageResponse, AIError, Service>
 export function generate(input: ImageRequest | ImageRequestInput) {
-  return Effect.try({
-    try: () => (input instanceof ImageRequest ? input : request(input)),
-    catch: (error) =>
-      new AIError({
-        reason: new InvalidRequestError({
-          message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
-          cause: error,
-        }),
-      }),
-  }).pipe(Effect.flatMap((request) => ImageClient.generate(request as unknown as ImageRequestFor<ImageOptions>)))
+  return requestEffect(input).pipe(Effect.flatMap((request) => ImageClient.generate(request)))
+}
+
+export function stream<const Model extends ImageModel>(
+  input: ImageRequestInput<Model>,
+): Stream.Stream<ImageEvent, AIError, Service>
+export function stream(input: ImageRequest): Stream.Stream<ImageEvent, AIError, Service>
+export function stream(input: ImageRequest | ImageRequestInput) {
+  return Stream.unwrap(requestEffect(input).pipe(Effect.map((request) => ImageClient.stream(request))))
 }

 export const Image = {
  request,
  generate,
+  stream,
 } as const
@@ -11,9 +11,91 @@ export type {
  Service as LLMClientService,
 } from "./route/client.js"
 export * from "./schema/index.js"
-export { GeneratedImage, ImageInput, ImageInputSchema, ImageModel, ImageRequest, ImageResponse } from "./image.js"
-export type { ImageModelOptions, ImageOptions, ImageRequestFor, ImageRequestInput, ImageRoute } from "./image.js"
+export {
+  ImageAspectRatio,
+  ImageEvent,
+  ImageModel,
+  ImageModelSchema,
+  ImageRequest,
+  ImageResponse,
+  ImageSize,
+} from "./image.js"
+export type {
+  ImageFormat,
+  ImageModelOptions,
+  ImageOptions,
+  ImageRequestFor,
+  ImageRequestInput,
+  ImageRoute,
+} from "./image.js"
 export { Image } from "./image.js"
+export { VideoClient } from "./video-client.js"
+export {
+  VideoAspectRatio,
+  VideoEvent,
+  VideoFrames,
+  VideoModel,
+  VideoModelSchema,
+  VideoRequest,
+  VideoResponse,
+} from "./video.js"
+export type {
+  VideoModelOptions,
+  VideoOptions,
+  VideoRequestFor,
+  VideoRequestInput,
+  VideoResolution,
+  VideoRoute,
+} from "./video.js"
+export { Video } from "./video.js"
+export { SpeechClient } from "./speech-client.js"
+export {
+  SpeechEvent,
+  SpeechModel,
+  SpeechModelSchema,
+  SpeechRequest,
+  SpeechResponse,
+  SpeechTimestamp,
+  SpeechVoice,
+} from "./speech.js"
+export type {
+  SpeechFormat,
+  SpeechModelOptions,
+  SpeechOptions,
+  SpeechRequestFor,
+  SpeechRequestInput,
+  SpeechRoute,
+} from "./speech.js"
+export { Speech } from "./speech.js"
+export { TranscriptionClient } from "./transcription-client.js"
+export {
+  TranscriptionEvent,
+  TranscriptionModel,
+  TranscriptionModelSchema,
+  TranscriptionRequest,
+  TranscriptionResponse,
+  TranscriptionSegment,
+  TranscriptionTimestamps,
+  TranscriptionWord,
+} from "./transcription.js"
+export type {
+  TranscriptionModelOptions,
+  TranscriptionOptions,
+  TranscriptionRequestFor,
+  TranscriptionRequestInput,
+  TranscriptionRoute,
+} from "./transcription.js"
+export { Transcription } from "./transcription.js"
+export { Media } from "./media.js"
+export { Generation } from "./generation.js"
+export type {
+  AwaitOptions as GenerationAwaitOptions,
+  Event as GenerationEvent,
+  Poll,
+  Route as GenerationRoute,
+  Snapshot as GenerationSnapshot,
+  Status as GenerationStatus,
+} from "./generation.js"
 export { Tool, ToolFailure, toDefinitions } from "./tool.js"
 export { ToolRuntime } from "./tool-runtime.js"
 export type { DispatchResult as ToolDispatchResult, ToolSettlement } from "./tool-runtime.js"
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+import { Effect } from "effect"
+import { Endpoint } from "./route/endpoint.js"
+import type { MediaRoute } from "./route/media.js"
+import type { MediaProtocol } from "./route/media-protocol.js"
+import { AIError, HttpOptions, InvalidRequestError, ModelID, ProviderID } from "./schema/index.js"
+
+/**
+ * What every media model carries: ids, the configured route, and deployment `http` overlays. Modality classes
+ * (`ImageModel`, `VideoModel`, `SpeechModel`) extend it with their route type and a nominal marker so one cannot stand
+ * in for the other in requests.
+ */
+export class MediaModel<Route, Options> {
+  declare protected readonly _Options: (options: Options) => Options
+  readonly id: ModelID
+  readonly provider: ProviderID
+  readonly route: Route
+  readonly http?: HttpOptions
+
+  constructor(input: MediaModel.Input<Route>) {
+    this.id = ModelID.make(input.id)
+    this.provider = ProviderID.make(input.provider)
+    this.route = input.route
+    this.http = input.http
+  }
+}
+
+export namespace MediaModel {
+  export interface Input<Route> {
+    readonly id: string | ModelID
+    readonly provider: string | ProviderID
+    readonly route: Route
+    readonly http?: HttpOptions
+  }
+
+  /** A protocol plus its canonical start path; `ModelInput.baseURL` overrides `baseURL` per deployment. */
+  export interface RouteInput<Request extends MediaRoute.MediaRequest, Protocol> {
+    readonly id: string
+    readonly provider: string | ProviderID
+    readonly protocol: Protocol
+    readonly path: Endpoint.EndpointPart<MediaProtocol.Body, Request>
+    readonly baseURL?: string
+    /** Headers the protocol requires on every call, such as a pinned API version; deployment headers win. */
+    readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
+  }
+}
+
+/** Compose a protocol route input with one deployment through `MediaRoute.inline`, `queued`, or `stream`. */
+export const composeRoute = <Request extends MediaRoute.MediaRequest, Protocol, Route>(
+  compose: (input: MediaRoute.Composition<Request> & { readonly protocol: Protocol }) => Route,
+  route: MediaModel.RouteInput<Request, Protocol>,
+  input: MediaRoute.ModelInput,
+): Route =>
+  compose({
+    id: route.id,
+    provider: route.provider,
+    protocol: route.protocol,
+    endpoint: Endpoint.path(route.path, { baseURL: input.baseURL ?? route.baseURL }),
+    auth: input.auth,
+    headers:
+      route.headers === undefined && input.headers === undefined ? undefined : { ...route.headers, ...input.headers },
+  })
+
+/** Lift a synchronous Schema-class constructor into a typed `InvalidRequest` failure. */
+export const tryRequest = <A>(make: () => A): Effect.Effect<A, AIError> =>
+  Effect.try({
+    try: make,
+    catch: (error) =>
+      new AIError({
+        reason: new InvalidRequestError({
+          message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+          cause: error,
+        }),
+      }),
+  })
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+export * as Media from "./media.js"
+
+import { Effect, Encoding, FileSystem, Schema, SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+import { HttpClientRequest } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import { ProviderID } from "./schema/ids.js"
+import { AIError, HttpContext, InvalidProviderOutputError, InvalidRequestError } from "./schema/errors.js"
+import { ProviderMetadata } from "./schema/options.js"
+import { Service } from "./route/executor-service.js"
+import { detectMediaType, extensionMediaType } from "./utils/media-type.js"
+
+export { detectMediaType } from "./utils/media-type.js"
+
+const OCTET_STREAM = "application/octet-stream"
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Source — the serializable wire/persistence form of a media asset
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const BytesSource = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.Literal("bytes"),
+  data: Schema.Uint8Array,
+  mediaType: Schema.String,
+})
+
+const Base64Source = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.Literal("base64"),
+  data: Schema.String,
+  mediaType: Schema.String,
+})
+
+const UrlSource = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.Literal("url"),
+  url: Schema.String,
+  mediaType: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  /** Epoch milliseconds after which the provider no longer serves the URL. */
+  expiresAt: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+})
+
+/** A provider-side handle: OpenAI `file_id`, Gemini file URI, `gs://`, `runway://`, or a prior generation id. */
+const RefSource = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.Literal("ref"),
+  provider: ProviderID,
+  id: Schema.String,
+  mediaType: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+})
+
+export const Source = Schema.Union([BytesSource, Base64Source, UrlSource, RefSource])
+  .pipe(Schema.toTaggedUnion("type"))
+  .annotate({ identifier: "Media.Source" })
+export type Source = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Source>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Kind, Info, Notice
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type AspectRatio = `${number}:${number}`
+export const AspectRatio = Schema.declare<AspectRatio>(
+  (value): value is AspectRatio => typeof value === "string" && /^\d+(?:\.\d+)?:\d+(?:\.\d+)?$/.test(value),
+  { title: "Media.AspectRatio" },
+)
+
+export const Kind = Schema.Literals(["image", "video", "audio", "document", "other"])
+export type Kind = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Kind>
+
+export const kindOf = (mediaType: string): Kind => {
+  const lower = mediaType.toLowerCase()
+  if (lower.startsWith("image/")) return "image"
+  if (lower.startsWith("video/")) return "video"
+  if (lower.startsWith("audio/")) return "audio"
+  if (lower === "application/pdf" || lower.startsWith("text/")) return "document"
+  return "other"
+}
+
+/** Container-independent facts about the payload; raw PCM audio relies on these because it has no header. */
+export const Info = Schema.Struct({
+  width: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  height: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  durationSeconds: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  sampleRate: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  channels: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  encoding: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  format: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Media.Info" })
+export type Info = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Info>
+
+/** A provider-side partial result such as stripped audio or a moderated sample; never a silent drop. */
+export const Notice = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.Literals(["moderated", "filtered", "other"]),
+  message: Schema.String,
+  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Media.Notice" })
+export type Notice = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Notice>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Asset
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const invalid = (message: string, cause?: unknown) =>
+  new AIError({ reason: new InvalidRequestError({ message, cause }) })
+
+/** Synchronous view of an inline payload; `undefined` for `url` and `ref` sources, which carry no local bytes. */
+export interface Inline {
+  readonly mime: string
+  readonly base64: string
+  readonly dataUrl: string
+}
+
+export class Asset {
+  readonly source: Source
+  /** Derived from the source: declared type, sniffed magic bytes, then `application/octet-stream`. */
+  readonly mediaType: string
+  readonly kind: Kind
+  readonly info?: Info
+  /** Epoch milliseconds after which a `url` source stops resolving. */
+  readonly expiresAt?: number
+  readonly providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata
+  /** Transient download credentials for `url` sources; see `Asset.Input.headers`. */
+  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
+
+  // Derived payload forms are cached on the instance because every protocol lowering re-reads the same payload. The
+  // cache is check-then-set (concurrent first reads of a `url` source may both download) and is never observable
+  // through `source`, so round-tripping through `Media.from(asset.source)` stays lossless.
+  #bytes: Uint8Array | undefined
+  #base64: string | undefined
+
+  constructor(input: Asset.Input) {
+    this.source = input.source
+    this.mediaType =
+      input.source.mediaType ??
+      (input.source.type === "bytes" ? detectMediaType(input.source.data) : undefined) ??
+      OCTET_STREAM
+    this.kind = kindOf(this.mediaType)
+    this.info = input.info
+    this.expiresAt = input.source.type === "url" ? input.source.expiresAt : undefined
+    this.providerMetadata = input.providerMetadata
+    this.headers = input.source.type === "url" ? input.headers : undefined
+  }
+
+  /** Inline payload without effects, for protocols that embed base64 or data URLs directly. */
+  inline(): Inline | undefined {
+    const source = this.source
+    if (source.type !== "bytes" && source.type !== "base64") return undefined
+    const base64 = source.type === "base64" ? source.data : (this.#base64 ??= Encoding.encodeBase64(source.data))
+    const mime = this.mediaType.toLowerCase()
+    return { mime, base64, dataUrl: `data:${mime};base64,${base64}` }
+  }
+
+  /** Decoded payload; downloads `url` sources through the request executor and caches the result. */
+  bytes(): Effect.Effect<Uint8Array, AIError, Service> {
+    return Effect.suspend(() => {
+      const source = this.source
+      if (source.type === "bytes") return Effect.succeed(source.data)
+      if (this.#bytes !== undefined) return Effect.succeed(this.#bytes)
+      if (source.type === "ref")
+        return Effect.fail(invalid(`Cannot materialize provider ref ${source.provider}:${source.id}`))
+      const decoded =
+        source.type === "base64"
+          ? Effect.fromResult(Encoding.decodeBase64(source.data)).pipe(
+              Effect.mapError((cause) => invalid(`Media asset contains invalid base64 data`, cause)),
+            )
+          : download(source, this.headers)
+      return decoded.pipe(Effect.tap((data) => Effect.sync(() => (this.#bytes = data))))
+    })
+  }
+
+  base64(): Effect.Effect<string, AIError, Service> {
+    return Effect.suspend(() => {
+      const source = this.source
+      if (source.type === "base64") return Effect.succeed(source.data)
+      if (this.#base64 !== undefined) return Effect.succeed(this.#base64)
+      return this.bytes().pipe(Effect.map((data) => (this.#base64 = Encoding.encodeBase64(data))))
+    })
+  }
+
+  dataUrl(): Effect.Effect<string, AIError, Service> {
+    return this.base64().pipe(Effect.map((data) => `data:${this.mediaType};base64,${data}`))
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The `AssetEncoded` JSON form with `bytes` sources as base64, matching `Schema.toCodecJson(AssetSchema)`, so a
+   * plain `JSON.stringify` of messages or events stays lossless and decodes back through the JSON codec.
+   */
+  toJSON() {
+    const source = this.source
+    return {
+      source: source.type === "bytes" ? { ...source, data: Encoding.encodeBase64(source.data) } : source,
+      info: this.info,
+      providerMetadata: this.providerMetadata,
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Pull `url` sources into owned bytes before the URL expires. Inline sources return themselves. */
+  materialize(): Effect.Effect<Asset, AIError, Service> {
+    if (this.source.type === "bytes" || this.source.type === "base64") return Effect.succeed(this)
+    return this.bytes().pipe(
+      Effect.map((data) =>
+        bytes(data, this.source.mediaType, { info: this.info, providerMetadata: this.providerMetadata }),
+      ),
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+export namespace Asset {
+  export interface Input {
+    readonly source: Source
+    readonly info?: Info
+    readonly providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata
+    /**
+     * Headers required to download a `url` source, such as the provider API key Veo demands for its file URIs.
+     * They are runtime-only: never part of `source`, `toJSON()`, or `AssetSchema`, so a persisted asset cannot leak
+     * credentials and cannot be downloaded again after a round-trip. Call `materialize()` before persisting.
+     */
+    readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
+  }
+}
+
+/** JSON form of an asset: the serializable `Source` plus caller-supplied metadata. `bytes` sources encode as base64. */
+export const AssetEncoded = Schema.Struct({
+  source: Source,
+  info: Schema.optional(Info),
+  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Media.AssetEncoded" })
+
+const encodeAsset = (asset: Asset): typeof AssetEncoded.Type => ({
+  source: asset.source,
+  info: asset.info,
+  providerMetadata: asset.providerMetadata,
+})
+
+const AssetInstance = Schema.declare((value): value is Asset => value instanceof Asset, {
+  expected: "Media.Asset",
+})
+
+/** `Asset` in the type domain and `AssetEncoded` on the wire, so messages and events holding assets serialize. */
+export const AssetSchema = AssetEncoded.pipe(
+  Schema.decodeTo(AssetInstance, {
+    decode: SchemaGetter.transform((encoded) => new Asset(encoded)),
+    encode: SchemaGetter.transform(encodeAsset),
+  }),
+)
+
+const download = Effect.fn("Media.download")(function* (
+  source: Extract<Source, { readonly type: "url" }>,
+  headers: Record<string, string> | undefined,
+) {
+  const executor = yield* Service
+  const response = yield* executor.execute(
+    HttpClientRequest.get(source.url).pipe(HttpClientRequest.setHeaders(headers ?? {})),
+  )
+  const buffer = yield* response.arrayBuffer.pipe(
+    Effect.mapError(
+      (cause) =>
+        new AIError({
+          reason: new InvalidProviderOutputError({
+            message: `Failed to read media from ${source.url}`,
+            http: new HttpContext({ url: response.request.url, status: response.status, headers: response.headers }),
+            cause,
+          }),
+        }),
+    ),
+  )
+  return new Uint8Array(buffer)
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Constructors
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type AssetOptions = Omit<Asset.Input, "source">
+
+export const from = (source: Source, options?: AssetOptions) => new Asset({ ...options, source })
+
+export const bytes = (data: Uint8Array, mediaType?: string, options?: AssetOptions) =>
+  from({ type: "bytes", data, mediaType: mediaType ?? detectMediaType(data) ?? OCTET_STREAM }, options)
+
+export const base64 = (data: string, mediaType: string, options?: AssetOptions) =>
+  from({ type: "base64", data, mediaType }, options)
+
+export const url = (
+  value: string,
+  options?: AssetOptions & Omit<Extract<Source, { readonly type: "url" }>, "type" | "url">,
+) => {
+  const { mediaType, expiresAt, ...rest } = options ?? {}
+  return from({ type: "url", url: value, mediaType, expiresAt }, rest)
+}
+
+export const ref = (provider: string | ProviderID, id: string, mediaType?: string, options?: AssetOptions) =>
+  from({ type: "ref", provider: ProviderID.make(provider), id, mediaType }, options)
+
+const DATA_URL = /^data:([^;,]+)(?:;[^,]*)*;base64,(.*)$/s
+
+/** Parse a `data:<mime>;base64,<data>` URL, or `undefined` when the value is not a base64 data URL. */
+export const parseDataUrl = (value: string, options?: AssetOptions) => {
+  const match = DATA_URL.exec(value)
+  return match === null ? undefined : base64(match[2], match[1], options)
+}
+
+/** Parse a `data:<mime>;base64,<data>` URL. Malformed input throws a typed `AIError` because constructors are sync. */
+export const fromDataUrl = (dataUrl: string, options?: AssetOptions) => {
+  const asset = parseDataUrl(dataUrl, options)
+  if (asset === undefined) throw invalid("Media data URLs must contain a MIME type and base64 data")
+  return asset
+}
+
+/** Read a file through `FileSystem` and sniff its media type from magic bytes, then the extension. */
+export const file = (path: string, options?: AssetOptions): Effect.Effect<Asset, AIError, FileSystem.FileSystem> =>
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const fs = yield* FileSystem.FileSystem
+    const data = yield* fs
+      .readFile(path)
+      .pipe(Effect.mapError((cause) => invalid(`Failed to read media file ${path}`, cause)))
+    return bytes(data, detectMediaType(data) ?? extensionMediaType(path), options)
+  })
+
+/** Materialize an asset and write its bytes through `FileSystem`. */
+export const write = (asset: Asset, path: string): Effect.Effect<void, AIError, FileSystem.FileSystem | Service> =>
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const fs = yield* FileSystem.FileSystem
+    const data = yield* asset.bytes()
+    yield* fs
+      .writeFile(path, data)
+      .pipe(Effect.mapError((cause) => invalid(`Failed to write media file ${path}`, cause)))
+  })
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+import { Effect, Layer, ManagedRuntime, Stream } from "effect"
+import type { AwaitOptions, Generation, Snapshot } from "./generation.js"
+import { Image, ImageModel, ImageRequest, type ImageRequestInput } from "./image.js"
+import { ImageClient } from "./image-client.js"
+import { LLM } from "./index.js"
+import { LLMClient } from "./route/client.js"
+import { RequestExecutor } from "./route/executor.js"
+import { LanguageModel, LLMRequest } from "./schema/index.js"
+import type { RequestInput } from "./llm.js"
+import { Speech, SpeechModel, SpeechRequest, type SpeechRequestInput } from "./speech.js"
+import { SpeechClient } from "./speech-client.js"
+import {
+  Transcription,
+  TranscriptionModel,
+  TranscriptionRequest,
+  type TranscriptionOptions,
+  type TranscriptionRequestInput,
+} from "./transcription.js"
+import { TranscriptionClient } from "./transcription-client.js"
+import { Video, VideoModel, VideoRequest, type VideoOptions, type VideoRequestInput } from "./video.js"
+import { VideoClient } from "./video-client.js"
+
+/**
+ * Promise-first entrypoint for scripts and non-Effect callers. One `ManagedRuntime` hosts the LLM, image, video, speech,
+ * and transcription clients over a request executor; every method runs the corresponding Effect API and rethrows
+ * `AIError` unchanged.
+ */
+export interface Options {
+  /** Executor layer; defaults to `RequestExecutor.fetchLayer`. Inject a recorder or middleware here. */
+  readonly layer?: Layer.Layer<RequestExecutor.Service>
+}
+
+export interface RunOptions {
+  readonly signal?: AbortSignal
+}
+
+export type Services =
+  | Layer.Success<typeof LLMClient.layer>
+  | Layer.Success<typeof ImageClient.layer>
+  | Layer.Success<typeof VideoClient.layer>
+  | Layer.Success<typeof SpeechClient.layer>
+  | Layer.Success<typeof TranscriptionClient.layer>
+  | RequestExecutor.Service
+
+/** Promise view of a `Generation`: its snapshot plus `await`, `refresh`, and `cancel` returning promises. */
+export type GenerationHandle<Response> = Snapshot & {
+  /** Serializable JSON; pass it back to `resume` from another process. */
+  readonly token: unknown
+  readonly await: (options?: AwaitOptions & RunOptions) => Promise<Response>
+  readonly refresh: (options?: RunOptions) => Promise<GenerationHandle<Response>>
+  readonly cancel: (options?: RunOptions) => Promise<void>
+}
+
+const abortEffect = (signal: AbortSignal | undefined) =>
+  signal === undefined
+    ? Effect.never
+    : Effect.callback<void>((resume) => {
+        if (signal.aborted) {
+          resume(Effect.void)
+          return
+        }
+        const onAbort = () => resume(Effect.void)
+        signal.addEventListener("abort", onAbort, { once: true })
+        return Effect.sync(() => signal.removeEventListener("abort", onAbort))
+      })
+
+export const make = (options: Options = {}) => {
+  const runtime = ManagedRuntime.make(
+    Layer.mergeAll(
+      LLMClient.layer,
+      ImageClient.layer,
+      VideoClient.layer,
+      SpeechClient.layer,
+      TranscriptionClient.layer,
+    ).pipe(Layer.provideMerge(options.layer ?? RequestExecutor.fetchLayer)),
+  )
+
+  /** Run any package Effect (for example `asset.bytes()`) inside this runtime. */
+  const run = <A, E>(effect: Effect.Effect<A, E, Services>, options?: RunOptions) =>
+    runtime.runPromise(effect, { signal: options?.signal })
+
+  const iterate = <A, E>(stream: Stream.Stream<A, E, Services>, options?: RunOptions): AsyncIterable<A> =>
+    Stream.toAsyncIterable(
+      Stream.unwrap(
+        runtime.contextEffect.pipe(
+          Effect.map(
+            (context): Stream.Stream<A, E> =>
+              stream.pipe(Stream.interruptWhen(abortEffect(options?.signal)), Stream.provideContext(context)),
+          ),
+        ),
+      ),
+    )
+
+  const handle = <Response>(generation: Generation<Response>): GenerationHandle<Response> => ({
+    ...generation.snapshot,
+    token: generation.token,
+    await: (options) => run(generation.await({ poll: options?.poll }), options),
+    refresh: (options) => run(generation.refresh(), options).then(handle),
+    cancel: (options) => run(generation.cancel(), options),
+  })
+
+  // The typed `generate`/`stream` overloads take a concrete input or a request, not the union; normalize once here.
+  const llmRequest = (input: RequestInput | LLMRequest) => (input instanceof LLMRequest ? input : LLM.request(input))
+  const imageRequest = (input: ImageRequestInput | ImageRequest) =>
+    input instanceof ImageRequest ? input : Image.request(input)
+  const videoRequest = (input: VideoRequestInput | VideoRequest) =>
+    input instanceof VideoRequest ? input : Video.request(input)
+  const speechRequest = (input: SpeechRequestInput | SpeechRequest) =>
+    input instanceof SpeechRequest ? input : Speech.request(input)
+  const transcriptionRequest = (input: TranscriptionRequestInput | TranscriptionRequest) =>
+    input instanceof TranscriptionRequest ? input : Transcription.request(input)
+
+  return {
+    run,
+    llm: {
+      request: LLM.request,
+      generate: <const Model extends LanguageModel>(input: RequestInput<Model> | LLMRequest, options?: RunOptions) =>
+        run(LLM.generate(llmRequest(input)), options),
+      stream: <const Model extends LanguageModel>(input: RequestInput<Model> | LLMRequest, options?: RunOptions) =>
+        iterate(LLM.stream(llmRequest(input)), options),
+    },
+    image: {
+      request: Image.request,
+      generate: <const Model extends ImageModel>(
+        input: ImageRequestInput<Model> | ImageRequest,
+        options?: RunOptions,
+      ) => run(Image.generate(imageRequest(input)), options),
+      stream: <const Model extends ImageModel>(input: ImageRequestInput<Model> | ImageRequest, options?: RunOptions) =>
+        iterate(Image.stream(imageRequest(input)), options),
+    },
+    video: {
+      request: Video.request,
+      start: <const Model extends VideoModel>(input: VideoRequestInput<Model> | VideoRequest, options?: RunOptions) =>
+        run(Video.start(videoRequest(input)), options).then(handle),
+      generate: <const Model extends VideoModel>(
+        input: VideoRequestInput<Model> | VideoRequest,
+        options?: AwaitOptions & RunOptions,
+      ) => run(Video.generate(videoRequest(input), { poll: options?.poll }), options),
+      resume: <Options extends VideoOptions>(model: VideoModel<Options>, token: unknown, options?: RunOptions) =>
+        run(Video.resume(model, token), options).then(handle),
+      stream: <const Model extends VideoModel>(
+        input: VideoRequestInput<Model> | VideoRequest,
+        options?: AwaitOptions & RunOptions,
+      ) => iterate(Video.stream(videoRequest(input), { poll: options?.poll }), options),
+    },
+    speech: {
+      request: Speech.request,
+      generate: <const Model extends SpeechModel>(
+        input: SpeechRequestInput<Model> | SpeechRequest,
+        options?: RunOptions,
+      ) => run(Speech.generate(speechRequest(input)), options),
+      stream: <const Model extends SpeechModel>(
+        input: SpeechRequestInput<Model> | SpeechRequest,
+        options?: RunOptions,
+      ) => iterate(Speech.stream(speechRequest(input)), options),
+    },
+    transcription: {
+      request: Transcription.request,
+      generate: <const Model extends TranscriptionModel>(
+        input: TranscriptionRequestInput<Model> | TranscriptionRequest,
+        options?: AwaitOptions & RunOptions,
+      ) => run(Transcription.generate(transcriptionRequest(input), { poll: options?.poll }), options),
+      stream: <const Model extends TranscriptionModel>(
+        input: TranscriptionRequestInput<Model> | TranscriptionRequest,
+        options?: AwaitOptions & RunOptions,
+      ) => iterate(Transcription.stream(transcriptionRequest(input), { poll: options?.poll }), options),
+      start: <const Model extends TranscriptionModel>(
+        input: TranscriptionRequestInput<Model> | TranscriptionRequest,
+        options?: RunOptions,
+      ) => run(Transcription.start(transcriptionRequest(input)), options).then(handle),
+      resume: <Options extends TranscriptionOptions>(
+        model: TranscriptionModel<Options>,
+        token: unknown,
+        options?: RunOptions,
+      ) => run(Transcription.resume(model, token), options).then(handle),
+    },
+    dispose: () => runtime.dispose(),
+  }
+}
+
+export type Client = ReturnType<typeof make>
+
+/** Default client over `RequestExecutor.fetchLayer` for scripts; the runtime builds its layer on first use. */
+export const ai = make()
+
+export * as AI from "./promise.js"
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import { OpenResponsesOptions } from "./utils/open-responses-options.js"
 export type ReasoningEffort = OpenResponsesOptions.ReasoningEffort

 const Options = Schema.Struct({
-  reasoningEffort: OpenResponsesOptions.Options.fields.reasoningEffort,
+  reasoningEffort: Schema.optional(OpenResponsesOptions.ReasoningEffort),
  enableThinking: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
  thinkingBudget: Schema.optional(Schema.Int),
  preserveThinking: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ const Options = Schema.Struct({
    }),
  ),
  toolStream: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
-  parallelToolCalls: OpenResponsesOptions.Options.fields.parallelToolCalls,
+  parallelToolCalls: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
  repetitionPenalty: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
  responseFormat: Schema.optional(
    Schema.Struct({
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ import { OpenResponsesOptions } from "./utils/open-responses-options.js"
 import { ResponsesHostedTools } from "./utils/responses-hosted-tools.js"

 const Options = Schema.Struct({
-  reasoningEffort: OpenResponsesOptions.Options.fields.reasoningEffort,
+  reasoningEffort: Schema.optional(OpenResponsesOptions.ReasoningEffort),
  enableThinking: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
-  store: OpenResponsesOptions.Options.fields.store,
+  store: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
  previousResponseId: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
  conversation: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
 })
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Buffer } from "node:buffer"
-import { Effect, Option, Schema } from "effect"
+import { Effect, Option, Schema, SchemaGetter } from "effect"
 import { Tool } from "@opencode/schema/tool"
 import { Route } from "../route/client.js"
 import { Auth } from "../route/auth.js"
@@ -21,11 +21,12 @@ import {
  type JsonSchema,
  type MediaPart,
  type ProviderMetadata,
+  type ProviderOptions,
  type ToolCallPart,
  type ToolDefinition,
  type ToolResultPart,
 } from "../schema/index.js"
-import { JsonObject, optionalArray, optionalNull, ProviderShared } from "./shared.js"
+import { JsonObject, knownString, optionalArray, optionalNull, ProviderShared } from "./shared.js"
 import { classifyProviderFailure } from "../provider-error.js"
 import { effortUpdate, resolveEffortUpdates } from "../effort-updates.js"
 import * as Cache from "./utils/cache.js"
@@ -52,57 +53,10 @@ const SSE_EVENTS = new Set([
 ])
 export const framing = Framing.sseEvents(SSE_EVENTS)

-export type ThinkingBlockBinding = {
-  readonly prefix_mismatch_behavior?: "error" | "drop_block" | (string & {})
-}
-
-export type ThinkingInput =
-  | {
-      readonly type: "adaptive"
-      readonly display?: "summarized" | "omitted"
-      readonly block_binding?: ThinkingBlockBinding
-    }
-  | {
-      readonly type: "disabled"
-    }
-  | ({
-      readonly type: "enabled"
-      readonly display?: "summarized" | "omitted"
-      readonly block_binding?: ThinkingBlockBinding
-    } & (
-      | { readonly budgetTokens: number; readonly budget_tokens?: number }
-      | { readonly budgetTokens?: number; readonly budget_tokens: number }
-    ))
-
-export interface OptionsInput {
-  /** Advanced in-band compaction. The caller owns checkpoint persistence and recovery. */
-  readonly contextManagement?: ContextManagement
-  readonly [key: string]: unknown
-  readonly thinking?: ThinkingInput
-  readonly effort?: string
-  readonly service_tier?: "auto" | "standard_only"
-  readonly serviceTier?: "auto" | "standard_only"
-  // SDK Metadata:2649 {user_id?: string | null}
-  readonly metadata?: { readonly user_id?: string | null }
-  // SDK MessageCreateParamsContainer:2596 ContainerParams|string
-  readonly container?:
-    | string
-    | { readonly id?: string | null; readonly skills?: ReadonlyArray<Record<string, unknown>> | null }
-  readonly inference_geo?: string | null
-  readonly inferenceGeo?: string | null
-  readonly cache_control?: { readonly type: "ephemeral"; readonly ttl?: "5m" | "1h" }
-  readonly cacheControl?: { readonly type: "ephemeral"; readonly ttl?: "5m" | "1h" }
-  // SDK OutputConfig:2684 {effort, format: JSONOutputFormat}
-  readonly output_config?: {
-    readonly effort?: string | null
-    readonly format?: { readonly type: "json_schema"; readonly schema: Record<string, unknown> } | null
-  }
-  readonly outputConfig?: {
-    readonly effort?: string | null
-    readonly format?: { readonly type: "json_schema"; readonly schema: Record<string, unknown> } | null
-  }
-}
-
+export type ThinkingBlockBinding = typeof AnthropicThinkingBlockBinding.Type
+export type ThinkingInput = typeof Thinking.Encoded
+/** Caller-facing provider options; unknown keys are accepted and ignored. `Options.Type` is the wire-ready form. */
+export type OptionsInput = ProviderOptions & typeof Options.Encoded
 export type ProviderOptionsInput = OptionsInput

 export const ContextManagement = Schema.Struct({
@@ -129,6 +83,7 @@ const AnthropicCacheControl = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.tag("ephemeral"),
  ttl: Schema.optional(Schema.Literals(["5m", "1h"])),
 })
+const AnthropicServiceTier = knownString<"auto" | "standard_only">()

 const AnthropicTextBlock = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.tag("text"),
@@ -317,25 +272,21 @@ const AnthropicToolChoice = Schema.Union([
 ])

 const AnthropicThinkingBlockBinding = Schema.Struct({
-  prefix_mismatch_behavior: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  prefix_mismatch_behavior: Schema.optional(knownString<"error" | "drop_block">()),
 })

-const AnthropicThinking = Schema.Union([
-  Schema.Struct({
-    type: Schema.tag("enabled"),
-    budget_tokens: Schema.Number,
-    display: Schema.optional(Schema.Literals(["summarized", "omitted"])),
-    block_binding: Schema.optional(AnthropicThinkingBlockBinding),
-  }),
-  Schema.Struct({
-    type: Schema.tag("adaptive"),
-    display: Schema.optional(Schema.Literals(["summarized", "omitted"])),
-    block_binding: Schema.optional(AnthropicThinkingBlockBinding),
-  }),
-  Schema.Struct({
-    type: Schema.tag("disabled"),
-  }),
-])
+const AnthropicThinkingFields = {
+  display: Schema.optional(knownString<"summarized" | "omitted">()),
+  block_binding: Schema.optional(AnthropicThinkingBlockBinding),
+}
+const AnthropicThinkingEnabled = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.tag("enabled"),
+  budget_tokens: Schema.Number,
+  ...AnthropicThinkingFields,
+})
+const AnthropicThinkingAdaptive = Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.tag("adaptive"), ...AnthropicThinkingFields })
+const AnthropicThinkingDisabled = Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.tag("disabled") })
+const AnthropicThinking = Schema.Union([AnthropicThinkingEnabled, AnthropicThinkingAdaptive, AnthropicThinkingDisabled])
 type AnthropicThinking = typeof AnthropicThinking.Type

 // SDK OutputConfig:2684 {effort?: "low"|"medium"|"high"|"xhigh"|"max"|null, format?: JSONOutputFormat:2399}
@@ -360,6 +311,53 @@ const AnthropicContainer = Schema.Union([
  }),
 ])

+// =============================================================================
+// Provider Options
+// =============================================================================
+// Callers spell the budget as `budgetTokens` or the wire `budget_tokens`; the
+// keys are disjoint per variant so the input type requires exactly one and the
+// transform can narrow on it. Decoding straight to the wire block keeps the
+// alias out of the rest of the file.
+const ThinkingEnabledInput = Schema.Union([
+  Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.tag("enabled"), budgetTokens: Schema.Number, ...AnthropicThinkingFields }),
+  Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.tag("enabled"), budget_tokens: Schema.Number, ...AnthropicThinkingFields }),
+]).pipe(
+  Schema.decodeTo(AnthropicThinkingEnabled, {
+    decode: SchemaGetter.transform((input) => ({
+      type: "enabled" as const,
+      budget_tokens: "budgetTokens" in input ? input.budgetTokens : input.budget_tokens,
+      display: input.display,
+      block_binding: input.block_binding,
+    })),
+    encode: SchemaGetter.passthrough({ strict: false }),
+  }),
+)
+const Thinking = Schema.Union([ThinkingEnabledInput, AnthropicThinkingAdaptive, AnthropicThinkingDisabled])
+
+const OutputConfigInput = Schema.Struct({
+  effort: optionalNull(Schema.String),
+  format: optionalNull(AnthropicJsonOutputFormat),
+})
+
+// Both key spellings are accepted; `fromRequest` prefers the snake_case one.
+const Options = Schema.Struct({
+  /** Advanced in-band compaction. The caller owns checkpoint persistence and recovery. */
+  contextManagement: Schema.optional(ContextManagement),
+  thinking: Schema.optional(Thinking),
+  effort: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  service_tier: Schema.optional(AnthropicServiceTier),
+  serviceTier: Schema.optional(AnthropicServiceTier),
+  metadata: Schema.optional(AnthropicMetadata),
+  container: Schema.optional(AnthropicContainer),
+  inference_geo: optionalNull(Schema.String),
+  inferenceGeo: optionalNull(Schema.String),
+  cache_control: Schema.optional(AnthropicCacheControl),
+  cacheControl: Schema.optional(AnthropicCacheControl),
+  output_config: Schema.optional(OutputConfigInput),
+  outputConfig: Schema.optional(OutputConfigInput),
+})
+const decodeOptions = ProviderShared.validateWith(Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Options))
+
 const AnthropicBodyFields = {
  context_management: Schema.optional(
    Schema.Struct({
@@ -391,7 +389,7 @@ const AnthropicBodyFields = {
  container: Schema.optional(Schema.NullOr(AnthropicContainer)),
  inference_geo: Schema.optional(Schema.NullOr(Schema.String)),
  metadata: Schema.optional(AnthropicMetadata),
-  service_tier: Schema.optional(Schema.Literals(["auto", "standard_only"])),
+  service_tier: Schema.optional(AnthropicServiceTier),
 }
 export const AnthropicMessagesBody = Schema.Struct(AnthropicBodyFields)
 export type AnthropicMessagesBody = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof AnthropicMessagesBody>
@@ -660,7 +658,7 @@ const lowerMedia = Effect.fn("AnthropicMessages.lowerMedia")(function* (
  part: MediaPart,
  breakpoints?: Cache.Breakpoints,
 ) {
-  const mime = part.mediaType.toLowerCase()
+  const mime = part.media.mediaType.toLowerCase()
  const cacheControlValue = breakpoints ? cacheControl(breakpoints, part.cache) : undefined
  const fileId = fileIdFromMetadata(part.metadata)

@@ -689,9 +687,9 @@ const lowerMedia = Effect.fn("AnthropicMessages.lowerMedia")(function* (
    } satisfies AnthropicDocumentBlock
  }

-  const rawString = typeof part.data === "string" ? part.data.trim() : undefined
+  const rawString = ProviderShared.mediaUrl(part.media)?.trim()
  // SDK URL sources: URLImageSource:3817 / URLPDFSource:3823 {type:"url", url}
-  if (rawString && isHttpUrl(rawString) && !rawString.startsWith("data:")) {
+  if (rawString && isHttpUrl(rawString)) {
    if (mime.startsWith("image/"))
      return {
        type: "image" as const,
@@ -716,20 +714,11 @@ const lowerMedia = Effect.fn("AnthropicMessages.lowerMedia")(function* (
      } satisfies AnthropicDocumentBlock
  }

+  const media = yield* ProviderShared.requireInlineMedia("Anthropic Messages", part.media)
+
  // SDK PlainTextSource:2716 {type:"text", media_type:"text/plain", data}
  if (mime === "text/plain") {
-    const textData =
-      typeof part.data !== "string"
-        ? Buffer.from(part.data).toString("utf8")
-        : part.data.startsWith("data:")
-          ? (() => {
-              const comma = part.data.indexOf(",")
-              const payload = comma >= 0 ? part.data.slice(comma + 1) : part.data
-              return part.data.includes(";base64")
-                ? Buffer.from(payload, "base64").toString("utf8")
-                : decodeURIComponent(payload)
-            })()
-          : part.data
+    const textData = Buffer.from(media.base64, "base64").toString("utf8")
    return {
      type: "document" as const,
      source: { type: "text" as const, media_type: "text/plain" as const, data: textData },
@@ -744,7 +733,6 @@ const lowerMedia = Effect.fn("AnthropicMessages.lowerMedia")(function* (
    } satisfies AnthropicDocumentBlock
  }

-  const media = ProviderShared.normalizeMedia(part)
  if (media.mime === "application/pdf")
    return {
      type: "document" as const,
@@ -763,7 +751,7 @@ const lowerMedia = Effect.fn("AnthropicMessages.lowerMedia")(function* (
        : { citations: citationsFromMetadata(part.metadata)! }),
    } satisfies AnthropicDocumentBlock
  if (!media.mime.startsWith("image/"))
-    return yield* invalid(`Anthropic Messages does not support media type ${part.mediaType}`)
+    return yield* invalid(`Anthropic Messages does not support media type ${part.media.mediaType}`)
  return {
    type: "image" as const,
    source: {
@@ -782,7 +770,7 @@ const lowerMedia = Effect.fn("AnthropicMessages.lowerMedia")(function* (
 // content instead of JSON-stringifying base64 into a prompt string.
 const lowerToolResultContentItem = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (item: Tool.Content) {
  if (item.type === "text") return { type: "text" as const, text: item.text } satisfies AnthropicTextBlock
-  return yield* lowerMedia({ type: "media", mediaType: item.mime, data: item.uri, filename: item.name })
+  return yield* lowerMedia(ProviderShared.toolFileMedia(item))
 })

 const lowerToolResultContent = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (part: ToolResultPart) {
@@ -1001,64 +989,6 @@ const lowerMessages = Effect.fn("AnthropicMessages.lowerMessages")(function* (
  return messages
 })

-const resolveOptions = Effect.fn("AnthropicMessages.resolveOptions")(function* (request: LLMRequest) {
-  const input = request.providerOptions as Record<string, unknown> | undefined
-  const rawServiceTier =
-    (input as Record<string, unknown> | undefined)?.service_tier ??
-    (input as Record<string, unknown> | undefined)?.serviceTier
-  const service_tier =
-    rawServiceTier === "auto" || rawServiceTier === "standard_only"
-      ? (rawServiceTier as "auto" | "standard_only")
-      : undefined
-  const rawMetadata = (input as Record<string, unknown> | undefined)?.metadata
-  const metadata =
-    ProviderShared.isRecord(rawMetadata) && (typeof rawMetadata.user_id === "string" || rawMetadata.user_id === null)
-      ? { user_id: rawMetadata.user_id as string | null }
-      : undefined
-  const container =
-    typeof (input as Record<string, unknown> | undefined)?.container === "string" ||
-    ProviderShared.isRecord((input as Record<string, unknown> | undefined)?.container)
-      ? ((input as Record<string, unknown>).container as
-          | string
-          | { id?: string | null; skills?: ReadonlyArray<Record<string, unknown>> | null })
-      : undefined
-  const rawInferenceGeo =
-    (input as Record<string, unknown> | undefined)?.inference_geo ??
-    (input as Record<string, unknown> | undefined)?.inferenceGeo
-  const inference_geo = typeof rawInferenceGeo === "string" ? rawInferenceGeo : undefined
-  const rawCacheControl =
-    (input as Record<string, unknown> | undefined)?.cache_control ??
-    (input as Record<string, unknown> | undefined)?.cacheControl
-  const cache_control =
-    ProviderShared.isRecord(rawCacheControl) && rawCacheControl.type === "ephemeral"
-      ? (rawCacheControl as { type: "ephemeral"; ttl?: "5m" | "1h" })
-      : undefined
-  const rawOutputConfig =
-    (input as Record<string, unknown> | undefined)?.output_config ??
-    (input as Record<string, unknown> | undefined)?.outputConfig
-  const outputConfigEffort =
-    typeof (input as Record<string, unknown> | undefined)?.effort === "string"
-      ? ((input as Record<string, unknown>).effort as string)
-      : ProviderShared.isRecord(rawOutputConfig) && typeof rawOutputConfig.effort === "string"
-        ? (rawOutputConfig.effort as string)
-        : undefined
-  const outputConfigFormat =
-    ProviderShared.isRecord(rawOutputConfig) && ProviderShared.isRecord(rawOutputConfig.format)
-      ? (rawOutputConfig.format as { type: "json_schema"; schema: Record<string, unknown> })
-      : undefined
-  const thinking = yield* resolveThinking(input?.thinking)
-  return {
-    thinking: applyThinkingBindingDefault(request.model, thinking),
-    effort: outputConfigEffort,
-    format: outputConfigFormat,
-    service_tier,
-    metadata,
-    container,
-    inference_geo,
-    cache_control,
-  }
-})
-
 // Accept gateway namespaces and Vertex suffixes without treating a snapshot date as a minor version.
 const claudeVersion = (id: string) => {
  const match = /(?:^|[./])claude-(?<family>[a-z]+)-(?<major>\d+)(?:[.-](?<minor>\d{1,2}))?(?:$|[-:@])/.exec(
@@ -1097,35 +1027,12 @@ const applyThinkingBindingDefault = (model: LLMRequest["model"], thinking: Anthr
  }
 }

-const resolveThinking = Effect.fn("AnthropicMessages.resolveThinking")(function* (input: unknown) {
-  if (!ProviderShared.isRecord(input)) return undefined
-  if (input.type === "disabled") return { type: "disabled" as const }
-  if (input.type !== "adaptive" && input.type !== "enabled") return undefined
-  const block_binding = yield* ProviderShared.validateWith(
-    Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Schema.UndefinedOr(AnthropicThinkingBlockBinding)),
-  )(input.block_binding)
-  const display =
-    input.display === "summarized" || input.display === "omitted"
-      ? (input.display as "summarized" | "omitted")
-      : undefined
-  if (input.type === "adaptive") return { type: "adaptive" as const, display, block_binding }
-  const budget =
-    typeof input.budgetTokens === "number"
-      ? input.budgetTokens
-      : typeof input.budget_tokens === "number"
-        ? input.budget_tokens
-        : undefined
-  if (budget === undefined)
-    return yield* ProviderShared.invalidRequest("Anthropic thinking provider option requires budgetTokens")
-  return { type: "enabled" as const, budget_tokens: budget, display, block_binding }
-})
-
 const fromRequest = Effect.fn("AnthropicMessages.fromRequest")(function* (request: LLMRequest) {
-  const management = yield* ProviderShared.validateWith(
-    Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Schema.UndefinedOr(ContextManagement)),
-  )(request.providerOptions?.contextManagement)
-  const options = yield* resolveOptions(request)
-  const updates = resolveEffortUpdates(request, options.effort)
+  const options = yield* decodeOptions(request.providerOptions ?? {})
+  const management = options.contextManagement
+  const outputConfig = options.output_config ?? options.outputConfig
+  const format = outputConfig?.format ?? undefined
+  const updates = resolveEffortUpdates(request, options.effort ?? outputConfig?.effort ?? undefined)
  const generation = request.generation
  const toolSchemaCompatibility = request.model.compatibility?.toolSchema
  // Allocate the 4-breakpoint budget in invalidation order: tools → system →
@@ -1161,12 +1068,7 @@ const fromRequest = Effect.fn("AnthropicMessages.fromRequest")(function* (reques
    )
  }
  const output_config =
-    updates.effort === undefined && options.format === undefined
-      ? undefined
-      : {
-          ...(updates.effort === undefined ? {} : { effort: updates.effort }),
-          ...(options.format === undefined ? {} : { format: options.format }),
-        }
+    updates.effort === undefined && format === undefined ? undefined : { effort: updates.effort, format }
  const body = {
    model: request.model.id,
    system,
@@ -1179,14 +1081,14 @@ const fromRequest = Effect.fn("AnthropicMessages.fromRequest")(function* (reques
    top_p: generation?.topP,
    top_k: generation?.topK,
    stop_sequences: generation?.stop,
-    thinking: options.thinking,
+    thinking: applyThinkingBindingDefault(request.model, options.thinking),
    output_config,
    // top-level passthrough per SDK MessageCreateParamsBase:4638,4643,4649,4654,4670
-    cache_control: options.cache_control,
+    cache_control: options.cache_control ?? options.cacheControl,
    container: options.container,
-    inference_geo: options.inference_geo,
+    inference_geo: options.inference_geo ?? options.inferenceGeo ?? undefined,
    metadata: options.metadata,
-    service_tier: options.service_tier,
+    service_tier: options.service_tier ?? options.serviceTier,
  }
  if (!management) return body
  return {
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import type { HttpClientResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import type { Status } from "../generation.js"
+import { Media } from "../media.js"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
+import { ProviderID, mergeJsonRecords } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { TranscriptionModel, TranscriptionResponse, type TranscriptionRequestFor } from "../transcription.js"
+import { ProviderShared, optionalNull } from "./shared.js"
+import { MediaInput } from "./utils/media-input.js"
+
+const ADAPTER = "assemblyai-transcription"
+const NAME = "AssemblyAI"
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("assemblyai")
+export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://api.assemblyai.com"
+export const PATH = "/v2/transcript"
+export const UPLOAD_PATH = "/v2/upload"
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Public model input
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type AssemblyAITranscriptionOptions = {
+  readonly keyterms_prompt?: ReadonlyArray<string>
+  readonly punctuate?: boolean
+  readonly format_text?: boolean
+  readonly disfluencies?: boolean
+  readonly filter_profanity?: boolean
+  readonly temperature?: number
+  readonly speaker_options?: { readonly min_speakers_expected?: number; readonly max_speakers_expected?: number }
+  readonly language_detection_options?: {
+    readonly expected_languages?: ReadonlyArray<string>
+    readonly fallback_language?: string
+    readonly code_switching?: boolean
+  }
+  readonly speech_models?: ReadonlyArray<"universal-3-5-pro" | "universal-2" | (string & {})>
+} & Record<string, unknown>
+
+export type Request = TranscriptionRequestFor<AssemblyAITranscriptionOptions>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 2. Token and response schemas
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const Token = Schema.Struct({ transcriptID: Schema.String })
+export type Token = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Token>
+
+const Upload = Schema.Struct({ upload_url: Schema.String })
+
+/** Word and utterance times are milliseconds. */
+const Transcript = Schema.Struct({
+  id: Schema.String,
+  status: Schema.String,
+  text: optionalNull(Schema.String),
+  words: optionalNull(
+    Schema.Array(
+      Schema.Struct({
+        text: Schema.String,
+        start: Schema.Number,
+        end: Schema.Number,
+        confidence: optionalNull(Schema.Number),
+        speaker: optionalNull(Schema.String),
+      }),
+    ),
+  ),
+  utterances: optionalNull(
+    Schema.Array(
+      Schema.Struct({
+        text: Schema.String,
+        start: Schema.Number,
+        end: Schema.Number,
+        speaker: optionalNull(Schema.String),
+      }),
+    ),
+  ),
+  language_code: optionalNull(Schema.String),
+  audio_duration: optionalNull(Schema.Number),
+  speech_model_used: optionalNull(Schema.String),
+  error: optionalNull(Schema.String),
+})
+
+const STATUS = {
+  queued: "queued",
+  processing: "running",
+  completed: "completed",
+  error: "failed",
+} as const satisfies Record<string, Status>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Request body construction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const decodeUpload = MediaProtocol.decodeJson(ADAPTER, NAME, Upload)
+
+/** `/v2/transcript` only takes a URL, so inline audio is uploaded to `/v2/upload` first. */
+const prepare = Effect.fn("AssemblyAITranscription.prepare")(function* (request: Request, send: MediaProtocol.Send) {
+  if (request.audio.source.type !== "bytes" && request.audio.source.type !== "base64") return request
+  const audio = yield* MediaInput.inlineBytes(ADAPTER, request.audio)
+  const uploaded = yield* send(UPLOAD_PATH, MediaProtocol.binary(audio, "application/octet-stream")).pipe(
+    Effect.flatMap(decodeUpload),
+  )
+  return { ...request, audio: Media.url(uploaded.value.upload_url, { mediaType: request.audio.mediaType }) }
+})
+
+const fromRequest = Effect.fn("AssemblyAITranscription.fromRequest")(function* (request: Request) {
+  const audio = yield* ProviderShared.mediaReference(request.audio, PROVIDER, NAME)
+  return MediaProtocol.json(
+    mergeJsonRecords(
+      {
+        audio_url: audio.value,
+        speech_models: [request.model.id],
+        language_code: request.language,
+        language_detection: request.language === undefined ? true : undefined,
+        prompt: request.prompt,
+        // Turn-level `utterances`, the only segments AssemblyAI returns, require speaker labels.
+        speaker_labels: request.diarize === true || request.timestamps === "segment" ? true : undefined,
+        speakers_expected: request.speakers,
+      },
+      request.providerOptions,
+      request.http?.body,
+    ) ?? {},
+  )
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Response decoding
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const decodeTranscript = MediaProtocol.decodeJson(ADAPTER, NAME, Transcript)
+
+const decodeStart = Effect.fn("AssemblyAITranscription.decodeStart")(function* (
+  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+) {
+  const output = yield* decodeTranscript(response)
+  const status = yield* MediaProtocol.status(STATUS, output.value.status, output)
+  return { token: { transcriptID: output.value.id }, snapshot: { id: output.value.id, status } }
+})
+
+const decodeStatus = Effect.fn("AssemblyAITranscription.decodeStatus")(function* (
+  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+  context: MediaProtocol.PollContext<Token>,
+) {
+  const output = yield* decodeTranscript(response)
+  const status = yield* MediaProtocol.status(STATUS, output.value.status, output)
+  return { id: context.token.transcriptID, status }
+})
+
+const seconds = (milliseconds: number) => milliseconds / 1000
+
+const decodeResult = Effect.fn("AssemblyAITranscription.decodeResult")(function* (
+  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+  context: MediaProtocol.PollContext<Token>,
+) {
+  const output = yield* decodeTranscript(response)
+  const transcript = output.value
+  const status = yield* MediaProtocol.status(STATUS, transcript.status, output)
+  const error = transcript.error ?? undefined
+  if (status === "failed")
+    return yield* output.ended("failed", `${NAME} transcription failed${error === undefined ? "" : `: ${error}`}`)
+  if (status !== "completed")
+    return yield* output.invalid(`${NAME} transcript ${context.token.transcriptID} has not finished`)
+  const duration = transcript.audio_duration ?? undefined
+  return new TranscriptionResponse({
+    text: transcript.text ?? "",
+    segments: transcript.utterances?.map((utterance) => ({
+      text: utterance.text,
+      startSeconds: seconds(utterance.start),
+      endSeconds: seconds(utterance.end),
+      speaker: utterance.speaker ?? undefined,
+    })),
+    words: transcript.words?.map((word) => ({
+      text: word.text,
+      startSeconds: seconds(word.start),
+      endSeconds: seconds(word.end),
+      speaker: word.speaker ?? undefined,
+      confidence: word.confidence ?? undefined,
+    })),
+    language: transcript.language_code?.toLowerCase(),
+    durationSeconds: duration,
+    usage: duration === undefined ? undefined : { type: "seconds", seconds: duration },
+    providerMetadata: {
+      assemblyai: { transcriptId: transcript.id, speechModel: transcript.speech_model_used ?? undefined },
+    },
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Protocol and route
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const transcriptPath = (token: Token) => `${PATH}/${token.transcriptID}`
+
+export const protocol = MediaProtocol.queued<Request, TranscriptionResponse, Token>({
+  id: ADAPTER,
+  name: NAME,
+  token: Token,
+  start: { prepare, body: { from: fromRequest }, decode: decodeStart },
+  status: { path: transcriptPath, decode: decodeStatus },
+  result: { path: transcriptPath, decode: decodeResult },
+})
+
+export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput) =>
+  TranscriptionModel.fromRoute<AssemblyAITranscriptionOptions, Token>(
+    { id: ADAPTER, provider: PROVIDER, protocol, baseURL: DEFAULT_BASE_URL, path: PATH },
+    input,
+  )
+
+export const AssemblyAITranscription = {
+  protocol,
+  model,
+} as const
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import { Lifecycle } from "./utils/lifecycle.js"
 import { MistralToolID } from "./utils/mistral-tool-id.js"
 import { ToolSchemaProjection } from "./utils/tool-schema.js"
 import { ToolStream } from "./utils/tool-stream.js"
+import { concatBytes } from "../utils/bytes.js"

 const ADAPTER = "bedrock-converse"

@@ -303,15 +304,7 @@ const lowerToolResultContent = Effect.fn("BedrockConverse.lowerToolResultContent
      content.push({ text: item.text })
      continue
    }
-    const media = yield* BedrockMedia.lower(
-      {
-        type: "media",
-        mediaType: item.mime,
-        data: item.uri,
-        filename: item.name,
-      },
-      documentNames,
-    )
+    const media = yield* BedrockMedia.lower(ProviderShared.toolFileMedia(item), documentNames)
    content.push(...media)
  }
  return content
@@ -532,14 +525,7 @@ interface ParserState {
  readonly reasoningRedactedContent: Readonly<Record<number, ReadonlyArray<Uint8Array>>>
 }

-const encodeRedactedContent = (chunks: ReadonlyArray<Uint8Array>) => {
-  const bytes = new Uint8Array(chunks.reduce((total, chunk) => total + chunk.length, 0))
-  chunks.reduce((offset, chunk) => {
-    bytes.set(chunk, offset)
-    return offset + chunk.length
-  }, 0)
-  return Encoding.encodeBase64(bytes)
-}
+const encodeRedactedContent = (chunks: ReadonlyArray<Uint8Array>) => Encoding.encodeBase64(concatBytes(chunks))

 const step = (state: ParserState, event: BedrockEvent) =>
  Effect.gen(function* () {
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import { classifyProviderFailure } from "../provider-error.js"
+import { Framing } from "../route/framing.js"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
+import { AIError, ProviderID, mergeJsonRecords } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { SpeechModel, type SpeechEvent, type SpeechRequestFor } from "../speech.js"
+import { ProviderShared, optionalNull } from "./shared.js"
+import { SpeechStream } from "./utils/speech-stream.js"
+
+const ADAPTER = "cartesia-speech"
+const NAME = "Cartesia"
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("cartesia")
+export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://api.cartesia.ai"
+export const API_VERSION = "2026-08-14"
+export const BYTES_PATH = "/tts/bytes"
+export const SSE_PATH = "/tts/sse"
+const DEFAULT_SAMPLE_RATE = 44100
+const DEFAULT_BIT_RATE = 128000
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Public model input
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type CartesiaSpeechString<Known extends string> = Known | (string & {})
+
+export type CartesiaEncoding = SpeechStream.PcmEncoding
+
+export type CartesiaSpeechOptions = {
+  readonly sampleRate?: 8000 | 16000 | 22050 | 24000 | 44100 | 48000
+  readonly bitRate?: 32000 | 64000 | 96000 | 128000 | 192000
+  readonly encoding?: CartesiaEncoding
+  readonly generation_config?: {
+    readonly volume?: number
+    readonly emotion?: CartesiaSpeechString<"neutral" | "calm" | "angry" | "content" | "sad" | "scared">
+  }
+  readonly pronunciation_dict_id?: string
+} & Record<string, unknown>
+
+export type Request = SpeechRequestFor<CartesiaSpeechOptions>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 3. Streaming event schema
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** `phoneme_timestamps` and future record types are ignored. */
+const SseEvent = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.String,
+  data: Schema.optional(Schema.Uint8ArrayFromBase64),
+  word_timestamps: Schema.optional(
+    Schema.Struct({
+      words: Schema.Array(Schema.String),
+      start: Schema.Array(Schema.Number),
+      end: Schema.Array(Schema.Number),
+    }),
+  ),
+  status_code: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  title: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  message: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  error_code: optionalNull(Schema.String),
+})
+
+const decodeEvent = MediaProtocol.decodeFrame(ADAPTER, NAME, SseEvent)
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 4. Parser state
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+interface State extends SpeechStream.Audio {
+  readonly done: boolean
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Request body construction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Timestamps exist only on the SSE endpoint, so a `generate` that asks for them collects an SSE stream. */
+const usesSse = (request: MediaProtocol.Addressed<Request>) => request.mode === "stream" || request.timestamps === true
+
+const CONTAINERS: Readonly<Record<string, "raw" | "wav" | "mp3">> = { pcm: "raw", wav: "wav", mp3: "mp3" }
+
+const outputFormat = Effect.fn("CartesiaSpeech.outputFormat")(function* (request: MediaProtocol.Addressed<Request>) {
+  const sse = usesSse(request)
+  const format = request.format ?? (sse ? "pcm" : "mp3")
+  const container = CONTAINERS[format]
+  if (container === undefined)
+    return yield* SpeechStream.unsupportedFormat(
+      PROVIDER,
+      ADAPTER,
+      `${NAME} supports the pcm, wav, and mp3 formats, not "${format}"`,
+    )
+  if (sse && container !== "raw")
+    return yield* SpeechStream.unsupportedFormat(
+      PROVIDER,
+      ADAPTER,
+      `${NAME} streams and timestamps only raw PCM; request format "pcm" instead of "${format}"`,
+    )
+  const sampleRate = request.providerOptions?.sampleRate ?? DEFAULT_SAMPLE_RATE
+  if (container === "mp3")
+    return { container, sample_rate: sampleRate, bit_rate: request.providerOptions?.bitRate ?? DEFAULT_BIT_RATE }
+  return { container, encoding: request.providerOptions?.encoding ?? "pcm_s16le", sample_rate: sampleRate }
+})
+
+const fromRequest = Effect.fn("CartesiaSpeech.fromRequest")(function* (request: MediaProtocol.Addressed<Request>) {
+  const voice = SpeechStream.voiceID(request.voice)
+  if (voice === undefined)
+    return yield* ProviderShared.invalidRequest(`${NAME} requires a voice id; pass it as \`voice\``)
+  const { sampleRate: _sampleRate, bitRate: _bitRate, encoding: _encoding, ...native } = request.providerOptions ?? {}
+  return MediaProtocol.json(
+    mergeJsonRecords(
+      {
+        model_id: request.model.id,
+        transcript: request.text,
+        voice,
+        output_format: yield* outputFormat(request),
+        language: request.language,
+        generation_config: request.speed === undefined ? undefined : { speed: request.speed },
+        add_timestamps: request.timestamps === true ? true : undefined,
+      },
+      native,
+      request.http?.body,
+    ) ?? {},
+  )
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Stream parsing
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const onEvent = Effect.fn("CartesiaSpeech.onEvent")(function* (state: State, frame: string) {
+  const event = yield* decodeEvent(frame)
+  if (event.type === "chunk" && event.data !== undefined) return SpeechStream.delta(state, event.data)
+  if (event.type === "timestamps" && event.word_timestamps !== undefined) {
+    const words = event.word_timestamps
+    return [state, SpeechStream.timestamps(words.words, words.start, words.end)] as const
+  }
+  if (event.type === "done") return [{ ...state, done: true }, []] as const
+  if (event.type === "error")
+    return yield* new AIError({
+      reason: classifyProviderFailure({
+        message: `${NAME} stream failed${event.title === undefined ? "" : ` (${event.title})`}: ${event.message ?? "unknown error"}`,
+        status: event.status_code,
+        rawBody: frame,
+      }),
+    })
+  return [state, []] as const
+})
+
+const finish = Effect.fn("CartesiaSpeech.finish")(function* (
+  state: State,
+  context: MediaProtocol.ResponseContext<Request>,
+) {
+  if (usesSse(context.request) && !state.done) return yield* MediaProtocol.incomplete(ADAPTER)
+  const format = yield* outputFormat(context.request)
+  return yield* SpeechStream.finish(
+    ADAPTER,
+    state,
+    format.container === "raw"
+      ? SpeechStream.pcm(format.encoding, format.sample_rate)
+      : SpeechStream.container(format.container, format.sample_rate),
+  )
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Protocol and route
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const protocol = MediaProtocol.stream<Request, SpeechEvent, string | Uint8Array, State>({
+  id: ADAPTER,
+  name: NAME,
+  unsupported: ["instructions"],
+  body: { from: fromRequest },
+  frames: (bytes, context) => (usesSse(context.request) ? Framing.sse.frame(bytes) : bytes),
+  initial: () => ({ chunks: [], done: false }),
+  step: SpeechStream.step(onEvent),
+  finish,
+})
+
+export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput) =>
+  SpeechModel.fromRoute<CartesiaSpeechOptions, string | Uint8Array, State>(
+    {
+      id: ADAPTER,
+      provider: PROVIDER,
+      protocol,
+      baseURL: DEFAULT_BASE_URL,
+      headers: { "Cartesia-Version": API_VERSION },
+      path: ({ request }) => (usesSse(request) ? SSE_PATH : BYTES_PATH),
+    },
+    input,
+  )
+
+export const CartesiaSpeech = {
+  protocol,
+  model,
+} as const
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+import { Effect } from "effect"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
+import { ProviderID, mergeJsonRecords } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { SpeechModel, type SpeechEvent, type SpeechRequestFor } from "../speech.js"
+import { MediaInput } from "./utils/media-input.js"
+import { SpeechStream } from "./utils/speech-stream.js"
+
+const ADAPTER = "deepgram-speech"
+const NAME = "Deepgram"
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("deepgram")
+export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://api.deepgram.com"
+export const PATH = "/v1/speak"
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Public model input
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type DeepgramSpeechString<Known extends string> = Known | (string & {})
+
+export type DeepgramEncoding = DeepgramSpeechString<"linear16" | "mulaw" | "alaw" | "mp3" | "opus" | "flac" | "aac">
+
+export type DeepgramSpeechOptions = {
+  readonly encoding?: DeepgramEncoding
+  readonly container?: DeepgramSpeechString<"wav" | "ogg" | "none">
+  readonly sampleRate?: number
+  readonly bitRate?: number
+  readonly mip_opt_out?: boolean
+  readonly tag?: string
+} & Record<string, unknown>
+
+export type Request = SpeechRequestFor<DeepgramSpeechOptions>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 4. Parser state
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type State = SpeechStream.Audio
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Request body construction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const FORMATS: Readonly<Record<string, { readonly encoding: string; readonly container?: string }>> = {
+  mp3: { encoding: "mp3" },
+  wav: { encoding: "linear16", container: "wav" },
+  pcm: { encoding: "linear16", container: "none" },
+  opus: { encoding: "opus" },
+  flac: { encoding: "flac" },
+  aac: { encoding: "aac" },
+}
+
+const audioFormat = (request: Request) => {
+  const format = request.format === undefined ? undefined : FORMATS[request.format]
+  return {
+    encoding: request.providerOptions?.encoding ?? format?.encoding,
+    container: request.providerOptions?.container ?? format?.container,
+  }
+}
+
+const queryParameters = (request: Request) => {
+  const { encoding: _encoding, container: _container, sampleRate, bitRate, ...native } = request.providerOptions ?? {}
+  return MediaInput.query(ADAPTER, {
+    ...native,
+    model: request.model.id,
+    ...audioFormat(request),
+    sample_rate: sampleRate,
+    bit_rate: bitRate,
+    speed: request.speed,
+  })
+}
+
+const fromRequest = Effect.fn("DeepgramSpeech.fromRequest")(function* (request: Request) {
+  if (
+    request.format !== undefined &&
+    FORMATS[request.format] === undefined &&
+    request.providerOptions?.encoding === undefined
+  )
+    return yield* SpeechStream.unsupportedFormat(
+      PROVIDER,
+      ADAPTER,
+      `${NAME} has no encoding for format "${request.format}"; pass providerOptions.encoding`,
+    )
+  return MediaProtocol.json(
+    mergeJsonRecords({ text: request.text }, request.http?.body) ?? {},
+    yield* queryParameters(request),
+  )
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Stream parsing
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const HEADERLESS_ENCODINGS: Readonly<Record<string, SpeechStream.PcmEncoding>> = {
+  linear16: "pcm_s16le",
+  mulaw: "pcm_mulaw",
+  alaw: "pcm_alaw",
+}
+
+const finish = (state: State, context: MediaProtocol.ResponseContext<Request>) => {
+  const headers = context.http.headers
+  const mediaType = headers["content-type"]
+  const format = audioFormat(context.request)
+  const encoding = HEADERLESS_ENCODINGS[format.encoding ?? ""]
+  const requestID = headers["dg-request-id"]
+  const modelName = headers["dg-model-name"]
+  return SpeechStream.finish(ADAPTER, state, {
+    ...(format.container === "none" && encoding !== undefined
+      ? SpeechStream.pcm(encoding, SpeechStream.sampleRate(mediaType), mediaType)
+      : // Deepgram's default encoding is MP3; WAV is a container around any encoding.
+        { mediaType, info: { format: format.container === "wav" ? "wav" : (format.encoding ?? "mp3") } }),
+    usage: SpeechStream.headerUsage("characters", headers["dg-char-count"]),
+    providerMetadata:
+      requestID === undefined && modelName === undefined
+        ? undefined
+        : { deepgram: { requestId: requestID, modelName } },
+  })
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Protocol and route
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const protocol = MediaProtocol.stream<Request, SpeechEvent, Uint8Array, State>({
+  id: ADAPTER,
+  name: NAME,
+  unsupported: ["voice", "language", "instructions", "timestamps"],
+  body: { from: fromRequest },
+  frames: (bytes) => bytes,
+  initial: () => ({ chunks: [] }),
+  step: (state, frame) => Effect.succeed(SpeechStream.delta(state, frame)),
+  finish,
+})
+
+export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput) =>
+  SpeechModel.fromRoute<DeepgramSpeechOptions, Uint8Array, State>(
+    { id: ADAPTER, provider: PROVIDER, protocol, baseURL: DEFAULT_BASE_URL, path: PATH },
+    input,
+  )
+
+export const DeepgramSpeech = {
+  protocol,
+  model,
+} as const
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import type { HttpClientResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
+import { ProviderID, mergeJsonRecords } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { TranscriptionModel, TranscriptionResponse, type TranscriptionRequestFor } from "../transcription.js"
+import { ProviderShared } from "./shared.js"
+import { MediaInput } from "./utils/media-input.js"
+
+const ADAPTER = "deepgram-transcription"
+const NAME = "Deepgram"
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("deepgram")
+export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://api.deepgram.com"
+export const PATH = "/v1/listen"
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Public model input
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type DeepgramTranscriptionOptions = {
+  readonly smart_format?: boolean
+  readonly punctuate?: boolean
+  readonly paragraphs?: boolean
+  readonly utterances?: boolean
+  readonly detect_language?: boolean | ReadonlyArray<string>
+  readonly keyterm?: ReadonlyArray<string>
+  readonly diarize_model?: "latest" | "v1" | "v2" | (string & {})
+  readonly filler_words?: boolean
+  readonly numerals?: boolean
+  readonly mip_opt_out?: boolean
+  readonly tag?: string | ReadonlyArray<string>
+} & Record<string, unknown>
+
+export type Request = TranscriptionRequestFor<DeepgramTranscriptionOptions>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 2. Response schema
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const Word = Schema.Struct({
+  word: Schema.String,
+  start: Schema.Number,
+  end: Schema.Number,
+  confidence: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  speaker: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  punctuated_word: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+})
+
+const ListenResponse = Schema.Struct({
+  metadata: Schema.optional(
+    Schema.Struct({ request_id: Schema.optional(Schema.String), duration: Schema.optional(Schema.Number) }),
+  ),
+  results: Schema.Struct({
+    channels: Schema.Array(
+      Schema.Struct({
+        alternatives: Schema.optional(
+          Schema.Array(Schema.Struct({ transcript: Schema.String, words: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(Word)) })),
+        ),
+        detected_language: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+      }),
+    ),
+    utterances: Schema.optional(
+      Schema.Array(
+        Schema.Struct({
+          start: Schema.Number,
+          end: Schema.Number,
+          transcript: Schema.String,
+          speaker: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+          words: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(Word)),
+        }),
+      ),
+    ),
+  }),
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Request body construction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const query = (request: Request) =>
+  MediaInput.query(
+    ADAPTER,
+    mergeJsonRecords(
+      {
+        model: request.model.id,
+        smart_format: true,
+        language: request.language,
+        // Deepgram assumes English unless asked to detect, unlike the other routes' auto-detection.
+        detect_language: request.language === undefined ? true : undefined,
+        // `diarize=true` is deprecated in favor of choosing a diarization model.
+        diarize_model: request.diarize === true ? "latest" : undefined,
+        utterances: request.diarize === true || request.timestamps === "segment" ? true : undefined,
+      },
+      request.providerOptions,
+    ) ?? {},
+  )
+
+const fromRequest = Effect.fn("DeepgramTranscription.fromRequest")(function* (request: Request) {
+  const url = ProviderShared.mediaUrl(request.audio)
+  if (url !== undefined)
+    return MediaProtocol.json(mergeJsonRecords({ url }, request.http?.body) ?? {}, yield* query(request))
+  if (request.http?.body !== undefined)
+    return yield* ProviderShared.invalidRequest(`${NAME} sends inline audio as the raw body, so http.body cannot apply`)
+  const audio = yield* MediaInput.inlineBytes(ADAPTER, request.audio)
+  return MediaProtocol.binary(audio, request.audio.mediaType, yield* query(request))
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Response decoding
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const decodeListen = MediaProtocol.decodeJson(ADAPTER, NAME, ListenResponse)
+
+const speaker = (value: number | undefined) => (value === undefined ? undefined : String(value))
+
+const wordText = (word: typeof Word.Type) => word.punctuated_word ?? word.word
+
+// Utterances split on pauses, not speakers: the v2 diarizer labels a whole utterance with one speaker even when its
+// words change speaker, so segments split each utterance at speaker changes.
+const speakerTurns = (words: ReadonlyArray<typeof Word.Type>) =>
+  words.reduce<Array<Array<typeof Word.Type>>>((turns, word) => {
+    const last = turns.at(-1)
+    if (last === undefined || last[0].speaker !== word.speaker) return [...turns, [word]]
+    last.push(word)
+    return turns
+  }, [])
+
+const decodeResponse = Effect.fn("DeepgramTranscription.decodeResponse")(function* (
+  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+) {
+  const output = yield* decodeListen(response)
+  const channel = output.value.results.channels[0]
+  const alternative = channel?.alternatives?.[0]
+  if (alternative === undefined) return yield* output.invalid(`${NAME} returned no transcript`)
+  const duration = output.value.metadata?.duration
+  const requestID = output.value.metadata?.request_id
+  return new TranscriptionResponse({
+    text: alternative.transcript,
+    segments: output.value.results.utterances?.flatMap((utterance) =>
+      utterance.words === undefined || utterance.words.length === 0
+        ? [
+            {
+              text: utterance.transcript,
+              startSeconds: utterance.start,
+              endSeconds: utterance.end,
+              speaker: speaker(utterance.speaker),
+            },
+          ]
+        : speakerTurns(utterance.words).map((turn) => ({
+            text: turn.map(wordText).join(" "),
+            startSeconds: turn[0].start,
+            endSeconds: turn[turn.length - 1].end,
+            speaker: speaker(turn[0].speaker),
+          })),
+    ),
+    words: alternative.words?.map((word) => ({
+      text: wordText(word),
+      startSeconds: word.start,
+      endSeconds: word.end,
+      speaker: speaker(word.speaker),
+      confidence: word.confidence,
+    })),
+    language: channel?.detected_language?.toLowerCase(),
+    durationSeconds: duration,
+    usage: duration === undefined ? undefined : { type: "seconds", seconds: duration },
+    providerMetadata: requestID === undefined ? undefined : { deepgram: { requestId: requestID } },
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Protocol and route
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const protocol = MediaProtocol.inline<Request, TranscriptionResponse>({
+  id: ADAPTER,
+  name: NAME,
+  unsupported: ["prompt", "speakers"],
+  body: { from: fromRequest },
+  response: { decode: decodeResponse },
+})
+
+export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput) =>
+  TranscriptionModel.fromRoute<DeepgramTranscriptionOptions>(
+    { id: ADAPTER, provider: PROVIDER, protocol, baseURL: DEFAULT_BASE_URL, path: PATH },
+    input,
+  )
+
+export const DeepgramTranscription = {
+  protocol,
+  model,
+} as const
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import { Framing } from "../route/framing.js"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
+import { ProviderID, mergeJsonRecords } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { SpeechModel, type SpeechEvent, type SpeechRequestFor } from "../speech.js"
+import { ProviderShared, optionalNull } from "./shared.js"
+import { SpeechStream } from "./utils/speech-stream.js"
+
+const ADAPTER = "elevenlabs-speech"
+const NAME = "ElevenLabs"
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("elevenlabs")
+export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://api.elevenlabs.io"
+export const PATH = "/v1/text-to-speech"
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Public model input
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type ElevenLabsSpeechString<Known extends string> = Known | (string & {})
+
+export type ElevenLabsOutputFormat = ElevenLabsSpeechString<
+  | "mp3_22050_32"
+  | "mp3_24000_48"
+  | "mp3_44100_32"
+  | "mp3_44100_64"
+  | "mp3_44100_96"
+  | "mp3_44100_128"
+  | "mp3_44100_192"
+  | "pcm_8000"
+  | "pcm_16000"
+  | "pcm_22050"
+  | "pcm_24000"
+  | "pcm_32000"
+  | "pcm_44100"
+  | "pcm_48000"
+  | "wav_8000"
+  | "wav_16000"
+  | "wav_22050"
+  | "wav_24000"
+  | "wav_32000"
+  | "wav_44100"
+  | "wav_48000"
+  | "ulaw_8000"
+  | "alaw_8000"
+  | "opus_48000_32"
+  | "opus_48000_64"
+  | "opus_48000_96"
+  | "opus_48000_128"
+  | "opus_48000_192"
+>
+
+export type ElevenLabsSpeechOptions = {
+  readonly outputFormat?: ElevenLabsOutputFormat
+  readonly voice_settings?: {
+    readonly stability?: number
+    readonly similarity_boost?: number
+    readonly style?: number
+    readonly use_speaker_boost?: boolean
+  }
+  readonly seed?: number
+  readonly apply_text_normalization?: ElevenLabsSpeechString<"auto" | "on" | "off">
+} & Record<string, unknown>
+
+export type Request = SpeechRequestFor<ElevenLabsSpeechOptions>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 3. Streaming event schema
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const Alignment = Schema.Struct({
+  characters: Schema.Array(Schema.String),
+  character_start_times_seconds: Schema.Array(Schema.Number),
+  character_end_times_seconds: Schema.Array(Schema.Number),
+})
+
+const TimestampedAudio = Schema.Struct({
+  audio_base64: Schema.Uint8ArrayFromBase64,
+  alignment: optionalNull(Alignment),
+})
+
+const decodeRecord = MediaProtocol.decodeFrame(ADAPTER, NAME, TimestampedAudio)
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 4. Parser state
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type State = SpeechStream.Audio
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Request body construction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const OUTPUT_FORMATS: Readonly<Record<string, string>> = {
+  mp3: "mp3_44100_128",
+  pcm: "pcm_24000",
+  wav: "wav_24000",
+  opus: "opus_48000_64",
+}
+
+/** WAV is served only by the non-streaming endpoints. */
+const outputFormat = Effect.fn("ElevenLabsSpeech.outputFormat")(function* (request: MediaProtocol.Addressed<Request>) {
+  const format = request.providerOptions?.outputFormat ?? OUTPUT_FORMATS[request.format ?? "mp3"]
+  if (format === undefined)
+    return yield* SpeechStream.unsupportedFormat(
+      PROVIDER,
+      ADAPTER,
+      `${NAME} has no default output format for "${request.format}"; pass providerOptions.outputFormat`,
+    )
+  if (request.mode === "stream" && format.startsWith("wav_"))
+    return yield* SpeechStream.unsupportedFormat(
+      PROVIDER,
+      ADAPTER,
+      `${NAME} streams mp3, pcm, opus, ulaw, and alaw but not "${format}"; use generate for WAV`,
+    )
+  return format
+})
+
+const fromRequest = Effect.fn("ElevenLabsSpeech.fromRequest")(function* (request: MediaProtocol.Addressed<Request>) {
+  if (request.voice === undefined)
+    return yield* ProviderShared.invalidRequest(`${NAME} requires a voice id; pass it as \`voice\``)
+  const { outputFormat: _outputFormat, ...native } = request.providerOptions ?? {}
+  return MediaProtocol.json(
+    mergeJsonRecords(
+      {
+        text: request.text,
+        model_id: request.model.id,
+        language_code: request.language,
+        voice_settings: request.speed === undefined ? undefined : { speed: request.speed },
+      },
+      native,
+      request.http?.body,
+    ) ?? {},
+    { output_format: yield* outputFormat(request) },
+  )
+})
+
+const path = (request: MediaProtocol.Addressed<Request>) =>
+  `${PATH}/${encodeURIComponent(SpeechStream.voiceID(request.voice) ?? "")}${request.mode === "stream" ? "/stream" : ""}${
+    request.timestamps === true ? "/with-timestamps" : ""
+  }`
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Stream parsing
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const onRecord = Effect.fn("ElevenLabsSpeech.onRecord")(function* (state: State, frame: string) {
+  const record = yield* decodeRecord(frame)
+  const [next, events] = SpeechStream.delta(state, record.audio_base64)
+  const alignment = record.alignment
+  if (!alignment) return [next, events] as const
+  return [
+    next,
+    [
+      ...events,
+      ...SpeechStream.timestamps(
+        alignment.characters,
+        alignment.character_start_times_seconds,
+        alignment.character_end_times_seconds,
+      ),
+    ],
+  ] as const
+})
+
+const PCM_CODECS: Readonly<Record<string, SpeechStream.PcmEncoding>> = {
+  pcm: "pcm_s16le",
+  ulaw: "pcm_mulaw",
+  alaw: "pcm_alaw",
+}
+
+const describeOutput = (format: string) => {
+  const [codec = format, rate] = format.split("_")
+  const sampleRate = rate === undefined ? undefined : Number(rate)
+  const encoding = PCM_CODECS[codec]
+  return encoding === undefined ? SpeechStream.container(codec, sampleRate) : SpeechStream.pcm(encoding, sampleRate)
+}
+
+const finish = Effect.fn("ElevenLabsSpeech.finish")(function* (
+  state: State,
+  context: MediaProtocol.ResponseContext<Request>,
+) {
+  const requestID = context.http.headers["request-id"]
+  return yield* SpeechStream.finish(ADAPTER, state, {
+    ...describeOutput(yield* outputFormat(context.request)),
+    // `character-cost` is billed credits, not a character count (3 for 20 characters on `eleven_flash_v2_5`).
+    usage: SpeechStream.headerUsage("credits", context.http.headers["character-cost"]),
+    providerMetadata: requestID === undefined ? undefined : { elevenlabs: { requestId: requestID } },
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Protocol and route
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const protocol = MediaProtocol.stream<Request, SpeechEvent, string | Uint8Array, State>({
+  id: ADAPTER,
+  name: NAME,
+  unsupported: ["instructions"],
+  body: { from: fromRequest },
+  frames: (bytes, context) => {
+    if (context.request.timestamps !== true) return bytes
+    return context.request.mode === "stream" ? Framing.lines.frame(bytes) : Framing.document.frame(bytes)
+  },
+  initial: () => ({ chunks: [] }),
+  step: SpeechStream.step(onRecord),
+  finish,
+})
+
+export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput) =>
+  SpeechModel.fromRoute<ElevenLabsSpeechOptions, string | Uint8Array, State>(
+    { id: ADAPTER, provider: PROVIDER, protocol, baseURL: DEFAULT_BASE_URL, path: ({ request }) => path(request) },
+    input,
+  )
+
+export const ElevenLabsSpeech = {
+  protocol,
+  model,
+} as const
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import type { HttpClientResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import type { Status } from "../generation.js"
+import { Media } from "../media.js"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
+import { ProviderID, mergeJsonRecords } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { VideoModel, VideoResponse, type VideoRequestFor } from "../video.js"
+import { ProviderShared, optionalNull } from "./shared.js"
+
+const ADAPTER = "fal-video"
+const NAME = "fal Video"
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("fal")
+export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://queue.fal.run"
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Public model input
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type FalVideoString<Known extends string> = Known | (string & {})
+
+/**
+ * Provider-native input. fal video endpoints are model-specific: `duration` is a string enum whose values differ per
+ * model (`"8s"` for Veo, `"5"` for Kling), and last-frame fields are named per model (`end_image_url`,
+ * `last_frame_url`, `tail_image_url`), so those pass through here instead of lowering from common fields.
+ */
+export type FalVideoOptions = {
+  readonly duration?: FalVideoString<"4s" | "6s" | "8s" | "5" | "10">
+} & Record<string, unknown>
+
+export type Request = VideoRequestFor<FalVideoOptions>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 2. Token and response schemas
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** fal hands back absolute follow-up URLs on submit; they are authoritative for status, result, and cancel. */
+export const Token = Schema.Struct({
+  requestID: Schema.String,
+  statusURL: Schema.String,
+  responseURL: Schema.String,
+  cancelURL: Schema.String,
+})
+export type Token = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Token>
+
+const StartResponse = Schema.Struct({
+  request_id: Schema.String,
+  status_url: Schema.String,
+  response_url: Schema.String,
+  cancel_url: Schema.String,
+  queue_position: optionalNull(Schema.Number),
+})
+
+const QueueStatus = Schema.Struct({
+  status: Schema.String,
+  queue_position: optionalNull(Schema.Number),
+  error: optionalNull(Schema.Unknown),
+})
+
+const QueueResult = Schema.StructWithRest(
+  Schema.Struct({
+    video: Schema.Struct({
+      url: Schema.String,
+      content_type: optionalNull(Schema.String),
+      file_name: optionalNull(Schema.String),
+      file_size: optionalNull(Schema.Number),
+    }),
+    seed: optionalNull(Schema.Number),
+  }),
+  [Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)],
+)
+
+const STATUS = {
+  IN_QUEUE: "queued",
+  IN_PROGRESS: "running",
+  COMPLETED: "completed",
+} as const satisfies Record<string, Status>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Request body construction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// fal accepts public URLs and data URIs; there is no provider file handle to forward.
+const mediaUrl = (asset: Media.Asset) =>
+  ProviderShared.mediaReference(asset, undefined, NAME).pipe(Effect.map((reference) => reference.value))
+
+const fromRequest = Effect.fn("FalVideo.fromRequest")(function* (request: Request) {
+  if (request.frames?.last !== undefined)
+    return yield* ProviderShared.unsupportedOperation({
+      operation: "video.frames.last",
+      provider: PROVIDER,
+      route: ADAPTER,
+      message: `${NAME} names the last frame per model; pass it through providerOptions (e.g. end_image_url) instead of frames.last`,
+    })
+  const imageUrl = request.frames?.first === undefined ? undefined : yield* mediaUrl(request.frames.first)
+  const videoUrl = request.video === undefined ? undefined : yield* mediaUrl(request.video)
+  return MediaProtocol.json(
+    mergeJsonRecords(
+      {
+        prompt: request.prompt,
+        negative_prompt: request.negativePrompt,
+        seed: request.seed,
+        aspect_ratio: request.aspectRatio,
+        resolution: request.resolution,
+        generate_audio: request.audio,
+        image_url: imageUrl,
+        video_url: videoUrl,
+      },
+      request.providerOptions,
+      request.http?.body,
+    ) ?? {},
+  )
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Response decoding
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const decodeStart = MediaProtocol.decodeStarted(ADAPTER, NAME, StartResponse, (value) => ({
+  token: {
+    requestID: value.request_id,
+    statusURL: value.status_url,
+    responseURL: value.response_url,
+    cancelURL: value.cancel_url,
+  },
+  snapshot: { id: value.request_id, status: "queued", position: value.queue_position ?? undefined },
+}))
+
+const decodeQueueStatus = MediaProtocol.decodeJson(ADAPTER, NAME, QueueStatus)
+const decodeQueueResult = MediaProtocol.decodeJson(ADAPTER, NAME, QueueResult)
+
+const decodeStatus = Effect.fn("FalVideo.decodeStatus")(function* (
+  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+  context: MediaProtocol.PollContext<Token>,
+) {
+  const output = yield* decodeQueueStatus(response)
+  const decoded = output.value
+  const status = yield* MediaProtocol.status(STATUS, decoded.status, output)
+  // fal reports request failures as COMPLETED with an `error`; the response endpoint carries the details.
+  const failed = status === "completed" && decoded.error !== undefined && decoded.error !== null
+  return {
+    id: context.token.requestID,
+    status: failed ? "failed" : status,
+    position: status === "queued" ? (decoded.queue_position ?? undefined) : undefined,
+  }
+})
+
+const decodeResult = Effect.fn("FalVideo.decodeResult")(function* (
+  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+  context: MediaProtocol.PollContext<Token>,
+) {
+  const output = yield* decodeQueueResult(response)
+  const { video, seed, ...rest } = output.value
+  return new VideoResponse({
+    videos: [Media.url(video.url, { mediaType: video.content_type ?? "video/mp4" })],
+    providerMetadata: {
+      fal: {
+        requestId: context.token.requestID,
+        seed: seed ?? undefined,
+        fileName: video.file_name ?? undefined,
+        fileSize: video.file_size ?? undefined,
+        ...rest,
+      },
+    },
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Protocol and route
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const protocol = MediaProtocol.queued<Request, VideoResponse, Token>({
+  id: ADAPTER,
+  name: NAME,
+  token: Token,
+  unsupported: ["n", "durationSeconds", "references"],
+  start: { body: { from: fromRequest }, decode: decodeStart },
+  status: { path: (token) => token.statusURL, decode: decodeStatus },
+  result: { path: (token) => token.responseURL, decode: decodeResult },
+  cancel: { method: "PUT", path: (token) => token.cancelURL },
+})
+
+export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput) =>
+  VideoModel.fromRoute<FalVideoOptions, Token>(
+    {
+      id: ADAPTER,
+      provider: PROVIDER,
+      protocol,
+      baseURL: DEFAULT_BASE_URL,
+      path: ({ request }) => `/${request.model.id}`,
+    },
+    input,
+  )
+
+export const FalVideo = {
+  protocol,
+  model,
+} as const
@@ -14,12 +14,15 @@ import {
  type LLMRequest,
  type MediaPart,
  type ProviderMetadata,
+  type ProviderOptions,
  type TextPart,
  type ToolCallPart,
  type ToolDefinition,
 } from "../schema/index.js"
 import { classifyProviderFailure } from "../provider-error.js"
-import { JsonObject, optionalArray, optionalNull, ProviderShared } from "./shared.js"
+import { Media } from "../media.js"
+import { JsonObject, knownString, lenient, optionalArray, optionalNull, ProviderShared } from "./shared.js"
+import { GeminiGenerateContent } from "./utils/gemini-generate-content.js"
 import { GeminiToolSchema } from "./utils/gemini-tool-schema.js"
 import { Lifecycle } from "./utils/lifecycle.js"
 import { ToolSchemaProjection } from "./utils/tool-schema.js"
@@ -50,35 +53,8 @@ const omitsFunctionCallIds = (modelID: string) => {
  return match !== null && Number(match[1]) < 3
 }

-export interface OptionsInput {
-  readonly [key: string]: unknown
-  readonly cachedContent?: string
-  readonly safetySettings?: ReadonlyArray<{
-    readonly category:
-      | "HARM_CATEGORY_UNSPECIFIED"
-      | "HARM_CATEGORY_HATE_SPEECH"
-      | "HARM_CATEGORY_DANGEROUS_CONTENT"
-      | "HARM_CATEGORY_HARASSMENT"
-      | "HARM_CATEGORY_SEXUALLY_EXPLICIT"
-      | "HARM_CATEGORY_CIVIC_INTEGRITY"
-      | (string & {})
-    readonly threshold:
-      | "HARM_BLOCK_THRESHOLD_UNSPECIFIED"
-      | "BLOCK_LOW_AND_ABOVE"
-      | "BLOCK_MEDIUM_AND_ABOVE"
-      | "BLOCK_ONLY_HIGH"
-      | "BLOCK_NONE"
-      | "OFF"
-      | (string & {})
-  }>
-  readonly serviceTier?: "standard" | "flex" | "priority" | (string & {})
-  readonly thinkingConfig?: {
-    readonly thinkingBudget?: number
-    readonly includeThoughts?: boolean
-    readonly thinkingLevel?: "minimal" | "low" | "medium" | "high" | (string & {})
-  }
-}
-
+/** Caller-facing provider options; unknown keys are accepted and ignored. */
+export type OptionsInput = ProviderOptions & typeof Options.Encoded
 export type ProviderOptionsInput = OptionsInput

 // =============================================================================
@@ -100,9 +76,18 @@ const GeminiInlineDataPart = Schema.Struct({
    mimeType: Schema.String,
    data: Schema.String,
  }),
+  thoughtSignature: optionalNull(Schema.String),
 })
 type GeminiInlineDataPart = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof GeminiInlineDataPart>

+/** Gemini Files API reference; the only remote input Gemini accepts. */
+const GeminiFileDataPart = Schema.Struct({
+  fileData: Schema.Struct({
+    mimeType: Schema.String,
+    fileUri: Schema.String,
+  }),
+})
+
 const GeminiFunctionCallPart = Schema.Struct({
  functionCall: Schema.Struct({
    id: optionalNull(Schema.String),
@@ -124,6 +109,7 @@ const GeminiFunctionResponsePart = Schema.Struct({
 const GeminiContentPart = Schema.Union([
  GeminiTextPart,
  GeminiInlineDataPart,
+  GeminiFileDataPart,
  GeminiFunctionCallPart,
  GeminiFunctionResponsePart,
 ])
@@ -161,17 +147,50 @@ const GeminiToolConfig = Schema.Struct({
  }),
 })

+const GeminiThinkingLevel = knownString<"minimal" | "low" | "medium" | "high">()
 const GeminiThinkingConfig = Schema.Struct({
  thinkingBudget: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
  includeThoughts: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
-  thinkingLevel: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  thinkingLevel: Schema.optional(GeminiThinkingLevel),
 })

 const GeminiSafetySetting = Schema.Struct({
-  category: Schema.String,
-  threshold: Schema.String,
+  category: knownString<
+    | "HARM_CATEGORY_UNSPECIFIED"
+    | "HARM_CATEGORY_HATE_SPEECH"
+    | "HARM_CATEGORY_DANGEROUS_CONTENT"
+    | "HARM_CATEGORY_HARASSMENT"
+    | "HARM_CATEGORY_SEXUALLY_EXPLICIT"
+    | "HARM_CATEGORY_CIVIC_INTEGRITY"
+  >(),
+  threshold: knownString<
+    | "HARM_BLOCK_THRESHOLD_UNSPECIFIED"
+    | "BLOCK_LOW_AND_ABOVE"
+    | "BLOCK_MEDIUM_AND_ABOVE"
+    | "BLOCK_ONLY_HIGH"
+    | "BLOCK_NONE"
+    | "OFF"
+  >(),
 })

+// =============================================================================
+// Provider Options
+// =============================================================================
+// Malformed fields are dropped rather than failing the request; a `thinkingConfig`
+// object that omits `includeThoughts` asks for thoughts.
+const GeminiThinkingConfigInput = Schema.Struct({
+  thinkingBudget: lenient(Schema.Number),
+  includeThoughts: lenient(Schema.Boolean),
+  thinkingLevel: lenient(GeminiThinkingLevel),
+})
+const Options = Schema.Struct({
+  cachedContent: lenient(Schema.String),
+  safetySettings: lenient(Schema.Array(GeminiSafetySetting)),
+  serviceTier: lenient(knownString<"standard" | "flex" | "priority">()),
+  thinkingConfig: lenient(GeminiThinkingConfigInput),
+})
+const decodeOptions = ProviderShared.validateWith(Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Options))
+
 const GeminiGenerationConfig = Schema.Struct({
  maxOutputTokens: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
  temperature: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
@@ -287,10 +306,9 @@ const lowerToolConfig = (toolChoice: NonNullable<LLMRequest["toolChoice"]>) =>
    tool: (name) => ({ functionCallingConfig: { mode: "ANY" as const, allowedFunctionNames: [name] } }),
  })

-const lowerUserPart = Effect.fn("Gemini.lowerUserPart")(function* (part: TextPart | MediaPart) {
+const lowerContentPart = Effect.fn("Gemini.lowerContentPart")(function* (part: TextPart | MediaPart) {
  if (part.type === "text") return { text: part.text }
-  const media = ProviderShared.normalizeMedia(part)
-  return { inlineData: { mimeType: media.mime, data: media.base64 } }
+  return yield* GeminiGenerateContent.mediaPart("Gemini", part.media)
 })

 const providerMetadata = (key: string, metadata: Record<string, unknown>): ProviderMetadata => ({ [key]: metadata })
@@ -337,7 +355,7 @@ const lowerMessages = Effect.fn("Gemini.lowerMessages")(function* (request: LLMR
      for (const part of message.content) {
        if (!ProviderShared.supportsContent(part, ["text", "media"]))
          return yield* ProviderShared.unsupportedContent("Gemini", "user", ["text", "media"])
-        parts.push(yield* lowerUserPart(part))
+        parts.push(yield* lowerContentPart(part))
      }
      contents.push({ role: "user", parts })
      continue
@@ -348,12 +366,23 @@ const lowerMessages = Effect.fn("Gemini.lowerMessages")(function* (request: LLMR
      // Parallel Gemini 3 calls may carry one signature on the first call; unsigned sibling calls are valid.
      let hasSignedToolCall = false
      for (const part of message.content) {
-        if (!ProviderShared.supportsContent(part, ["text", "reasoning", "tool-call"]))
-          return yield* ProviderShared.unsupportedContent("Gemini", "assistant", ["text", "reasoning", "tool-call"])
+        if (!ProviderShared.supportsContent(part, ["text", "reasoning", "tool-call", "media"]))
+          return yield* ProviderShared.unsupportedContent("Gemini", "assistant", [
+            "text",
+            "reasoning",
+            "tool-call",
+            "media",
+          ])
        if (part.type === "text") {
          parts.push({ text: part.text, thoughtSignature: thoughtSignature(part.providerMetadata, metadataKey) })
          continue
        }
+        // Generated images replay as model-role inline data so multi-turn image editing keeps the prior output.
+        if (part.type === "media") {
+          const lowered = yield* lowerContentPart(part)
+          parts.push({ ...lowered, thoughtSignature: thoughtSignature(part.providerMetadata, metadataKey) })
+          continue
+        }
        if (part.type === "reasoning") {
          parts.push({
            text: part.text,
@@ -403,7 +432,7 @@ const lowerMessages = Effect.fn("Gemini.lowerMessages")(function* (request: LLMR
      const media: GeminiInlineDataPart[] = []
      for (const item of content) {
        if (item.type === "text") continue
-        const value = ProviderShared.normalizeToolFile(item)
+        const value = yield* ProviderShared.requireInlineMedia("Gemini", ProviderShared.toolFileMedia(item).media)
        media.push({ inlineData: { mimeType: value.mime, data: value.base64 } })
      }
      if (legacyToolMedia && media.length > 0) (pendingMedia ??= []).push(...media)
@@ -431,44 +460,11 @@ const lowerMessages = Effect.fn("Gemini.lowerMessages")(function* (request: LLMR
  return contents
 })

-const resolveOptions = (request: LLMRequest) => {
-  const input = request.providerOptions
-  const value = input?.thinkingConfig
-  const thinkingConfig = {
-    thinkingBudget:
-      ProviderShared.isRecord(value) && typeof value.thinkingBudget === "number" ? value.thinkingBudget : undefined,
-    includeThoughts:
-      ProviderShared.isRecord(value) && typeof value.includeThoughts === "boolean"
-        ? value.includeThoughts
-        : ProviderShared.isRecord(value)
-          ? true
-          : undefined,
-    thinkingLevel:
-      ProviderShared.isRecord(value) && typeof value.thinkingLevel === "string" ? value.thinkingLevel : undefined,
-  }
-  return {
-    cachedContent: typeof input?.cachedContent === "string" ? input.cachedContent : undefined,
-    safetySettings: mapSafetySettings(input?.safetySettings),
-    serviceTier: typeof input?.serviceTier === "string" ? input.serviceTier : undefined,
-    thinkingConfig: Object.values(thinkingConfig).some((item) => item !== undefined) ? thinkingConfig : undefined,
-  }
-}
-
-function mapSafetySettings(value: unknown) {
-  if (!Array.isArray(value)) return undefined
-  const settings = value.flatMap((item) =>
-    ProviderShared.isRecord(item) && typeof item.category === "string" && typeof item.threshold === "string"
-      ? [{ category: item.category, threshold: item.threshold }]
-      : [],
-  )
-  return settings
-}
-
 const fromRequest = Effect.fn("Gemini.fromRequest")(function* (request: LLMRequest) {
  const flattened = ProviderShared.flattenToolRequest(request)
  const hasTools = flattened.tools.length > 0
  const generation = request.generation
-  const options = resolveOptions(request)
+  const options = yield* decodeOptions(request.providerOptions ?? {})
  const toolSchemaCompatibility = request.model.compatibility?.toolSchema
  const generationConfig = {
    maxOutputTokens: generation?.maxTokens,
@@ -479,7 +475,10 @@ const fromRequest = Effect.fn("Gemini.fromRequest")(function* (request: LLMReque
    presencePenalty: generation?.presencePenalty,
    seed: generation?.seed,
    stopSequences: generation?.stop,
-    thinkingConfig: options.thinkingConfig,
+    thinkingConfig:
+      options.thinkingConfig === undefined
+        ? undefined
+        : { ...options.thinkingConfig, includeThoughts: options.thinkingConfig.includeThoughts ?? true },
  }

  return {
@@ -685,6 +684,19 @@ const step = (state: ParserState, event: GeminiEvent) => {
    // each block kind must retain the signature attached to its own parts.
    if (signature !== undefined && "thought" in part && part.thought) reasoningSignature = signature
    else if (signature !== undefined && "text" in part) textSignature = signature
+    // Image-capable Gemini models return generated images as inline data parts; surface them as first-class output.
+    if ("inlineData" in part) {
+      lifecycle = Lifecycle.stepStart(lifecycle, events)
+      events.push(
+        LLMEvent.media({
+          media: Media.base64(part.inlineData.data, part.inlineData.mimeType),
+          providerMetadata: signature
+            ? providerMetadata(state.providerMetadataKey, { thoughtSignature: signature })
+            : undefined,
+        }),
+      )
+      continue
+    }
    if ("text" in part && part.text.length > 0) {
      if (part.thought) {
        if (textId !== undefined) {
@@ -1,40 +1,36 @@
-import { Effect, Encoding, Schema } from "effect"
-import { Headers, HttpClientRequest } from "effect/unstable/http"
-import {
-  GeneratedImage,
-  ImageModel,
-  ImageResponse,
-  type ImageInput,
-  type ImageRequestFor,
-  type ImageRoute,
-} from "../image.js"
-import { Auth, type Definition as AuthDefinition } from "../route/auth.js"
-import { AIError, Usage, mergeHttpOptions, mergeJsonRecords, type HttpOptions } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import type { HttpClientResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import { ImageModel, ImageResponse, type ImageRequestFor } from "../image.js"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
+import { ProviderID, mergeJsonRecords } from "../schema/index.js"
 import { ProviderShared } from "./shared.js"
-import { ImageInputs } from "./utils/image-input.js"
+import { GeminiGenerateContent } from "./utils/gemini-generate-content.js"
+import { MediaInput } from "./utils/media-input.js"

 const ADAPTER = "google-images"
+const NAME = "Google Images"
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("google")
 export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta"

+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Public model input
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 export type GoogleImageString<Known extends string> = Known | (string & {})

+/** Provider-native options. Common fields (`aspectRatio`, `seed`, `images`) live on the request. */
 export type GoogleImageOptions = {
-  readonly aspectRatio?: GoogleImageString<
-    "1:1" | "2:3" | "3:2" | "3:4" | "4:3" | "4:5" | "5:4" | "9:16" | "16:9" | "21:9"
-  >
  readonly imageSize?: GoogleImageString<"1K" | "2K" | "4K">
-  readonly seed?: number
  readonly thinkingLevel?: GoogleImageString<"MINIMAL" | "LOW" | "MEDIUM" | "HIGH">
  readonly includeThoughts?: boolean
 } & Record<string, unknown>

-export type GoogleImageBody = Record<string, unknown> & {
-  readonly contents: ReadonlyArray<{
-    readonly role: "user"
-    readonly parts: ReadonlyArray<Record<string, unknown>>
-  }>
-  readonly generationConfig: Record<string, unknown>
-}
+export type Request = ImageRequestFor<GoogleImageOptions>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 2. Response schema
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 const GoogleUsage = Schema.StructWithRest(
  Schema.Struct({
@@ -85,30 +81,20 @@ const GoogleImageResponse = Schema.Struct({
  promptFeedback: Schema.optional(Schema.Unknown),
 })

-export interface ModelInput {
-  readonly id: string
-  readonly auth: AuthDefinition
-  readonly baseURL?: string
-  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
-  readonly http?: HttpOptions
-}
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Request body construction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

-const nativeOptions = (options: GoogleImageOptions | undefined) => {
-  const { aspectRatio, imageSize, seed, thinkingLevel, includeThoughts, ...native } = options ?? {}
-  const image = {
-    aspectRatio,
-    imageSize,
-  }
-  const thinkingConfig = {
-    thinkingLevel,
-    includeThoughts,
-  }
+const generationConfig = (request: Request) => {
+  const { imageSize, thinkingLevel, includeThoughts, ...native } = request.providerOptions ?? {}
+  const imageConfig = { aspectRatio: request.aspectRatio, imageSize }
+  const thinkingConfig = { thinkingLevel, includeThoughts }
  return (
    mergeJsonRecords(
      {
        responseModalities: ["IMAGE"],
-        imageConfig: Object.values(image).some((value) => value !== undefined) ? image : undefined,
-        seed,
+        imageConfig: Object.values(imageConfig).some((value) => value !== undefined) ? imageConfig : undefined,
+        seed: request.seed,
        thinkingConfig: Object.values(thinkingConfig).some((value) => value !== undefined) ? thinkingConfig : undefined,
      },
      native,
@@ -116,176 +102,189 @@ const nativeOptions = (options: GoogleImageOptions | undefined) => {
  )
 }

-const applyQuery = (url: string, query: Record<string, string> | undefined) => {
-  if (!query) return url
-  const next = new URL(url)
-  Object.entries(query).forEach(([key, value]) => next.searchParams.set(key, value))
-  return next.toString()
-}
+const fromRequest = Effect.fn("GoogleImages.fromRequest")(function* (request: Request) {
+  if (request.n !== undefined && request.n > 1)
+    return yield* ProviderShared.unsupportedOperation({
+      operation: "image.n",
+      provider: PROVIDER,
+      route: ADAPTER,
+      message: `${NAME} generates one image per request; call it once per image instead of n=${request.n}`,
+    })
+  const parts = yield* Effect.forEach(request.images ?? [], (image) => GeminiGenerateContent.mediaPart(NAME, image))
+  return MediaProtocol.json(
+    mergeJsonRecords(
+      {
+        contents: [{ role: "user", parts: [{ text: request.prompt }, ...parts] }],
+        generationConfig: generationConfig(request),
+      },
+      request.http?.body,
+    ) ?? {},
+  )
+})

-export const model = (input: ModelInput) => {
-  const route: ImageRoute<GoogleImageOptions> = {
-    id: ADAPTER,
-    generate: Effect.fn("GoogleImages.generate")(function* (request: ImageRequestFor<GoogleImageOptions>, execute) {
-      const imageParts = yield* Effect.forEach(request.images ?? [], googleImagePart)
-      const http = mergeHttpOptions(request.model.http, request.http)
-      const requestBody = mergeJsonRecords(
-        {
-          contents: [{ role: "user", parts: [{ text: request.prompt }, ...imageParts] }],
-          generationConfig: nativeOptions(request.options),
-        },
-        http?.body,
-      ) as GoogleImageBody
-      const text = ProviderShared.encodeJson(requestBody)
-      const url = applyQuery(
-        `${(input.baseURL ?? DEFAULT_BASE_URL).replace(/\/$/, "")}/models/${request.model.id}:generateContent`,
-        http?.query,
-      )
-      const headers = yield* Auth.toEffect(input.auth)({
-        request,
-        method: "POST",
-        url,
-        body: text,
-        headers: Headers.fromInput({ ...input.headers, ...http?.headers }),
-      })
-      const response = yield* execute(
-        HttpClientRequest.post(url).pipe(
-          HttpClientRequest.setHeaders(headers),
-          HttpClientRequest.bodyText(text, "application/json"),
-        ),
-      )
-      const output = yield* ProviderShared.imageResponse(ADAPTER, "Google Images", response)
-      const decoded = yield* Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Schema.fromJsonString(GoogleImageResponse))(output.body).pipe(
-        Effect.mapError((cause) => output.invalid("Google Images returned an invalid response", cause)),
-      )
-      const candidates = decoded.candidates ?? []
-      const candidateMetadata = candidates.map((candidate, candidateIndex) => ({
-        index: candidate.index ?? candidateIndex,
-        finishReason: candidate.finishReason,
-        finishMessage: candidate.finishMessage,
-        safetyRatings: candidate.safetyRatings,
-        citationMetadata: candidate.citationMetadata,
-        groundingMetadata: candidate.groundingMetadata,
-        parts: (candidate.content?.parts ?? []).map((part) =>
-          part.inlineData === undefined
-            ? {
-                type: "text",
-                text: part.text,
-                thought: part.thought,
-                thoughtSignature: part.thoughtSignature,
-              }
-            : {
-                type: "inlineData",
-                mediaType: part.inlineData.mimeType,
-                thought: part.thought,
-                thoughtSignature: part.thoughtSignature,
-              },
-        ),
-      }))
-      const encoded = candidates.flatMap((candidate, candidateIndex) =>
-        (candidate.content?.parts ?? []).flatMap((part, partIndex) =>
-          part.inlineData === undefined || part.thought === true
-            ? []
-            : [{ candidate, candidateIndex, partIndex, inlineData: part.inlineData }],
-        ),
-      )
-      const images = yield* Effect.forEach(encoded, (item) =>
-        Effect.fromResult(Encoding.decodeBase64(item.inlineData.data)).pipe(
-          Effect.mapError((cause) =>
-            output.invalid(
-              `Google Images candidate ${item.candidateIndex} part ${item.partIndex} contains invalid base64 data`,
-              cause,
-            ),
-          ),
-          Effect.map(
-            (data) =>
-              new GeneratedImage({
-                mediaType: item.inlineData.mimeType,
-                data,
-                providerMetadata: {
-                  google: {
-                    candidateIndex: item.candidate.index ?? item.candidateIndex,
-                    partIndex: item.partIndex,
-                    finishReason: item.candidate.finishReason,
-                    safetyRatings: item.candidate.safetyRatings,
-                    citationMetadata: item.candidate.citationMetadata,
-                    groundingMetadata: item.candidate.groundingMetadata,
-                    thoughtSignature: item.candidate.content?.parts[item.partIndex]?.thoughtSignature,
-                  },
-                },
-              }),
-          ),
-        ),
-      )
-      if (images.length === 0) {
-        const finishReasons = candidates.flatMap((candidate) =>
-          candidate.finishReason === undefined ? [] : [candidate.finishReason],
-        )
-        return yield* output.invalid(
-          `Google Images returned no final images${
-            finishReasons.length === 0 ? "" : ` (finish reasons: ${finishReasons.join(", ")})`
-          }; inspect body for prompt feedback and candidate details`,
-        )
-      }
-      const usage = decoded.usageMetadata
-      const outputTokens =
-        usage?.candidatesTokenCount === undefined
-          ? undefined
-          : usage.candidatesTokenCount + (usage.thoughtsTokenCount ?? 0)
-      return new ImageResponse({
-        images,
-        usage:
-          usage === undefined
-            ? undefined
-            : new Usage({
-                inputTokens: usage.promptTokenCount,
-                outputTokens,
-                nonCachedInputTokens: ProviderShared.subtractTokens(
-                  usage.promptTokenCount,
-                  usage.cachedContentTokenCount,
-                ),
-                cacheReadInputTokens: usage.cachedContentTokenCount,
-                reasoningTokens: usage.thoughtsTokenCount,
-                totalTokens: ProviderShared.totalTokens(usage.promptTokenCount, outputTokens, usage.totalTokenCount),
-                providerMetadata: { google: usage },
-              }),
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Response decoding
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const decodeResponse = Effect.fn("GoogleImages.decodeResponse")(function* (
+  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+) {
+  const output = yield* MediaProtocol.decodeJson(ADAPTER, NAME, GoogleImageResponse)(response)
+  const decoded = output.value
+  const candidates = decoded.candidates ?? []
+  const candidateMetadata = candidates.map((candidate, candidateIndex) => ({
+    index: candidate.index ?? candidateIndex,
+    finishReason: candidate.finishReason,
+    finishMessage: candidate.finishMessage,
+    safetyRatings: candidate.safetyRatings,
+    citationMetadata: candidate.citationMetadata,
+    groundingMetadata: candidate.groundingMetadata,
+    parts: (candidate.content?.parts ?? []).map((part) =>
+      part.inlineData === undefined
+        ? { type: "text", text: part.text, thought: part.thought, thoughtSignature: part.thoughtSignature }
+        : {
+            type: "inlineData",
+            mediaType: part.inlineData.mimeType,
+            thought: part.thought,
+            thoughtSignature: part.thoughtSignature,
+          },
+    ),
+  }))
+  // Thought parts are drafts; only non-thought inline data is a final image.
+  const encoded = candidates.flatMap((candidate, candidateIndex) =>
+    (candidate.content?.parts ?? []).flatMap((part, partIndex) =>
+      part.inlineData === undefined || part.thought === true
+        ? []
+        : [
+            {
+              candidate,
+              candidateIndex,
+              partIndex,
+              inlineData: part.inlineData,
+              thoughtSignature: part.thoughtSignature,
+            },
+          ],
+    ),
+  )
+  const images = yield* Effect.forEach(encoded, (item) =>
+    MediaInput.decodedAsset(
+      output.invalid,
+      `${NAME} candidate ${item.candidateIndex} part ${item.partIndex}`,
+      item.inlineData.data,
+      item.inlineData.mimeType,
+      {
        providerMetadata: {
          google: {
-            modelVersion: decoded.modelVersion,
-            responseId: decoded.responseId,
-            promptFeedback: decoded.promptFeedback,
-            candidates: candidateMetadata,
+            candidateIndex: item.candidate.index ?? item.candidateIndex,
+            partIndex: item.partIndex,
+            finishReason: item.candidate.finishReason,
+            safetyRatings: item.candidate.safetyRatings,
+            citationMetadata: item.candidate.citationMetadata,
+            groundingMetadata: item.candidate.groundingMetadata,
+            thoughtSignature: item.thoughtSignature,
          },
        },
-      })
-    }),
+      },
+    ),
+  )
+  if (images.length === 0) {
+    const finishReasons = candidates.flatMap((candidate) =>
+      candidate.finishReason === undefined ? [] : [candidate.finishReason],
+    )
+    return yield* output.invalid(
+      `${NAME} returned no final images${
+        finishReasons.length === 0 ? "" : ` (finish reasons: ${finishReasons.join(", ")})`
+      }; inspect body for prompt feedback and candidate details`,
+    )
  }
-  return ImageModel.make<GoogleImageOptions>({ id: input.id, provider: "google", route, http: input.http })
-}
+  // Candidates that stopped for a safety or policy reason are partial results, not a silent drop.
+  const notices = [
+    ...(decoded.promptFeedback === undefined
+      ? []
+      : [
+          {
+            type: "filtered" as const,
+            message: `${NAME} reported prompt feedback`,
+            providerMetadata: { google: { promptFeedback: decoded.promptFeedback } },
+          },
+        ]),
+    ...candidates.flatMap((candidate, index) =>
+      candidate.finishReason === undefined || candidate.finishReason === "STOP"
+        ? []
+        : [
+            {
+              type: "filtered" as const,
+              message: `${NAME} candidate ${candidate.index ?? index} finished with ${candidate.finishReason}${
+                candidate.finishMessage === undefined ? "" : `: ${candidate.finishMessage}`
+              }`,
+              providerMetadata: {
+                google: {
+                  candidateIndex: candidate.index ?? index,
+                  finishReason: candidate.finishReason,
+                  finishMessage: candidate.finishMessage,
+                  safetyRatings: candidate.safetyRatings,
+                },
+              },
+            },
+          ],
+    ),
+  ]
+  const usage = decoded.usageMetadata
+  const outputTokens =
+    usage?.candidatesTokenCount === undefined ? undefined : usage.candidatesTokenCount + (usage.thoughtsTokenCount ?? 0)
+  return new ImageResponse({
+    images,
+    notices: notices.length === 0 ? undefined : notices,
+    usage:
+      usage === undefined
+        ? undefined
+        : {
+            type: "tokens",
+            input: usage.promptTokenCount,
+            output: outputTokens,
+            total: ProviderShared.totalTokens(usage.promptTokenCount, outputTokens, usage.totalTokenCount),
+            details: {
+              reasoningTokens: usage.thoughtsTokenCount,
+              cacheReadInputTokens: usage.cachedContentTokenCount,
+              google: usage,
+            },
+          },
+    providerMetadata: {
+      google: {
+        modelVersion: decoded.modelVersion,
+        responseId: decoded.responseId,
+        promptFeedback: decoded.promptFeedback,
+        candidates: candidateMetadata,
+      },
+    },
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Protocol and route
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

-const googleImagePart = (image: ImageInput): Effect.Effect<Record<string, unknown>, AIError> => {
-  if (image.type === "bytes")
-    return Effect.succeed({ inlineData: { mimeType: image.mediaType, data: Encoding.encodeBase64(image.data) } })
-  if (image.type === "file-uri") return Effect.succeed({ fileData: { mimeType: image.mediaType, fileUri: image.uri } })
-  if (image.type === "url")
-    return ImageInputs.decodeDataUrl(image.url).pipe(
-      Effect.flatMap((decoded) => {
-        if (decoded === undefined)
-          return Effect.fail(
-            ImageInputs.invalid(
-              "Google generateContent does not fetch public image URLs; use bytes, a data URL, or a Gemini file URI",
-            ),
-          )
-        return Effect.succeed({
-          inlineData: { mimeType: decoded.mediaType, data: Encoding.encodeBase64(decoded.data) },
-        })
-      }),
-    )
-  return Effect.fail(
-    ImageInputs.invalid("Google generateContent requires Gemini file URIs rather than provider file IDs"),
+export const protocol = MediaProtocol.inline<Request, ImageResponse>({
+  id: ADAPTER,
+  name: NAME,
+  unsupported: ["mask", "size", "format"],
+  body: { from: fromRequest },
+  response: { decode: decodeResponse },
+})
+
+export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput) =>
+  ImageModel.fromRoute<GoogleImageOptions>(
+    {
+      id: ADAPTER,
+      provider: PROVIDER,
+      protocol,
+      baseURL: DEFAULT_BASE_URL,
+      path: ({ request }) => `/models/${request.model.id}:generateContent`,
+    },
+    input,
  )
-}

 export const GoogleImages = {
+  protocol,
  model,
 } as const
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
+import { ProviderID, mergeJsonRecords } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { SpeechModel, type SpeechEvent, type SpeechRequestFor } from "../speech.js"
+import { GeminiGenerateContent } from "./utils/gemini-generate-content.js"
+import { SpeechStream } from "./utils/speech-stream.js"
+
+const ADAPTER = "google-speech"
+const NAME = "Google Speech"
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("google")
+export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta"
+const DEFAULT_SAMPLE_RATE = 24000
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Public model input
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Style is directed in the text itself, and `speechConfig.multiSpeakerVoiceConfig` excludes `voice`. */
+export type GoogleSpeechOptions = {
+  readonly temperature?: number
+  readonly seed?: number
+  readonly speechConfig?: {
+    readonly multiSpeakerVoiceConfig?: {
+      readonly speakerVoiceConfigs: ReadonlyArray<{
+        readonly speaker: string
+        readonly voiceConfig: { readonly prebuiltVoiceConfig: { readonly voiceName: string } }
+      }>
+    }
+  }
+} & Record<string, unknown>
+
+export type Request = SpeechRequestFor<GoogleSpeechOptions>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 3. Streaming event schema
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const GenerateContentChunk = GeminiGenerateContent.chunk(
+  Schema.Struct({
+    text: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+    inlineData: Schema.optional(Schema.Struct({ mimeType: Schema.String, data: Schema.Uint8ArrayFromBase64 })),
+  }),
+)
+
+const decodeChunk = MediaProtocol.decodeFrame(ADAPTER, NAME, GenerateContentChunk)
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 4. Parser state
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+interface State extends SpeechStream.Audio, GeminiGenerateContent.Metadata {
+  readonly mimeType?: string
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Request body construction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const fromRequest = Effect.fn("GoogleSpeech.fromRequest")(function* (request: MediaProtocol.Addressed<Request>) {
+  if (request.format !== undefined && request.format !== "pcm")
+    return yield* SpeechStream.unsupportedFormat(
+      PROVIDER,
+      ADAPTER,
+      `${NAME} only returns raw PCM; request format "pcm" or omit it, then wrap the samples yourself`,
+    )
+  const voiceName = SpeechStream.voiceID(request.voice)
+  return MediaProtocol.json(
+    mergeJsonRecords(
+      {
+        contents: [{ role: "user", parts: [{ text: request.text }] }],
+        generationConfig: mergeJsonRecords(
+          {
+            responseModalities: ["AUDIO"],
+            speechConfig: {
+              voiceConfig: voiceName === undefined ? undefined : { prebuiltVoiceConfig: { voiceName } },
+              languageCode: request.language,
+            },
+          },
+          request.providerOptions,
+        ),
+      },
+      request.http?.body,
+    ) ?? {},
+  )
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Stream parsing
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const step = Effect.fn("GoogleSpeech.step")(function* (state: State, frame: string) {
+  const chunk = yield* decodeChunk(frame)
+  const blocked = GeminiGenerateContent.blocked(NAME, chunk, frame)
+  if (blocked !== undefined) return yield* blocked
+  const audio = (chunk.candidates?.[0]?.content?.parts ?? []).flatMap((part) =>
+    part.inlineData === undefined ? [] : [part.inlineData],
+  )
+  const next: State = { ...GeminiGenerateContent.track(state, chunk), mimeType: state.mimeType ?? audio[0]?.mimeType }
+  return [next, audio.flatMap((part) => SpeechStream.delta(next, part.data)[1])] as const
+})
+
+const finish = (state: State) => {
+  const sampleRate = SpeechStream.sampleRate(state.mimeType) ?? DEFAULT_SAMPLE_RATE
+  return SpeechStream.finish(ADAPTER, state, {
+    ...SpeechStream.pcm("pcm_s16le", sampleRate, state.mimeType ?? `audio/L16;codec=pcm;rate=${sampleRate}`),
+    usage: GeminiGenerateContent.usage(state.usage),
+    providerMetadata: GeminiGenerateContent.providerMetadata(state),
+    detail: state.finishReason === undefined ? undefined : `finish reason: ${state.finishReason}`,
+  })
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Protocol and route
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const protocol = MediaProtocol.stream<Request, SpeechEvent, string, State>({
+  id: ADAPTER,
+  name: NAME,
+  unsupported: ["instructions", "speed", "timestamps"],
+  body: { from: fromRequest },
+  frames: (bytes, context) => GeminiGenerateContent.frames(bytes, context.request.mode),
+  initial: () => ({ chunks: [] }),
+  step,
+  finish,
+})
+
+export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput) =>
+  SpeechModel.fromRoute<GoogleSpeechOptions, string, State>(
+    {
+      id: ADAPTER,
+      provider: PROVIDER,
+      protocol,
+      baseURL: DEFAULT_BASE_URL,
+      // Only `gemini-3.1-flash-tts-preview` and later stream; earlier TTS models reject `streamGenerateContent`.
+      path: ({ request }) => GeminiGenerateContent.path(request.model.id, request.mode),
+    },
+    input,
+  )
+
+export const GoogleSpeech = {
+  protocol,
+  model,
+} as const
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+import { Effect, Schema, SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
+import { ProviderID, mergeJsonRecords } from "../schema/index.js"
+import {
+  TranscriptionFinishEvent,
+  TranscriptionModel,
+  TranscriptionSegmentEvent,
+  TranscriptionTextDeltaEvent,
+  type TranscriptionRequestFor,
+  type TranscriptionSegment,
+  type TranscriptionWord,
+  type TranscriptionEvent,
+} from "../transcription.js"
+import { ProviderShared } from "./shared.js"
+import { GeminiGenerateContent } from "./utils/gemini-generate-content.js"
+
+const ADAPTER = "google-transcription"
+const NAME = "Google Transcription"
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("google")
+export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta"
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Public model input
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Merged into `generationConfig`. The API rejects `customVocabulary` and `mode: "SMART"` alongside diarization or word
+ * timestamps.
+ */
+export type GoogleTranscriptionOptions = {
+  readonly audioTranscriptionConfig?: {
+    readonly mode?: "VERBATIM" | "SMART" | (string & {})
+    readonly customVocabulary?: ReadonlyArray<string>
+    readonly languageCodes?: ReadonlyArray<string>
+  }
+} & Record<string, unknown>
+
+export type Request = TranscriptionRequestFor<GoogleTranscriptionOptions>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 3. Streaming event schema
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const Seconds = Schema.String.check(Schema.isPattern(/^\d+(\.\d+)?s$/)).pipe(
+  Schema.decodeTo(Schema.Number, {
+    decode: SchemaGetter.transform((value) => Number.parseFloat(value)),
+    encode: SchemaGetter.transform((value) => `${value}s`),
+  }),
+)
+
+const AudioTranscription = Schema.Struct({
+  text: Schema.String,
+  speakerLabel: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  words: Schema.optional(
+    Schema.Array(
+      Schema.Struct({
+        word: Schema.String,
+        startOffset: Seconds,
+        endOffset: Seconds,
+        speakerLabel: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+      }),
+    ),
+  ),
+})
+
+const decodeChunk = MediaProtocol.decodeFrame(
+  ADAPTER,
+  NAME,
+  GeminiGenerateContent.chunk(Schema.Struct({ audioTranscription: Schema.optional(AudioTranscription) })),
+)
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 4. Parser state
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+interface State extends GeminiGenerateContent.Metadata {
+  readonly text: string
+  readonly segments: Array<TranscriptionSegment>
+  readonly words: Array<TranscriptionWord>
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Request body construction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const fromRequest = Effect.fn("GoogleTranscription.fromRequest")(function* (request: MediaProtocol.Addressed<Request>) {
+  // General Gemini models ignore `audioTranscriptionConfig` and answer the audio conversationally.
+  if (!request.model.id.includes("transcribe"))
+    return yield* ProviderShared.unsupportedOperation({
+      operation: "transcription.model",
+      provider: PROVIDER,
+      route: ADAPTER,
+      message: `${request.model.id} is not a transcription model; use a transcribe model such as gemini-3.5-transcribe`,
+    })
+  return MediaProtocol.json(
+    mergeJsonRecords(
+      {
+        contents: [{ role: "user", parts: [yield* GeminiGenerateContent.mediaPart(ADAPTER, request.audio)] }],
+        generationConfig: mergeJsonRecords(
+          {
+            audioTranscriptionConfig: {
+              languageCodes: request.language === undefined ? undefined : [request.language],
+              // Parts carry no offsets of their own, so segment times come from word offsets.
+              wordTimestamp:
+                request.diarize === true || request.timestamps === "word" || request.timestamps === "segment"
+                  ? true
+                  : undefined,
+              diarization: request.diarize === true ? true : undefined,
+            },
+          },
+          request.providerOptions,
+        ),
+      },
+      request.http?.body,
+    ) ?? {},
+  )
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Stream parsing
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const turn = (part: Schema.Schema.Type<typeof AudioTranscription>) => {
+  const words = (part.words ?? []).map((word) => ({
+    text: word.word,
+    startSeconds: word.startOffset,
+    endSeconds: word.endOffset,
+    speaker: word.speakerLabel ?? part.speakerLabel,
+  }))
+  const first = words[0]
+  const last = words.at(-1)
+  return {
+    text: part.text,
+    words,
+    segment:
+      first === undefined || last === undefined
+        ? undefined
+        : {
+            text: part.text,
+            startSeconds: first.startSeconds,
+            endSeconds: last.endSeconds,
+            speaker: part.speakerLabel,
+          },
+  }
+}
+
+const step = Effect.fn("GoogleTranscription.step")(function* (state: State, frame: string) {
+  const chunk = yield* decodeChunk(frame)
+  const blocked = GeminiGenerateContent.blocked(NAME, chunk, frame)
+  if (blocked !== undefined) return yield* blocked
+  const turns = (chunk.candidates?.[0]?.content?.parts ?? []).flatMap((part) =>
+    part.audioTranscription === undefined ? [] : [turn(part.audioTranscription)],
+  )
+  const segments = turns.flatMap((item) => (item.segment === undefined ? [] : [item.segment]))
+  state.words.push(...turns.flatMap((item) => item.words))
+  state.segments.push(...segments)
+  // Each part is one whole speaker turn without surrounding whitespace, so turns join with a space.
+  const text = turns
+    .map((item) => item.text)
+    .filter((item) => item.length > 0)
+    .join(" ")
+  const delta = text.length === 0 || state.text.length === 0 ? text : ` ${text}`
+  const events: ReadonlyArray<TranscriptionEvent> = [
+    ...(delta.length === 0 ? [] : [TranscriptionTextDeltaEvent.make({ delta })]),
+    ...segments.map((segment) => TranscriptionSegmentEvent.make({ segment })),
+  ]
+  return [{ ...GeminiGenerateContent.track(state, chunk), text: state.text + delta }, events] as const
+})
+
+const finish = (state: State) => {
+  if (state.finishReason === undefined) return Effect.fail(MediaProtocol.incomplete(ADAPTER))
+  return Effect.succeed([
+    TranscriptionFinishEvent.make({
+      text: state.text,
+      segments: state.segments.length === 0 ? undefined : state.segments,
+      words: state.words.length === 0 ? undefined : state.words,
+      usage: GeminiGenerateContent.usage(state.usage),
+      providerMetadata: GeminiGenerateContent.providerMetadata(state),
+    }),
+  ])
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Protocol and route
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const protocol = MediaProtocol.stream<Request, TranscriptionEvent, string, State>({
+  id: ADAPTER,
+  name: NAME,
+  unsupported: ["prompt", "speakers"],
+  body: { from: fromRequest },
+  frames: (bytes, context) => GeminiGenerateContent.frames(bytes, context.request.mode),
+  initial: () => ({ text: "", segments: [], words: [] }),
+  step,
+  finish,
+})
+
+export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput) =>
+  TranscriptionModel.fromRoute<GoogleTranscriptionOptions, string, State>(
+    {
+      id: ADAPTER,
+      provider: PROVIDER,
+      protocol,
+      baseURL: DEFAULT_BASE_URL,
+      path: ({ request }) => GeminiGenerateContent.path(request.model.id, request.mode),
+    },
+    input,
+  )
+
+export const GoogleTranscription = {
+  protocol,
+  model,
+} as const
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+import { Duration, Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import type { HttpClientResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import type { Status } from "../generation.js"
+import { Media } from "../media.js"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
+import { ProviderID, mergeJsonRecords } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { VideoModel, VideoResponse, type VideoRequestFor } from "../video.js"
+import { ProviderShared, optionalArray } from "./shared.js"
+
+const ADAPTER = "google-video"
+const NAME = "Google Veo"
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("google")
+export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta"
+/** Veo keeps generated files for two days; the asset carries that deadline so callers materialize in time. */
+const FILE_RETENTION = Duration.days(2)
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Public model input
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type GoogleVideoString<Known extends string> = Known | (string & {})
+
+/** Provider-native `parameters`. Common fields (`aspectRatio`, `resolution`, `durationSeconds`, `seed`) live on the request. */
+export type GoogleVideoOptions = {
+  readonly personGeneration?: GoogleVideoString<"allow_all" | "allow_adult" | "dont_allow">
+} & Record<string, unknown>
+
+export type Request = VideoRequestFor<GoogleVideoOptions>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 2. Token and response schemas
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** The long-running operation name, e.g. `models/veo-3.1-generate-preview/operations/abc123`. */
+export const Token = Schema.Struct({ operation: Schema.String })
+export type Token = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Token>
+
+const StartResponse = Schema.Struct({ name: Schema.String })
+
+const Operation = Schema.Struct({
+  done: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
+  error: Schema.optional(Schema.Struct({ message: Schema.optional(Schema.String) })),
+  response: Schema.optional(
+    Schema.Struct({
+      generateVideoResponse: Schema.optional(
+        Schema.Struct({
+          generatedSamples: optionalArray(
+            Schema.Struct({
+              video: Schema.optional(
+                Schema.Struct({
+                  uri: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+                  mimeType: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+                }),
+              ),
+            }),
+          ),
+          raiMediaFilteredCount: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+          raiMediaFilteredReasons: optionalArray(Schema.String),
+        }),
+      ),
+    }),
+  ),
+  metadata: Schema.optional(Schema.Unknown),
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Request body construction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Veo takes inline media only; a prior Veo output is `Media.url` with transient auth, so materialize it first.
+const inlineMedia = (asset: Media.Asset) =>
+  ProviderShared.requireInlineMedia(NAME, asset).pipe(
+    Effect.map((inline) => ({ inlineData: { mimeType: inline.mime, data: inline.base64 } })),
+  )
+
+const fromRequest = Effect.fn("GoogleVideo.fromRequest")(function* (request: Request) {
+  if (request.n !== undefined && request.n > 1)
+    return yield* ProviderShared.unsupportedOperation({
+      operation: "video.n",
+      provider: PROVIDER,
+      route: ADAPTER,
+      message: `${NAME} generates one video per request; call it once per video instead of n=${request.n}`,
+    })
+  if (request.audio === false)
+    return yield* ProviderShared.unsupportedOperation({
+      operation: "video.audio",
+      provider: PROVIDER,
+      route: ADAPTER,
+      message: `${NAME} always generates audio; audio: false cannot be honored`,
+    })
+  if (request.frames?.last !== undefined && request.frames.first === undefined)
+    return yield* ProviderShared.invalidRequest(`${NAME} requires frames.first when frames.last is set`)
+  const image = request.frames?.first === undefined ? undefined : yield* inlineMedia(request.frames.first)
+  const lastFrame = request.frames?.last === undefined ? undefined : yield* inlineMedia(request.frames.last)
+  const video = request.video === undefined ? undefined : yield* inlineMedia(request.video)
+  const referenceImages = yield* Effect.forEach(request.references ?? [], (asset) =>
+    inlineMedia(asset).pipe(Effect.map((image) => ({ image, referenceType: "asset" }))),
+  )
+  return MediaProtocol.json(
+    mergeJsonRecords(
+      {
+        instances: [
+          {
+            prompt: request.prompt,
+            image,
+            lastFrame,
+            referenceImages: referenceImages.length === 0 ? undefined : referenceImages,
+            video,
+          },
+        ],
+        parameters: mergeJsonRecords(
+          {
+            aspectRatio: request.aspectRatio,
+            resolution: request.resolution,
+            durationSeconds: request.durationSeconds,
+            negativePrompt: request.negativePrompt,
+            seed: request.seed,
+          },
+          request.providerOptions,
+        ),
+      },
+      request.http?.body,
+    ) ?? {},
+  )
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Response decoding
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const decodeStart = MediaProtocol.decodeStarted(ADAPTER, NAME, StartResponse, (value) => ({
+  token: { operation: value.name },
+  snapshot: { id: value.name, status: "running" },
+}))
+
+// Operations carry no status string: not done is running, done with `error` failed, otherwise completed.
+const statusOf = (operation: typeof Operation.Type): Status => {
+  if (operation.done !== true) return "running"
+  return operation.error === undefined ? "completed" : "failed"
+}
+
+const decodeOperation = MediaProtocol.decodeJson(ADAPTER, NAME, Operation)
+
+const decodeStatus = Effect.fn("GoogleVideo.decodeStatus")(function* (
+  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+  context: MediaProtocol.PollContext<Token>,
+) {
+  const output = yield* decodeOperation(response)
+  return { id: context.token.operation, status: statusOf(output.value) }
+})
+
+const decodeResult = Effect.fn("GoogleVideo.decodeResult")(function* (
+  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+  context: MediaProtocol.PollContext<Token>,
+) {
+  const output = yield* decodeOperation(response)
+  const operation = output.value
+  const status = statusOf(operation)
+  if (status === "running")
+    return yield* output.invalid(`${NAME} operation ${context.token.operation} has not finished`)
+  if (status === "failed")
+    return yield* output.ended(
+      "failed",
+      `${NAME} operation failed${operation.error?.message === undefined ? "" : `: ${operation.error.message}`}`,
+    )
+  const generated = operation.response?.generateVideoResponse
+  // Downloads require the same API key as the poll; the asset carries it transiently and follows the redirect.
+  const videos = yield* Effect.forEach(
+    (generated?.generatedSamples ?? []).flatMap((sample) =>
+      sample.video?.uri === undefined ? [] : [{ uri: sample.video.uri, mimeType: sample.video.mimeType }],
+    ),
+    (video) =>
+      MediaProtocol.expiringUrl(video.uri, FILE_RETENTION, {
+        mediaType: video.mimeType ?? "video/mp4",
+        headers: context.auth,
+      }),
+  )
+  const reasons = generated?.raiMediaFilteredReasons ?? []
+  const notices = reasons.map((reason) => ({
+    type: "filtered" as const,
+    message: `${NAME} filtered media: ${reason}`,
+    providerMetadata: { google: { raiMediaFilteredReason: reason } },
+  }))
+  if (videos.length === 0 && (reasons.length > 0 || (generated?.raiMediaFilteredCount ?? 0) > 0))
+    return yield* output.contentPolicy(
+      `${NAME} filtered every video${reasons.length === 0 ? "" : `: ${reasons.join("; ")}`}`,
+    )
+  if (videos.length === 0) return yield* output.invalid(`${NAME} operation completed without any video`)
+  return new VideoResponse({
+    videos,
+    notices: notices.length === 0 ? undefined : notices,
+    providerMetadata: {
+      google: {
+        operation: context.token.operation,
+        raiMediaFilteredCount: generated?.raiMediaFilteredCount,
+        metadata: operation.metadata,
+      },
+    },
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Protocol and route
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const operationPath = (token: Token) => `/${token.operation}`
+
+export const protocol = MediaProtocol.queued<Request, VideoResponse, Token>({
+  id: ADAPTER,
+  name: NAME,
+  token: Token,
+  start: { body: { from: fromRequest }, decode: decodeStart },
+  status: { path: operationPath, decode: decodeStatus },
+  result: { path: operationPath, decode: decodeResult },
+})
+
+export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput) =>
+  VideoModel.fromRoute<GoogleVideoOptions, Token>(
+    {
+      id: ADAPTER,
+      provider: PROVIDER,
+      protocol,
+      baseURL: DEFAULT_BASE_URL,
+      path: ({ request }) => `/models/${request.model.id}:predictLongRunning`,
+    },
+    input,
+  )
+
+export const GoogleVideo = {
+  protocol,
+  model,
+} as const
@@ -1,17 +1,25 @@
-import { Effect, Encoding, Schema } from "effect"
-import { Headers, HttpClientRequest } from "effect/unstable/http"
-import { GeneratedImage, ImageModel, ImageResponse, type ImageRequestFor, type ImageRoute } from "../image.js"
-import { Auth } from "../route/auth.js"
-import { Usage, mergeHttpOptions, mergeJsonRecords, type HttpOptions } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import type { HttpClientResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import { ImageModel, ImageResponse, type ImageRequestFor } from "../image.js"
+import { Media } from "../media.js"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
+import { ProviderID, mergeJsonRecords } from "../schema/index.js"
 import { JsonObject, ProviderShared, optionalNull } from "./shared.js"
-import { ImageInputs } from "./utils/image-input.js"
+import { MediaInput } from "./utils/media-input.js"
+
+const ADAPTER = "meta-images"
+const NAME = "Meta Images"
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("meta")
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Public model input
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 type OpenString<Known extends string> = Known | (string & {})
+
+/** Provider-native options. Common fields (`n`, `size`, `format`, `images`) live on the request. */
 export type ImageOptions = {
-  readonly n?: number
-  /** Aspect ratio hint, not an exact output resolution. */
-  readonly size?: string
-  readonly outputFormat?: OpenString<"webp" | "png" | "jpeg">
  readonly responseFormat?: OpenString<"b64_json" | "url">
  readonly reasoningStrength?: OpenString<"low" | "high">
  readonly toolEnablement?: {
@@ -22,12 +30,19 @@ export type ImageOptions = {
  readonly [key: string]: unknown
 }

+export type Request = ImageRequestFor<ImageOptions>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 2. Request body and response schemas
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 const Body = Schema.StructWithRest(
  Schema.Struct({
    model: Schema.String,
    prompt: Schema.String,
    images: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(JsonObject)),
    n: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+    /** Aspect ratio hint, not an exact output resolution. */
    size: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
    output_format: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
    response_format: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
@@ -49,85 +64,98 @@ const Response = Schema.Struct({
  ),
 })

-export const model = (input: {
-  readonly id: string
-  readonly auth: Auth.Definition
-  readonly baseURL: string
-  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
-  readonly http?: HttpOptions
-}) => {
-  const route: ImageRoute<ImageOptions> = {
-    id: "meta-images",
-    generate: Effect.fn("MetaImages.generate")(function* (request: ImageRequestFor<ImageOptions>, execute) {
-      const http = mergeHttpOptions(request.model.http, request.http)
-      const images = yield* Effect.forEach(request.images ?? [], (image) => {
-        if (image.type === "bytes") return Effect.succeed({ image_url: ImageInputs.dataUrl(image) })
-        if (image.type === "url") return Effect.succeed({ image_url: image.url })
-        return ImageInputs.invalid("Meta Images accepts image bytes and URLs")
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Request body construction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const isEdit = (request: Request) => (request.images?.length ?? 0) > 0
+
+// Meta has no file handles: refs are rejected even when they name this provider.
+const reference = (asset: Media.Asset) =>
+  ProviderShared.mediaReference(asset, undefined, NAME).pipe(Effect.map((item) => ({ image_url: item.value })))
+
+const fromRequest = Effect.fn("MetaImages.fromRequest")(function* (request: Request) {
+  const images = yield* Effect.forEach(request.images ?? [], reference)
+  const { responseFormat, reasoningStrength, toolEnablement, ...native } = request.providerOptions ?? {}
+  const payload = yield* ProviderShared.validateWith(Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Body))(
+    mergeJsonRecords(
+      {
+        model: request.model.id,
+        prompt: request.prompt,
+        images: images.length === 0 ? undefined : images,
+        n: request.n,
+        size: request.size,
+        output_format: request.format,
+        response_format: responseFormat,
+        reasoning_strength: reasoningStrength,
+        tool_enablement: toolEnablement,
+      },
+      native,
+      request.http?.body,
+    ),
+  )
+  return MediaProtocol.json(payload)
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Response decoding
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const decodeResponse = Effect.fn("MetaImages.decodeResponse")(function* (
+  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+  context: MediaProtocol.DecodeContext<Request>,
+) {
+  const output = yield* MediaProtocol.decodeJson(ADAPTER, NAME, Response)(response)
+  const decoded = output.value
+  const requested = context.body.type === "json" ? context.body.value.output_format : undefined
+  const format = decoded.output_format ?? (typeof requested === "string" ? requested : "webp")
+  const mediaType = `image/${format}`
+  const images = yield* Effect.forEach(decoded.data, (item, index) => {
+    if (item.b64_json)
+      return MediaInput.decodedAsset(output.invalid, `${NAME} result ${index}`, item.b64_json, mediaType, {
+        info: { format },
      })
-      const { outputFormat, responseFormat, reasoningStrength, toolEnablement, ...native } = request.options ?? {}
-      const payload = yield* ProviderShared.validateWith(Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Body))(
-        mergeJsonRecords(
-          {
-            model: request.model.id,
-            prompt: request.prompt,
-            images: images.length === 0 ? undefined : images,
-            output_format: outputFormat,
-            response_format: responseFormat,
-            reasoning_strength: reasoningStrength,
-            tool_enablement: toolEnablement,
+    if (item.url) return Effect.succeed(Media.url(item.url, { mediaType, info: { format } }))
+    return Effect.fail(output.invalid(`${NAME} result ${index} has neither image data nor a URL`))
+  })
+  if (images.length === 0) return yield* output.invalid(`${NAME} returned no images`)
+  return new ImageResponse({
+    images,
+    usage:
+      decoded.usage === undefined
+        ? undefined
+        : {
+            type: "tokens",
+            input: decoded.usage.input_tokens,
+            output: decoded.usage.output_tokens,
+            total: decoded.usage.total_tokens,
+            details: { meta: decoded.usage },
          },
-          native,
-          http?.body,
-        ),
-      )
-      const body = ProviderShared.encodeJson(payload)
-      const url = new URL(`${input.baseURL.replace(/\/$/, "")}/images/${images.length === 0 ? "generations" : "edits"}`)
-      Object.entries(http?.query ?? {}).forEach(([key, value]) => url.searchParams.set(key, value))
-      const headers = yield* Auth.toEffect(input.auth)({
-        request,
-        method: "POST",
-        url: url.toString(),
-        body,
-        headers: Headers.fromInput({ ...input.headers, ...http?.headers }),
-      })
-      const response = yield* execute(
-        HttpClientRequest.post(url.toString()).pipe(
-          HttpClientRequest.setHeaders(headers),
-          HttpClientRequest.bodyText(body, "application/json"),
-        ),
-      )
-      const output = yield* ProviderShared.imageResponse("meta-images", "Meta Images", response)
-      const decoded = yield* Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Schema.fromJsonString(Response))(output.body).pipe(
-        Effect.mapError((cause) => output.invalid("Meta Images returned an invalid response", cause)),
-      )
-      const format = decoded.output_format ?? payload.output_format ?? "webp"
-      const generated = yield* Effect.forEach(decoded.data, (item, index) => {
-        if (item.b64_json)
-          return Effect.fromResult(Encoding.decodeBase64(item.b64_json)).pipe(
-            Effect.mapError((cause) => output.invalid(`Meta Images result ${index} contains invalid base64`, cause)),
-            Effect.map((data) => new GeneratedImage({ mediaType: `image/${format}`, data })),
-          )
-        if (item.url) return Effect.succeed(new GeneratedImage({ mediaType: `image/${format}`, data: item.url }))
-        return output.invalid(`Meta Images result ${index} has neither image data nor a URL`)
-      })
-      if (generated.length === 0) return yield* output.invalid("Meta Images returned no images")
-      return new ImageResponse({
-        images: generated,
-        usage:
-          decoded.usage === undefined
-            ? undefined
-            : new Usage({
-                inputTokens: decoded.usage.input_tokens,
-                outputTokens: decoded.usage.output_tokens,
-                totalTokens: decoded.usage.total_tokens,
-                providerMetadata: { meta: decoded.usage },
-              }),
-        providerMetadata: { meta: { outputFormat: format } },
-      })
-    }),
-  }
-  return ImageModel.make<ImageOptions>({ id: input.id, provider: "meta", route, http: input.http })
-}
+    providerMetadata: { meta: { outputFormat: format } },
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Protocol and route
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const protocol = MediaProtocol.inline<Request, ImageResponse>({
+  id: ADAPTER,
+  name: NAME,
+  unsupported: ["mask", "aspectRatio", "seed"],
+  body: { from: fromRequest },
+  response: { decode: decodeResponse },
+})
+
+export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput & { readonly baseURL: string }) =>
+  ImageModel.fromRoute<ImageOptions>(
+    {
+      id: ADAPTER,
+      provider: PROVIDER,
+      protocol,
+      path: ({ request }) => `/images/${isEdit(request) ? "edits" : "generations"}`,
+    },
+    input,
+  )

 export * as MetaImages from "./meta-images.js"
@@ -224,11 +224,13 @@ type MistralEvent = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof MistralEvent>
 const MistralStreamEvent = Schema.Union([Schema.Literal(DONE), Protocol.jsonEvent(MistralEvent)])

 const lowerMedia = Effect.fn("MistralChat.lowerMedia")(function* (part: MediaPart) {
-  const media = ProviderShared.normalizeMedia(part)
-  const url = typeof part.data === "string" && /^(?:https?:|data:)/.test(part.data) ? part.data : media.dataUrl
-  if (media.mime.startsWith("image/")) return { type: "image_url" as const, image_url: url }
-  if (media.mime === "application/pdf") return { type: "document_url" as const, document_url: url }
-  return yield* ProviderShared.invalidRequest(`Mistral Chat does not support media type ${part.mediaType}`)
+  const mime = part.media.mediaType.toLowerCase()
+  const url =
+    ProviderShared.mediaUrl(part.media) ??
+    (yield* ProviderShared.requireInlineMedia("Mistral Chat", part.media)).dataUrl
+  if (mime.startsWith("image/")) return { type: "image_url" as const, image_url: url }
+  if (mime === "application/pdf") return { type: "document_url" as const, document_url: url }
+  return yield* ProviderShared.invalidRequest(`Mistral Chat does not support media type ${part.media.mediaType}`)
 })

 const lowerUser = Effect.fn("MistralChat.lowerUser")(function* (message: LLMRequest["messages"][number]) {
@@ -316,7 +318,7 @@ const lowerToolResults = Effect.fn("MistralChat.lowerToolResults")(function* (
        content.push({ type: "text", text: item.text })
        continue
      }
-      content.push(yield* lowerMedia({ type: "media", mediaType: item.mime, data: item.uri, filename: item.name }))
+      content.push(yield* lowerMedia(ProviderShared.toolFileMedia(item)))
    }
    output.push({
      role: "tool",
@@ -73,11 +73,6 @@ const driver = (options: Options, body: string): WebSocketChannelDriver => {
          )
        if (event.type === "error") {
          terminal = true
-          yield* OpenResponses.decodeKnownErrorEvent(event).pipe(
-            Effect.mapError((cause) =>
-              ProviderShared.eventError(options.id, `${options.name} returned a malformed error event`, frame, cause),
-            ),
-          )
          return {
            type: "provider-failure",
            error: OpenResponses.providerFailure(event, `${options.name} stream error`, frame),
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ const incremental = (
  return input.slice(baseline.length)
 }

-const code = (event: OpenResponses.Event) => event.code || event.error?.code || event.response?.error?.code || undefined
+const code = (event: OpenResponses.Event) => OpenResponses.errorDetail(event).code

 const rejected = (
  observation: Extract<ChannelObservation, { readonly type: "provider-failure" }>,
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Effect, Option, Schema, SchemaGetter } from "effect"
+import { Effect, Option, Schema } from "effect"
 import type { Content } from "@opencode/schema/tool"
 import { HttpTransport } from "../route/transport/index.js"
 import { Protocol } from "../route/protocol.js"
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import {
  type ToolDefinition,
  type ToolResultPart,
 } from "../schema/index.js"
+import type { Media } from "../media.js"
 import { JsonObject, optionalArray, optionalNull, ProviderShared } from "./shared.js"
 import { classifyProviderFailure } from "../provider-error.js"
 import { effortUpdate } from "../effort-updates.js"
@@ -333,53 +334,13 @@ export const StreamItem = Schema.StructWithRest(
 export type StreamItem = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof StreamItem>
 export type OutputItem = StreamItem & { readonly id: string }

-// Responses-compatible providers put streaming error details at the top level or
-// under `error`, and response failures under `response.error`. Accept all three shapes.
+// Responses-compatible providers put error details at the top level, under `error`, or under
+// `response.error`, and gateways reshape them freely: strings, numeric codes, extra fields. Those
+// fields decode as opaque values and `errorDetail` reads them defensively, so an error frame can
+// only fail on invalid JSON and otherwise always classifies with the raw body as the fallback.
 // https://www.openresponses.org/specification
-const OpenResponsesErrorObject = Schema.Struct({
-  type: optionalNull(Schema.String),
-  code: optionalNull(Schema.String),
-  message: optionalNull(Schema.String),
-  param: optionalNull(Schema.String),
-})
-const OpenResponsesErrorPayload = Schema.Union([Schema.String, OpenResponsesErrorObject]).pipe(
-  Schema.decodeTo(OpenResponsesErrorObject, {
-    decode: SchemaGetter.transform((error) => (typeof error === "string" ? { message: error } : error)),
-    encode: SchemaGetter.passthrough(),
-  }),
-)
-type OpenResponsesErrorPayload = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof OpenResponsesErrorPayload>
-
-const WebSocketErrorHeader = Schema.Union([Schema.String, Schema.Number, Schema.Boolean])
-export const WebSocketErrorEvent = Schema.StructWithRest(
-  Schema.Struct({
-    type: Schema.tag("error"),
-    status: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
-    status_code: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
-    code: optionalNull(Schema.String),
-    message: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
-    param: optionalNull(Schema.String),
-    error: optionalNull(OpenResponsesErrorPayload),
-    headers: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, WebSocketErrorHeader)),
-  }),
-  [Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)],
-)
-const decodeWebSocketErrorEvent = Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(WebSocketErrorEvent)
-
-export const decodeKnownErrorEvent = (event: Event) =>
-  decodeWebSocketErrorEvent({
-    ...event,
-    status: typeof event.status === "number" ? event.status : undefined,
-    status_code: typeof event.status_code === "number" ? event.status_code : undefined,
-    headers: ProviderShared.isRecord(event.headers)
-      ? Object.fromEntries(
-          Object.entries(event.headers).filter(
-            (entry): entry is [string, string | number | boolean] =>
-              typeof entry[1] === "string" || typeof entry[1] === "number" || typeof entry[1] === "boolean",
-          ),
-        )
-      : undefined,
-  })
+const asText = (value: unknown) =>
+  typeof value === "string" && value.length > 0 ? value : typeof value === "number" ? String(value) : undefined

 export const Event = Schema.StructWithRest(
  Schema.Struct({
@@ -400,31 +361,18 @@ export const Event = Schema.StructWithRest(
          incomplete_details: optionalNull(Schema.Struct({ reason: Schema.optional(Schema.String) })),
          output: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(StreamItem)),
          usage: optionalNull(OpenResponsesUsage),
-          error: optionalNull(OpenResponsesErrorPayload),
+          error: Schema.optional(Schema.Unknown),
        }),
        [Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)],
      ),
    ),
-    code: optionalNull(Schema.String),
-    message: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
-    param: optionalNull(Schema.String),
-    error: optionalNull(OpenResponsesErrorPayload),
+    code: Schema.optional(Schema.Unknown),
+    message: Schema.optional(Schema.Unknown),
+    error: Schema.optional(Schema.Unknown),
    status: Schema.optional(Schema.Unknown),
    status_code: Schema.optional(Schema.Unknown),
-    headers: Schema.optional(Schema.Unknown),
  }),
  [Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)],
-).pipe(
-  Schema.decode({
-    decode: SchemaGetter.transform((event) => {
-      if (event.type !== "error" || event.error != null) return event
-      const { code, message, param, ...rest } = event
-      if (code === undefined && message === undefined && param === undefined) return event
-      // Flat errors (for example, Meta's) can also arrive through generic Responses endpoints.
-      return { ...rest, error: { code, message, param } }
-    }),
-    encode: SchemaGetter.passthrough(),
-  }),
 )
 export type Event = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Event>
 export type NormalizedEvent = Event & { readonly item?: OutputItem | null }
@@ -433,16 +381,15 @@ const decodeEventValue = Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Event)
 const decodeFrame = Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(ProviderShared.Json)

 /**
- * Decodes one WebSocket frame. xAI answers a rejected `response.create` with `{ "error": { "message", "type" } }` and no
- * event type; that envelope reads as an error event so the failure classifies instead of failing decoding.
+ * Decodes one WebSocket frame. Some providers and gateways answer a rejected `response.create` with a bare
+ * `{ "error": ... }` envelope and no event type; that reads as an error event so it classifies instead of
+ * failing decoding.
 */
 export const decodeChannelEvent = (frame: string) =>
  decodeFrame(frame).pipe(
    Effect.flatMap((value) =>
      decodeEventValue(
-        ProviderShared.isRecord(value) &&
-          value.type === undefined &&
-          (typeof value.error === "string" || ProviderShared.isRecord(value.error))
+        ProviderShared.isRecord(value) && value.type === undefined && value.error != null
          ? { ...value, type: "error" }
          : value,
      ),
@@ -457,7 +404,7 @@ export interface ProviderAdapter {
  ) => Effect.Effect<{ readonly type: string }, AIError>
  readonly lowerMedia?: (input: {
    readonly part: MediaPart
-    readonly media: ProviderShared.NormalizedMedia
+    readonly media: Media.Inline | undefined
    readonly request: LLMRequest
  }) => MediaInput | undefined
  readonly restoreHostedToolItem?: (item: unknown) => HostedToolReplayItem | undefined
@@ -564,29 +511,28 @@ const lowerMedia = Effect.fn("OpenResponses.lowerMedia")(function* (
  adapter: ProviderAdapter,
  target: "message" | "tool-result",
 ) {
-  const media = ProviderShared.normalizeMedia(part)
+  const media = part.media.inline()
  const providerMedia = adapter.lowerMedia?.({ part, media, request })
  if (providerMedia) return providerMedia
  const detail = yield* ProviderShared.validateWith(Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(OpenResponsesInputImage.fields.detail))(
    part.providerMetadata?.[metadataKey(request.model)]?.detail,
  )
-  const url =
-    typeof part.data === "string" && (part.data.startsWith("https://") || part.data.startsWith("http://"))
-      ? part.data
-      : undefined
-  if (!media.mime.startsWith("image/")) {
-    if (target === "tool-result" && media.mime.startsWith("video/"))
-      return { type: "input_video" as const, video_url: url ?? media.dataUrl }
+  const mime = part.media.mediaType.toLowerCase()
+  const url = ProviderShared.mediaUrl(part.media)
+  const location = url ?? (yield* ProviderShared.requireInlineMedia(adapter.name, part.media)).dataUrl
+  if (part.media.kind !== "image") {
+    if (target === "tool-result" && part.media.kind === "video")
+      return { type: "input_video" as const, video_url: location }
    return {
      type: "input_file" as const,
-      filename: part.filename ?? (media.mime === "application/pdf" ? "document.pdf" : "file"),
+      filename: part.filename ?? (mime === "application/pdf" ? "document.pdf" : "file"),
      detail,
-      ...(url ? { file_url: url } : { file_data: media.dataUrl }),
+      ...(url ? { file_url: url } : { file_data: location }),
    }
  }
  return {
    type: "input_image" as const,
-    image_url: url ?? media.dataUrl,
+    image_url: location,
    detail,
  }
 })
@@ -616,12 +562,7 @@ const lowerToolResultContentItem = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (
  adapter: ProviderAdapter,
 ) {
  if (item.type === "text") return { type: "input_text" as const, text: item.text }
-  return yield* lowerMedia(
-    { type: "media", mediaType: item.mime, data: item.uri, filename: item.name },
-    request,
-    adapter,
-    "tool-result",
-  )
+  return yield* lowerMedia(ProviderShared.toolFileMedia(item), request, adapter, "tool-result")
 })

 const lowerHostedToolResultContentItem = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (
@@ -630,11 +571,7 @@ const lowerHostedToolResultContentItem = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (
  adapter: ProviderAdapter,
 ) {
  if (item.type === "text") return { type: "input_text" as const, text: item.text }
-  return yield* lowerMessageMedia(
-    { type: "media", mediaType: item.mime, data: item.uri, filename: item.name },
-    request,
-    adapter,
-  )
+  return yield* lowerMessageMedia(ProviderShared.toolFileMedia(item), request, adapter)
 })

 const lowerToolResultOutput = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (
@@ -780,11 +717,22 @@ const lowerMessages = Effect.fn("OpenResponses.lowerMessages")(function* (
          })
          continue
        }
+        if (part.type === "media") {
+          flushText()
+          // Responses has no assistant-authored image item; replay generated media (e.g. from Gemini) as user input.
+          input.push({
+            type: "message",
+            role: "user",
+            content: [yield* lowerMessageMedia(part, request, adapter)],
+          })
+          continue
+        }
        return yield* ProviderShared.unsupportedContent(adapter.name, "assistant", [
          "text",
          "reasoning",
          "tool-call",
          "tool-result",
+          "media",
        ])
      }
      flushText()
@@ -1422,22 +1370,21 @@ const onResponseFinish = Effect.fn("OpenResponses.onResponseFinish")(function* (
  return [{ ...current, lifecycle }, events] satisfies StepResult
 })

-// Build the prettiest summary available from whatever the provider supplied.
-// When both code and message are present, prefix the code so consumers see
-// the failure mode (e.g. `rate_limit_exceeded: Slow down`) instead of just
-// the bare message — production rate limits and context-length failures used
-// to be indistinguishable from generic stream drops. Returns undefined when
-// the payload carries no usable summary.
-const providerErrorMessage = (event: Event, nested: OpenResponsesErrorPayload | undefined): string | undefined => {
-  const message = event.message || nested?.message || undefined
-  const code = event.code || nested?.code || undefined
-  if (message && code) return `${code}: ${message}`
-  return message || code
+/** Error code and message from wherever the frame put them; top-level fields win over nested ones. */
+export const errorDetail = (event: Event) => {
+  const raw = event.error ?? event.response?.error
+  const nested = typeof raw === "string" ? { message: raw } : ProviderShared.isRecord(raw) ? raw : undefined
+  return {
+    message: asText(event.message) ?? asText(nested?.message),
+    code: asText(event.code) ?? asText(nested?.code),
+  }
 }

+// Prefix the code when both are present (`rate_limit_exceeded: Slow down`) so the failure mode is
+// visible; fall back to the raw frame rather than a generic message when neither decodes.
 export const providerFailure = (event: Event, fallback: string, body = ProviderShared.encodeJson(event)) => {
-  const nested = event.error ?? event.response?.error ?? undefined
-  const summary = providerErrorMessage(event, nested)
+  const detail = errorDetail(event)
+  const summary = detail.message && detail.code ? `${detail.code}: ${detail.message}` : (detail.message ?? detail.code)
  const message = summary ?? (body === "{}" ? fallback : body)
  const status =
    typeof event.status === "number"
@@ -1520,18 +1467,7 @@ export const step = (state: ParserState, event: NormalizedEvent) => {
  if (event.type === "response.output_item.done") return onOutputItemDone(state, event.item)
  if (event.type === "response.completed" || event.type === "response.incomplete") return onResponseFinish(state, event)
  if (event.type === "response.failed") return providerFailure(event, `${state.name} response failed`)
-  if (event.type === "error")
-    return decodeKnownErrorEvent(event).pipe(
-      Effect.mapError((cause) =>
-        ProviderShared.eventError(
-          state.id,
-          `${state.name} returned a malformed error event`,
-          ProviderShared.encodeJson(event),
-          cause,
-        ),
-      ),
-      Effect.flatMap(() => providerFailure(event, `${state.name} stream error`)),
-    )
+  if (event.type === "error") return providerFailure(event, `${state.name} stream error`)
  return Effect.succeed<StepResult>([state, NO_EVENTS])
 }

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import { Effect, Option, Schema } from "effect"
 import { Tool } from "@opencode/schema/tool"
 import { Route } from "../route/client.js"
 import { Auth } from "../route/auth.js"
@@ -76,6 +76,44 @@ const OpenAIChatAssistantToolCall = Schema.Struct({
 })
 type OpenAIChatAssistantToolCall = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof OpenAIChatAssistantToolCall>

+// `reasoning_details` carries two dialects. OpenRouter's `reasoning.*` entries
+// must be replayed unmodified (`index` included), so they keep every field they
+// arrived with. Kimi's OpenAI-compatible surface streams preserved thinking as
+// bare `summary` / `encrypted` entries keyed by a stream-only `index`; Kimi does
+// not document this publicly, so the handling follows Kimi Code (Kimi's own
+// client): merge summary deltas by `index`, replay without `index`, and always
+// send `reasoning_content` alongside. Anything else is dropped at the boundary.
+const OpenRouterDetailFields = {
+  id: Schema.optional(Schema.NullOr(Schema.String)),
+  format: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  index: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  signature: Schema.optional(Schema.NullOr(Schema.String)),
+}
+const ReasoningDetail = Schema.Union([
+  Schema.StructWithRest(
+    Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.Literal("reasoning.text"), text: Schema.optional(Schema.String), ...OpenRouterDetailFields }),
+    [Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)],
+  ),
+  Schema.StructWithRest(
+    Schema.Struct({
+      type: Schema.Literal("reasoning.summary"),
+      summary: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+      ...OpenRouterDetailFields,
+    }),
+    [Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)],
+  ),
+  Schema.StructWithRest(
+    Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.Literal("reasoning.encrypted"), data: Schema.String, ...OpenRouterDetailFields }),
+    [Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)],
+  ),
+  Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.Literal("summary"), summary: Schema.String, index: Schema.optional(Schema.Number) }),
+  Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.Literal("encrypted"), encrypted: Schema.String, index: Schema.optional(Schema.Number) }),
+])
+type ReasoningDetail = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ReasoningDetail>
+const decodeReasoningDetail = Schema.decodeUnknownOption(ReasoningDetail)
+const knownReasoningDetails = (details: ReadonlyArray<unknown>) =>
+  details.flatMap((detail) => Option.toArray(decodeReasoningDetail(detail)))
+
 // Intentionally omit Gemini's provider-specific `extra_content.google.thought_signature`
 // extension until direct Google OpenAI-compatible routing is supported here:
 // https://github.com/vercel/ai/issues/11590
@@ -265,7 +303,9 @@ export interface ParserState {
  readonly finishReason?: FinishReasonDetails
  readonly lifecycle: Lifecycle.State
  readonly reasoningField?: string
-  readonly reasoningDetails: Array<unknown>
+  /** A scalar reasoning field (`reasoning_content`, ...) has carried text in this stream. */
+  readonly reasoningTextObserved: boolean
+  readonly reasoningDetails: Array<ReasoningDetail>
  readonly reasoningDetailsObserved: boolean
  readonly reasoningEmitted: boolean
  readonly latestToolIndex?: number
@@ -320,13 +360,10 @@ const lowerToolCall = (part: ToolCallPart, options: LoweringOptions): OpenAIChat
 })

 const lowerMedia = Effect.fn("OpenAIChat.lowerMedia")(function* (part: MediaPart) {
-  const media = ProviderShared.normalizeMedia(part)
-  if (!media.mime.startsWith("image/"))
-    return yield* ProviderShared.invalidRequest(`OpenAI Chat does not support media type ${part.mediaType}`)
+  if (part.media.kind !== "image")
+    return yield* ProviderShared.invalidRequest(`OpenAI Chat does not support media type ${part.media.mediaType}`)
  const url =
-    typeof part.data === "string" && (part.data.startsWith("https://") || part.data.startsWith("http://"))
-      ? part.data
-      : media.dataUrl
+    ProviderShared.mediaUrl(part.media) ?? (yield* ProviderShared.requireInlineMedia("OpenAI Chat", part.media)).dataUrl
  return { type: "image_url" as const, image_url: { url } }
 })

@@ -344,10 +381,21 @@ const reasoningDetails = (parts: ReadonlyArray<ReasoningPart>, native: unknown,
    return Array.isArray(details) ? details : []
  })
  if (parts.some((part) => Array.isArray(part.providerMetadata?.[providerMetadataKey]?.reasoningDetails)))
-    return observed
-  if (isRecord(native) && Array.isArray(native.reasoning_details)) return native.reasoning_details
+    return knownReasoningDetails(observed).map(lowerReasoningDetail)
+  if (isRecord(native) && Array.isArray(native.reasoning_details))
+    return knownReasoningDetails(native.reasoning_details).map(lowerReasoningDetail)
 }

+// Kimi rejects its stream-only `index` on requests
+// ("the reasoning_details ... must not contain streaming index").
+const lowerReasoningDetail = (detail: ReasoningDetail) => {
+  if (detail.type === "summary") return { type: detail.type, summary: detail.summary }
+  if (detail.type === "encrypted") return { type: detail.type, encrypted: detail.encrypted }
+  return detail
+}
+
+const isKimiDetail = (detail: { readonly type: string }) => detail.type === "summary" || detail.type === "encrypted"
+
 const lowerUserMessage = Effect.fn("OpenAIChat.lowerUserMessage")(function* (
  message: OpenAIChatRequestMessage,
  options: LoweringOptions,
@@ -413,6 +461,9 @@ const lowerAssistantMessage = Effect.fn("OpenAIChat.lowerAssistantMessage")(func
    if (observedField !== undefined) return observedField
    if (nativeReasoning !== undefined) return "reasoning_content"
    if (!fullyStructured || requireReasoning) return "reasoning_content"
+    // Kimi always expects `reasoning_content` on replayed assistant messages,
+    // even when thinking arrived only through structured details.
+    if (details?.some(isKimiDetail)) return "reasoning_content"
  })()
  const reasoningText = (() => {
    if (configuredField !== undefined)
@@ -460,11 +511,7 @@ const lowerToolMessages = Effect.fn("OpenAIChat.lowerToolMessages")(function* (
      cache_control: options.cacheControl?.(part.cache),
    })
    const files = content.filter((item) => item.type === "file")
-    images.push(
-      ...(yield* Effect.forEach(files, (item) =>
-        lowerMedia({ type: "media", mediaType: item.mime, data: item.uri, filename: item.name }),
-      )),
-    )
+    images.push(...(yield* Effect.forEach(files, (item) => lowerMedia(ProviderShared.toolFileMedia(item)))))
  }
  return { messages, images }
 })
@@ -718,7 +765,8 @@ const lowerOptions = (request: LLMRequest, supportsStore: boolean) => {
  // Default off: strict providers 400 on unknown body fields, so only send
  // the key where compatibility explicitly allows it. Header-based affinity
  // (x-session-affinity, x-grok-conv-id, ...) is unaffected.
-  const cacheKey = (request.model.compatibility?.supportsPromptCacheKey ?? false) ? ProviderShared.promptCacheKey(request) : undefined
+  const cacheKey =
+    (request.model.compatibility?.supportsPromptCacheKey ?? false) ? ProviderShared.promptCacheKey(request) : undefined
  return {
    ...(supportsStore && options.store !== undefined ? { store: options.store } : {}),
    // For providers that support `store`, ensure stateless `store:false` is sent
@@ -887,44 +935,74 @@ const reasoningDelta = (
  return undefined
 }

-const detailText = (details: ReadonlyArray<unknown>) => {
+const detailText = (details: ReadonlyArray<ReasoningDetail>, hideKimiSummary: boolean) => {
  const text = details.flatMap((detail) => {
-    if (!isRecord(detail)) return []
-    if (detail.type === "reasoning.text" && typeof detail.text === "string" && detail.text) return [detail.text]
-    if (detail.type === "reasoning.summary" && typeof detail.summary === "string" && detail.summary)
-      return [detail.summary]
+    if (detail.type === "reasoning.text") return detail.text ? [detail.text] : []
+    if (detail.type === "reasoning.summary") return detail.summary ? [detail.summary] : []
+    // Kimi streams the full thinking through `reasoning_content` and a separate
+    // summary through details; show the summary only when nothing else does.
+    if (detail.type === "summary") return detail.summary && !hideKimiSummary ? [detail.summary] : []
    return []
  })
  if (text.length > 0) return text.join("")
 }

-const appendReasoningDetails = (result: Array<unknown>, details: ReadonlyArray<unknown>) => {
+const appendReasoningDetails = (result: Array<ReasoningDetail>, details: ReadonlyArray<ReasoningDetail>) => {
  for (const detail of details) {
    const previous = result.at(-1)
-    if (
-      !isRecord(previous) ||
-      previous.type !== "reasoning.text" ||
-      !isRecord(detail) ||
-      detail.type !== "reasoning.text" ||
-      conflictingReasoningTextDetails(previous, detail)
-    ) {
+    const merged = previous === undefined ? undefined : mergeReasoningDetails(previous, detail)
+    if (merged === undefined) {
      result.push(detail)
      continue
    }
-    result[result.length - 1] = {
-      ...previous,
-      ...Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(detail).filter((entry) => entry[1] !== undefined)),
-      text: `${typeof previous.text === "string" ? previous.text : ""}${typeof detail.text === "string" ? detail.text : ""}`,
-      signature: mergeDetailValue(previous.signature, detail.signature),
-      format: mergeDetailValue(previous.format, detail.format),
-    }
+    result[result.length - 1] = merged
  }
 }

-const mergeDetailValue = (previous: unknown, current: unknown) =>
+// Consecutive text or summary deltas of the same kind accumulate into one
+// entry; encrypted entries are opaque and never merge.
+const mergeReasoningDetails = (previous: ReasoningDetail, detail: ReasoningDetail): ReasoningDetail | undefined => {
+  if (conflictingReasoningDetails(previous, detail)) return undefined
+  if (previous.type === "reasoning.text" && detail.type === "reasoning.text")
+    return {
+      ...previous,
+      ...detail,
+      text: `${previous.text ?? ""}${detail.text ?? ""}`,
+      ...mergeDetailIdentity(previous, detail),
+    }
+  if (previous.type === "reasoning.summary" && detail.type === "reasoning.summary")
+    return {
+      ...previous,
+      ...detail,
+      summary: `${previous.summary ?? ""}${detail.summary ?? ""}`,
+      ...mergeDetailIdentity(previous, detail),
+    }
+  if (previous.type === "summary" && detail.type === "summary")
+    return { ...previous, ...detail, summary: previous.summary + detail.summary }
+}
+
+type DetailIdentity = {
+  readonly id?: string | null
+  readonly index?: number
+  readonly format?: string
+  readonly signature?: string | null
+}
+
+// The first non-empty signature and format win; a later delta may carry the
+// signature for text that streamed earlier.
+const mergeDetailIdentity = (previous: DetailIdentity, current: DetailIdentity) => {
+  const signature = mergeDetailValue(previous.signature, current.signature)
+  const format = mergeDetailValue(previous.format, current.format)
+  return {
+    ...(signature === undefined ? {} : { signature }),
+    ...(format === undefined ? {} : { format }),
+  }
+}
+
+const mergeDetailValue = <T>(previous: T | undefined, current: T | undefined) =>
  previous || current || (previous !== undefined ? previous : current)

-const conflictingReasoningTextDetails = (previous: Record<string, unknown>, current: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+const conflictingReasoningDetails = (previous: DetailIdentity, current: DetailIdentity) =>
  conflictingDetailValue(previous.id, current.id) ||
  conflictingDetailValue(previous.index, current.index) ||
  conflictingDetailValue(previous.format, current.format) ||
@@ -936,7 +1014,7 @@ const conflictingDetailValue = (previous: unknown, current: unknown) =>
 const reasoningMetadata = (
  providerMetadataKey: string,
  field: ParserState["reasoningField"],
-  details?: ReadonlyArray<unknown>,
+  details?: ReadonlyArray<ReasoningDetail>,
 ) => ({
  [providerMetadataKey]: {
    ...(field ? { reasoningField: field } : {}),
@@ -999,11 +1077,16 @@ const step = (state: ParserState, event: OpenAIChatEvent) =>
    }

    const reasoningField = state.reasoningField ?? reasoning?.field
-    const detailDelta = Array.isArray(delta?.reasoning_details) ? delta.reasoning_details : undefined
+    const reasoningTextObserved = state.reasoningTextObserved || reasoning !== undefined
+    const detailDelta = Array.isArray(delta?.reasoning_details)
+      ? knownReasoningDetails(delta.reasoning_details)
+      : undefined
    if (detailDelta !== undefined) appendReasoningDetails(state.reasoningDetails, detailDelta)
    const reasoningDetailsObserved = state.reasoningDetailsObserved || detailDelta !== undefined
    const deltaMetadata = reasoningMetadata(state.providerMetadataKey, reasoningField)
-    const text = detailDelta?.length ? (detailText(detailDelta) ?? reasoning?.text) : reasoning?.text
+    const text = detailDelta?.length
+      ? (detailText(detailDelta, reasoningTextObserved) ?? reasoning?.text)
+      : reasoning?.text
    if (text !== undefined) lifecycle = Lifecycle.reasoningDelta(lifecycle, events, "reasoning-0", text, deltaMetadata)
    else if (
      reasoningDetailsObserved &&
@@ -1099,6 +1182,7 @@ const step = (state: ParserState, event: OpenAIChatEvent) =>
        finishReason,
        lifecycle,
        reasoningField,
+        reasoningTextObserved,
        reasoningDetails: state.reasoningDetails,
        reasoningDetailsObserved,
        reasoningEmitted,
@@ -1179,6 +1263,7 @@ export const protocol = Protocol.make({
      toolCallEvents: [],
      lifecycle: Lifecycle.initial(),
      reasoningField: request.model.compatibility?.reasoningField,
+      reasoningTextObserved: false,
      reasoningDetails: [],
      reasoningDetailsObserved: false,
      reasoningEmitted: false,
@@ -1,43 +1,39 @@
-import { Effect, Encoding, Schema } from "effect"
-import { Headers, HttpClientRequest, HttpClientResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
-import {
-  ImageModel,
-  GeneratedImage,
-  ImageResponse,
-  type ImageInput,
-  type ImageRequestFor,
-  type ImageRoute,
-} from "../image.js"
-import { Auth, type Definition as AuthDefinition } from "../route/auth.js"
-import { Usage, mergeHttpOptions, mergeJsonRecords, type HttpOptions } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import type { HttpClientResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import { ImageModel, ImageResponse, type ImageRequestFor } from "../image.js"
+import { Media } from "../media.js"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
+import { ProviderID, mergeJsonRecords } from "../schema/index.js"
 import { ProviderShared } from "./shared.js"
-import { ImageInputs } from "./utils/image-input.js"
-import { OpenAIImage } from "./utils/openai-image.js"
+import { MediaInput } from "./utils/media-input.js"

 const ADAPTER = "openai-images"
+const NAME = "OpenAI Images"
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("openai")
 export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://api.openai.com/v1"
 export const PATH = "/images/generations"
 export const EDIT_PATH = "/images/edits"

+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Public model input
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 export type OpenAIImageString<Known extends string> = Known | (string & {})

+/** Provider-native options. Common fields (`n`, `size`, `format`, `images`, `mask`) live on the request. */
 export type OpenAIImageOptions = {
-  readonly mask?: ImageInput
-  readonly n?: number
-  readonly size?: OpenAIImageString<
-    "auto" | "256x256" | "512x512" | "1024x1024" | "1536x1024" | "1024x1536" | "1792x1024" | "1024x1792"
-  >
  readonly quality?: OpenAIImageString<"auto" | "low" | "medium" | "high" | "standard" | "hd">
  readonly background?: OpenAIImageString<"auto" | "opaque" | "transparent">
  readonly moderation?: OpenAIImageString<"auto" | "low">
-  readonly outputFormat?: OpenAIImageString<"png" | "jpeg" | "webp">
  readonly outputCompression?: number
 } & Record<string, unknown>

-export type OpenAIImageBody = Record<string, unknown> & {
-  readonly model: string
-  readonly prompt: string
-}
+export type Request = ImageRequestFor<OpenAIImageOptions>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 2. Response schema
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 const OpenAIImageResponse = Schema.Struct({
  data: Schema.Array(
@@ -59,196 +55,143 @@ const OpenAIImageResponse = Schema.Struct({
  ),
 })

-export interface ModelInput {
-  readonly id: string
-  readonly auth: AuthDefinition
-  readonly baseURL?: string
-  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
-  readonly http?: HttpOptions
-}
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Request body construction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Multipart field names the route owns; `http.body` overlays cannot smuggle replacements for them. */
+const RESERVED_FORM_FIELDS = new Set(["model", "prompt", "image", "image[]", "images", "mask"])

 const nativeOptions = (options: OpenAIImageOptions | undefined) => {
  if (!options) return undefined
-  const { mask: _, outputFormat, outputCompression, ...native } = options
-  return {
-    output_format: outputFormat,
-    output_compression: outputCompression,
-    ...native,
-  }
+  const { outputCompression, ...native } = options
+  return { output_compression: outputCompression, ...native }
 }

-const applyQuery = (url: string, query: Record<string, string> | undefined) => {
-  if (!query) return url
-  const next = new URL(url)
-  Object.entries(query).forEach(([key, value]) => next.searchParams.set(key, value))
-  return next.toString()
-}
+const isEdit = (request: Request) => (request.images?.length ?? 0) > 0

-export const model = (input: ModelInput) => {
-  const route: ImageRoute<OpenAIImageOptions> = {
-    id: ADAPTER,
-    generate: Effect.fn("OpenAIImages.generate")(function* (request: ImageRequestFor<OpenAIImageOptions>, execute) {
-      const mask = request.options?.mask
-      if (mask !== undefined && (request.images?.length ?? 0) === 0)
-        return yield* ImageInputs.invalid("An OpenAI image mask requires at least one input image")
-      const http = mergeHttpOptions(request.model.http, request.http)
-      const sourceImages = request.images ?? []
-      const multipartImages = yield* Effect.forEach(sourceImages, (image) => {
-        if (image.type === "bytes") return Effect.succeed({ data: image.data, mediaType: image.mediaType })
-        if (image.type === "url") return ImageInputs.decodeDataUrl(image.url)
-        return Effect.undefined
-      })
-      const multipartMask =
-        mask === undefined
-          ? undefined
-          : mask.type === "bytes"
-            ? { data: mask.data, mediaType: mask.mediaType }
-            : mask.type === "url"
-              ? yield* ImageInputs.decodeDataUrl(mask.url)
-              : undefined
-      const useMultipart =
-        sourceImages.length > 0 &&
-        multipartImages.every((image) => image !== undefined) &&
-        (mask === undefined || multipartMask !== undefined)
-      const path = sourceImages.length === 0 ? PATH : EDIT_PATH
-      const url = applyQuery(`${(input.baseURL ?? DEFAULT_BASE_URL).replace(/\/$/, "")}${path}`, http?.query)
+const isInline = (asset: Media.Asset) => asset.inline() !== undefined

-      if (useMultipart) {
-        const form = new FormData()
-        form.append("model", request.model.id)
-        form.append("prompt", request.prompt)
-        Object.entries(mergeJsonRecords(nativeOptions(request.options), http?.body) ?? {}).forEach(([key, value]) => {
-          if (["model", "prompt", "image", "image[]", "images", "mask"].includes(key)) return
-          form.append(key, typeof value === "string" ? value : ProviderShared.encodeJson(value))
-        })
-        multipartImages.forEach((image, index) => {
-          if (image === undefined) return
-          form.append("image[]", imageBlob(image.data, image.mediaType), `image-${index}`)
-        })
-        if (multipartMask !== undefined)
-          form.append("mask", imageBlob(multipartMask.data, multipartMask.mediaType), "mask")
-        const headers = yield* Auth.toEffect(input.auth)({
-          request,
-          method: "POST",
-          url,
-          body: "[multipart/form-data]",
-          headers: Headers.remove(Headers.fromInput({ ...input.headers, ...http?.headers }), "content-type"),
-        })
-        const response = yield* execute(
-          HttpClientRequest.post(url).pipe(HttpClientRequest.setHeaders(headers), HttpClientRequest.bodyFormData(form)),
-        )
-        return yield* parseResponse(response, request.options, http?.body)
-      }
-
-      const references = sourceImages.map((image) => {
-        if (image.type === "bytes") return { image_url: ImageInputs.dataUrl(image) }
-        if (image.type === "url") return { image_url: image.url }
-        if (image.type === "file-id") return { file_id: image.id }
-        return undefined
-      })
-      if (references.some((image) => image === undefined))
-        return yield* ImageInputs.invalid("OpenAI Images accepts image URLs, data URLs, bytes, and file IDs")
-      const maskReference =
-        mask === undefined
-          ? undefined
-          : mask.type === "bytes"
-            ? { image_url: ImageInputs.dataUrl(mask) }
-            : mask.type === "url"
-              ? { image_url: mask.url }
-              : mask.type === "file-id"
-                ? { file_id: mask.id }
-                : undefined
-      if (mask !== undefined && maskReference === undefined)
-        return yield* ImageInputs.invalid("OpenAI Images accepts masks as URLs, data URLs, bytes, or file IDs")
-      const requestBody = mergeJsonRecords(
-        {
-          model: request.model.id,
-          prompt: request.prompt,
-          images: references.length === 0 ? undefined : references,
-          mask: maskReference,
-        },
-        nativeOptions(request.options),
-        http?.body,
-      ) as OpenAIImageBody
-      const text = ProviderShared.encodeJson(requestBody)
-      const headers = yield* Auth.toEffect(input.auth)({
-        request,
-        method: "POST",
-        url,
-        body: text,
-        headers: Headers.fromInput({ ...input.headers, ...http?.headers }),
-      })
-      const response = yield* execute(
-        HttpClientRequest.post(url).pipe(
-          HttpClientRequest.setHeaders(headers),
-          HttpClientRequest.bodyText(text, "application/json"),
-        ),
-      )
-      return yield* parseResponse(response, request.options, http?.body)
-    }),
-  }
-  return ImageModel.make<OpenAIImageOptions>({ id: input.id, provider: "openai", route, http: input.http })
-}
-
-const parseResponse = Effect.fn("OpenAIImages.parseResponse")(function* (
-  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
-  options: OpenAIImageOptions | undefined,
-  overlay: Record<string, unknown> | undefined,
-) {
-  const output = yield* ProviderShared.imageResponse(ADAPTER, "OpenAI Images", response)
-  const decoded = yield* Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Schema.fromJsonString(OpenAIImageResponse))(output.body).pipe(
-    Effect.mapError((cause) => output.invalid("OpenAI Images returned an invalid response", cause)),
+const reference = (asset: Media.Asset) =>
+  ProviderShared.mediaReference(asset, PROVIDER, NAME).pipe(
+    Effect.map((item) => (item.type === "ref" ? { file_id: item.value } : { image_url: item.value })),
  )
-  const requestBody = mergeJsonRecords(nativeOptions(options), overlay)
-  const format =
-    decoded.output_format ?? (typeof requestBody?.output_format === "string" ? requestBody.output_format : "png")
+
+const fromRequest = Effect.fn("OpenAIImages.fromRequest")(function* (request: Request) {
+  const images = request.images ?? []
+  const mask = request.mask
+  if (mask !== undefined && images.length === 0)
+    return yield* ProviderShared.invalidRequest("An OpenAI image mask requires at least one input image")
+  const fields = mergeJsonRecords(
+    { n: request.n, size: request.size, output_format: request.format },
+    nativeOptions(request.providerOptions),
+    request.http?.body,
+  )
+
+  // Owned bytes go through multipart edits; remote URLs and file IDs use the JSON edits body instead.
+  if (images.length > 0 && images.every(isInline) && (mask === undefined || isInline(mask))) {
+    const form = new FormData()
+    form.append("model", request.model.id)
+    form.append("prompt", request.prompt)
+    Object.entries(fields ?? {}).forEach(([key, value]) => {
+      if (RESERVED_FORM_FIELDS.has(key)) return
+      form.append(key, typeof value === "string" ? value : ProviderShared.encodeJson(value))
+    })
+    const uploads = yield* Effect.forEach(images, (image) => MediaInput.inlineBytes(ADAPTER, image))
+    uploads.forEach((data, index) =>
+      form.append("image[]", MediaInput.blob(data, images[index].mediaType), `image-${index}`),
+    )
+    if (mask !== undefined)
+      form.append("mask", MediaInput.blob(yield* MediaInput.inlineBytes(ADAPTER, mask), mask.mediaType), "mask")
+    return MediaProtocol.multipart(form)
+  }
+
+  const references = yield* Effect.forEach(images, reference)
+  const maskReference = mask === undefined ? undefined : yield* reference(mask)
+  return MediaProtocol.json(
+    mergeJsonRecords(
+      {
+        model: request.model.id,
+        prompt: request.prompt,
+        images: references.length === 0 ? undefined : references,
+        mask: maskReference,
+      },
+      fields,
+    ) ?? {},
+  )
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Response decoding
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const requestedFormat = (body: MediaProtocol.Body) => {
+  if (body.type === "binary") return undefined
+  const value = body.type === "json" ? body.value.output_format : body.value.get("output_format")
+  return typeof value === "string" ? value : undefined
+}
+
+const decodeResponse = Effect.fn("OpenAIImages.decodeResponse")(function* (
+  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+  context: MediaProtocol.DecodeContext<Request>,
+) {
+  const output = yield* MediaProtocol.decodeJson(ADAPTER, NAME, OpenAIImageResponse)(response)
+  const decoded = output.value
+  const format = decoded.output_format ?? requestedFormat(context.body) ?? "png"
+  const mediaType = `image/${format}`
  const images = yield* Effect.forEach(decoded.data, (item, index) => {
+    const providerMetadata =
+      item.revised_prompt === undefined ? undefined : { openai: { revisedPrompt: item.revised_prompt } }
    if (item.b64_json)
-      return Effect.fromResult(Encoding.decodeBase64(item.b64_json)).pipe(
-        Effect.mapError((cause) => output.invalid(`OpenAI Images result ${index} contains invalid base64 data`, cause)),
-        Effect.map(
-          (data) =>
-            new GeneratedImage({
-              mediaType: `image/${format}`,
-              data,
-              providerMetadata:
-                item.revised_prompt === undefined ? undefined : { openai: { revisedPrompt: item.revised_prompt } },
-            }),
-        ),
-      )
-    if (item.url)
-      return Effect.succeed(
-        new GeneratedImage({
-          mediaType: `image/${format}`,
-          data: item.url,
-          providerMetadata:
-            item.revised_prompt === undefined ? undefined : { openai: { revisedPrompt: item.revised_prompt } },
-        }),
-      )
-    return Effect.fail(output.invalid(`OpenAI Images result ${index} has neither image data nor a URL`))
+      return MediaInput.decodedAsset(output.invalid, `${NAME} result ${index}`, item.b64_json, mediaType, {
+        info: { format },
+        providerMetadata,
+      })
+    if (item.url) return Effect.succeed(Media.url(item.url, { mediaType, info: { format }, providerMetadata }))
+    return Effect.fail(output.invalid(`${NAME} result ${index} has neither image data nor a URL`))
  })
-  if (images.length === 0) return yield* output.invalid("OpenAI Images returned no images")
+  if (images.length === 0) return yield* output.invalid(`${NAME} returned no images`)
  return new ImageResponse({
    images,
    usage:
      decoded.usage === undefined
        ? undefined
-        : new Usage({
-            inputTokens: decoded.usage.input_tokens,
-            outputTokens: decoded.usage.output_tokens,
-            totalTokens: decoded.usage.total_tokens,
-            providerMetadata: { openai: decoded.usage },
-          }),
+        : {
+            type: "tokens",
+            input: decoded.usage.input_tokens,
+            output: decoded.usage.output_tokens,
+            total: decoded.usage.total_tokens,
+            details: { openai: decoded.usage },
+          },
    providerMetadata: { openai: { outputFormat: format } },
  })
 })

-const imageBlob = (data: Uint8Array, mediaType: string) => {
-  const buffer = new ArrayBuffer(data.byteLength)
-  new Uint8Array(buffer).set(data)
-  return new Blob([buffer], { type: mediaType })
-}
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Protocol and route
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const protocol = MediaProtocol.inline<Request, ImageResponse>({
+  id: ADAPTER,
+  name: NAME,
+  unsupported: ["aspectRatio", "seed"],
+  body: { from: fromRequest },
+  response: { decode: decodeResponse },
+})
+
+export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput) =>
+  ImageModel.fromRoute<OpenAIImageOptions>(
+    {
+      id: ADAPTER,
+      provider: PROVIDER,
+      protocol,
+      baseURL: DEFAULT_BASE_URL,
+      path: ({ request }) => (isEdit(request) ? EDIT_PATH : PATH),
+    },
+    input,
+  )

 export const OpenAIImages = {
+  protocol,
  model,
 } as const
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import { Framing } from "../route/framing.js"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
+import { ProviderID, mergeJsonRecords, type MediaUsage } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { SpeechModel, type SpeechEvent, type SpeechRequestFor } from "../speech.js"
+import { SpeechStream } from "./utils/speech-stream.js"
+
+const ADAPTER = "openai-speech"
+const NAME = "OpenAI Speech"
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("openai")
+export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://api.openai.com/v1"
+export const PATH = "/audio/speech"
+/** `pcm` is raw 24 kHz, 16-bit signed little-endian mono samples without a header. */
+const PCM_SAMPLE_RATE = 24000
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Public model input
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type OpenAISpeechOptions = Record<string, unknown>
+
+export type Request = SpeechRequestFor<OpenAISpeechOptions>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 3. Streaming event schema
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const SpeechStreamEvent = Schema.Union([
+  Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.Literal("speech.audio.delta"), audio: Schema.Uint8ArrayFromBase64 }),
+  Schema.Struct({
+    type: Schema.Literal("speech.audio.done"),
+    usage: Schema.optional(
+      Schema.Struct({
+        input_tokens: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+        output_tokens: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+        total_tokens: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+      }),
+    ),
+  }),
+])
+
+const decodeEvent = MediaProtocol.decodeFrame(ADAPTER, NAME, SpeechStreamEvent)
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 4. Parser state
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+interface State extends SpeechStream.Audio {
+  readonly done: boolean
+  readonly usage?: MediaUsage
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Request body construction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// `sse` is not supported for `tts-1` or `tts-1-hd`; those models stream the raw audio body instead.
+const supportsSse = (model: string) => !/^tts-1(-hd)?(-|$)/.test(model)
+
+const fromRequest = Effect.fn("OpenAISpeech.fromRequest")(function* (request: MediaProtocol.Addressed<Request>) {
+  return MediaProtocol.json(
+    mergeJsonRecords(
+      {
+        model: request.model.id,
+        input: request.text,
+        voice: request.voice,
+        instructions: request.instructions,
+        response_format: request.format,
+        speed: request.speed,
+        stream_format: request.mode === "stream" && supportsSse(request.model.id) ? "sse" : undefined,
+      },
+      request.providerOptions,
+      request.http?.body,
+    ) ?? {},
+  )
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Stream parsing
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const isSse = (body: MediaProtocol.Body) => body.type === "json" && body.value.stream_format === "sse"
+
+const onEvent = Effect.fn("OpenAISpeech.onEvent")(function* (state: State, frame: string) {
+  const event = yield* decodeEvent(frame)
+  if (event.type === "speech.audio.delta") return SpeechStream.delta(state, event.audio)
+  const usage = event.usage
+  return [
+    {
+      ...state,
+      done: true,
+      usage:
+        usage === undefined
+          ? undefined
+          : {
+              type: "tokens" as const,
+              input: usage.input_tokens,
+              output: usage.output_tokens,
+              total: usage.total_tokens,
+              details: { openai: usage },
+            },
+    },
+    [],
+  ] as const
+})
+
+const finish = (state: State, context: MediaProtocol.ResponseContext<Request>) => {
+  if (isSse(context.body) && !state.done) return Effect.fail(MediaProtocol.incomplete(ADAPTER))
+  const format = context.request.format ?? "mp3"
+  return SpeechStream.finish(ADAPTER, state, {
+    ...(format === "pcm" ? SpeechStream.pcm("pcm_s16le", PCM_SAMPLE_RATE) : SpeechStream.container(format)),
+    usage: state.usage,
+  })
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Protocol and route
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const protocol = MediaProtocol.stream<Request, SpeechEvent, string | Uint8Array, State>({
+  id: ADAPTER,
+  name: NAME,
+  unsupported: ["language", "timestamps"],
+  body: { from: fromRequest },
+  frames: (bytes, context) => (isSse(context.body) ? Framing.sse.frame(bytes) : bytes),
+  initial: () => ({ chunks: [], done: false }),
+  step: SpeechStream.step(onEvent),
+  finish,
+})
+
+export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput) =>
+  SpeechModel.fromRoute<OpenAISpeechOptions, string | Uint8Array, State>(
+    { id: ADAPTER, provider: PROVIDER, protocol, baseURL: DEFAULT_BASE_URL, path: PATH },
+    input,
+  )
+
+export const OpenAISpeech = {
+  protocol,
+  model,
+} as const
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+import { Effect, Schema, Stream } from "effect"
+import { Framing } from "../route/framing.js"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
+import { ProviderID, mergeJsonRecords, type MediaUsage } from "../schema/index.js"
+import {
+  TranscriptionFinishEvent,
+  TranscriptionModel,
+  TranscriptionSegmentEvent,
+  TranscriptionTextDeltaEvent,
+  type TranscriptionEvent,
+  type TranscriptionRequestFor,
+  type TranscriptionSegment,
+} from "../transcription.js"
+import { mediaTypeExtension } from "../utils/media-type.js"
+import { ProviderShared } from "./shared.js"
+import { MediaInput } from "./utils/media-input.js"
+
+const ADAPTER = "openai-transcription"
+const NAME = "OpenAI Transcription"
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("openai")
+export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://api.openai.com/v1"
+export const PATH = "/audio/transcriptions"
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Public model input
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type OpenAITranscriptionOptions = {
+  readonly chunking_strategy?:
+    | "auto"
+    | {
+        readonly type: "server_vad"
+        readonly prefix_padding_ms?: number
+        readonly silence_duration_ms?: number
+        readonly threshold?: number
+      }
+  readonly include?: ReadonlyArray<"logprobs">
+  readonly keywords?: ReadonlyArray<string>
+  readonly known_speaker_names?: ReadonlyArray<string>
+  readonly known_speaker_references?: ReadonlyArray<string>
+  readonly temperature?: number
+} & Record<string, unknown>
+
+export type Request = TranscriptionRequestFor<OpenAITranscriptionOptions>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 3. Streaming event schema
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const Segment = Schema.Struct({
+  text: Schema.String,
+  start: Schema.Number,
+  end: Schema.Number,
+  speaker: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+})
+
+const Usage = Schema.Union([
+  Schema.Struct({
+    type: Schema.Literal("tokens"),
+    input_tokens: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+    output_tokens: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+    total_tokens: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  }),
+  Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.Literal("duration"), seconds: Schema.Number }),
+])
+
+const transcriptFields = {
+  text: Schema.String,
+  language: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  languages: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(Schema.Struct({ code: Schema.String }))),
+  duration: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  segments: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(Segment)),
+  words: Schema.optional(
+    Schema.Array(Schema.Struct({ word: Schema.String, start: Schema.Number, end: Schema.Number })),
+  ),
+  usage: Schema.optional(Usage),
+}
+
+const Event = Schema.Union([
+  Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.Literal("transcript.text.delta"), delta: Schema.String }),
+  Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.Literal("transcript.text.segment"), ...Segment.fields }),
+  Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.Literal("transcript.text.done"), ...transcriptFields }),
+])
+const Transcript = Schema.Struct(transcriptFields)
+type Transcript = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Transcript>
+
+const decodeEvent = MediaProtocol.decodeFrame(ADAPTER, NAME, Event)
+const decodeTranscript = MediaProtocol.decodeFrame(ADAPTER, NAME, Transcript)
+
+type Frame = string | { readonly document: string }
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 4. Parser state
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+interface State {
+  readonly segments: Array<TranscriptionSegment>
+  readonly transcript?: Transcript
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Request body construction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+interface Capabilities {
+  readonly stream: boolean
+  readonly timestamps: ReadonlyArray<"segment" | "word">
+  readonly diarize: boolean
+  readonly languageField: "language" | "languages"
+}
+
+const TRANSCRIBE: Capabilities = { stream: true, timestamps: [], diarize: false, languageField: "language" }
+
+const capabilities = (model: string): Capabilities => {
+  if (model.startsWith("whisper")) return { ...TRANSCRIBE, stream: false, timestamps: ["segment", "word"] }
+  if (model.includes("diarize")) return { ...TRANSCRIBE, timestamps: ["segment"], diarize: true }
+  // `gpt-transcribe` replaces `language` with `languages[]` and rejects both together.
+  if (model.startsWith("gpt-transcribe")) return { ...TRANSCRIBE, languageField: "languages" }
+  return TRANSCRIBE
+}
+
+const unsupported = (operation: string, message: string) =>
+  Effect.fail(ProviderShared.unsupportedOperation({ operation, provider: PROVIDER, route: ADAPTER, message }))
+
+const validate = (request: MediaProtocol.Addressed<Request>, model: Capabilities) => {
+  const id = request.model.id
+  if (request.mode === "stream" && !model.stream)
+    return unsupported("media.stream", `${id} does not stream; use Transcription.generate`)
+  if (request.diarize === true && !model.diarize)
+    return unsupported("media.diarize", `${id} does not diarize; use gpt-4o-transcribe-diarize`)
+  if (request.prompt !== undefined && model.diarize)
+    return unsupported("media.prompt", `${id} does not accept a prompt`)
+  if (
+    request.timestamps === undefined ||
+    request.timestamps === "none" ||
+    model.timestamps.includes(request.timestamps)
+  )
+    return Effect.void
+  return unsupported("media.timestamps", `${id} does not return ${request.timestamps} timestamps`)
+}
+
+const RESERVED_FORM_FIELDS = new Set([
+  "file",
+  "model",
+  "prompt",
+  "language",
+  "response_format",
+  "timestamp_granularities",
+  "stream",
+])
+
+const appendField = (form: FormData, key: string, value: unknown) => {
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) return value.forEach((item) => form.append(`${key}[]`, String(item)))
+  form.append(key, typeof value === "object" && value !== null ? ProviderShared.encodeJson(value) : String(value))
+}
+
+const fromRequest = Effect.fn("OpenAITranscription.fromRequest")(function* (request: MediaProtocol.Addressed<Request>) {
+  const model = capabilities(request.model.id)
+  yield* validate(request, model)
+  // The API detects the audio format from the upload's filename extension.
+  const extension = mediaTypeExtension(request.audio.mediaType)
+  if (extension === undefined)
+    return yield* ProviderShared.invalidRequest(
+      `${NAME} cannot name a ${request.audio.mediaType} upload; send mp3, mp4, m4a, wav, webm, ogg, or flac audio`,
+    )
+  const audio = yield* MediaInput.inlineBytes(ADAPTER, request.audio)
+  const responseFormat = model.diarize
+    ? "diarized_json"
+    : request.timestamps === undefined || request.timestamps === "none"
+      ? undefined
+      : "verbose_json"
+  const native = Object.entries(mergeJsonRecords(request.providerOptions, request.http?.body) ?? {}).filter(
+    ([key]) => !RESERVED_FORM_FIELDS.has(key),
+  )
+  const fields = mergeJsonRecords(
+    {
+      model: request.model.id,
+      language: model.languageField === "language" ? request.language : undefined,
+      languages: model.languageField === "languages" && request.language !== undefined ? [request.language] : undefined,
+      prompt: request.prompt,
+      response_format: responseFormat,
+      timestamp_granularities: responseFormat === "verbose_json" ? [request.timestamps] : undefined,
+      // Diarizing audio longer than 30 seconds requires a chunking strategy.
+      chunking_strategy: model.diarize ? "auto" : undefined,
+      stream: request.mode === "stream" ? true : undefined,
+    },
+    Object.fromEntries(native),
+  )
+  const form = new FormData()
+  form.append("file", MediaInput.blob(audio, request.audio.mediaType), `audio.${extension}`)
+  Object.entries(fields ?? {}).forEach(([key, value]) => appendField(form, key, value))
+  return MediaProtocol.multipart(form)
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Stream parsing
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const segment = (value: Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Segment>): TranscriptionSegment => ({
+  text: value.text.trim(),
+  startSeconds: value.start,
+  endSeconds: value.end,
+  speaker: value.speaker,
+})
+
+const onEvent = Effect.fn("OpenAITranscription.onEvent")(function* (state: State, frame: string) {
+  const event = yield* decodeEvent(frame)
+  if (event.type === "transcript.text.done") return [{ ...state, transcript: event }, []] as const
+  if (event.type === "transcript.text.delta")
+    return [state, event.delta.length === 0 ? [] : [TranscriptionTextDeltaEvent.make({ delta: event.delta })]] as const
+  const next = segment(event)
+  state.segments.push(next)
+  return [state, [TranscriptionSegmentEvent.make({ segment: next })]] as const
+})
+
+const step = (state: State, frame: Frame) =>
+  typeof frame === "string"
+    ? onEvent(state, frame)
+    : decodeTranscript(frame.document).pipe(Effect.map((transcript) => [{ ...state, transcript }, []] as const))
+
+const usage = (value: Transcript["usage"]): MediaUsage | undefined => {
+  if (value === undefined) return undefined
+  if (value.type === "duration") return { type: "seconds", seconds: value.seconds }
+  return {
+    type: "tokens",
+    input: value.input_tokens,
+    output: value.output_tokens,
+    total: value.total_tokens,
+    details: { openai: value },
+  }
+}
+
+const finish = (state: State) => {
+  const transcript = state.transcript
+  if (transcript === undefined) return Effect.fail(MediaProtocol.incomplete(ADAPTER))
+  const segments = transcript.segments?.map(segment) ?? state.segments
+  return Effect.succeed([
+    TranscriptionFinishEvent.make({
+      text: transcript.text,
+      segments: segments.length === 0 ? undefined : segments,
+      words: transcript.words?.map((word) => ({ text: word.word, startSeconds: word.start, endSeconds: word.end })),
+      language: (transcript.language ?? transcript.languages?.[0]?.code)?.toLowerCase(),
+      durationSeconds: transcript.duration,
+      usage: usage(transcript.usage),
+    }),
+  ])
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Protocol and route
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const protocol = MediaProtocol.stream<Request, TranscriptionEvent, Frame, State>({
+  id: ADAPTER,
+  name: NAME,
+  unsupported: ["speakers"],
+  body: { from: fromRequest },
+  frames: (bytes, context) =>
+    context.request.mode === "stream"
+      ? Framing.sse.frame(bytes)
+      : Framing.document.frame(bytes).pipe(Stream.map((document) => ({ document }))),
+  initial: () => ({ segments: [] }),
+  step,
+  finish,
+})
+
+export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput) =>
+  TranscriptionModel.fromRoute<OpenAITranscriptionOptions, Frame, State>(
+    { id: ADAPTER, provider: PROVIDER, protocol, baseURL: DEFAULT_BASE_URL, path: PATH },
+    input,
+  )
+
+export const OpenAITranscription = {
+  protocol,
+  model,
+} as const
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+import { Duration, Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import type { HttpClientResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import type { Status } from "../generation.js"
+import { Media } from "../media.js"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
+import { ProviderID, mergeJsonRecords } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { VideoModel, VideoResponse, type VideoRequestFor } from "../video.js"
+import { ProviderShared, optionalArray, optionalNull } from "./shared.js"
+
+const ADAPTER = "runway-video"
+const NAME = "Runway"
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("runway")
+export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://api.dev.runwayml.com/v1"
+/** Every Runway request must pin the API version. */
+export const API_VERSION = "2024-11-06"
+export const TEXT_TO_VIDEO_PATH = "/text_to_video"
+export const IMAGE_TO_VIDEO_PATH = "/image_to_video"
+export const VIDEO_TO_VIDEO_PATH = "/video_to_video"
+export const TASKS_PATH = "/tasks"
+/** Output URLs are valid for 24–48 hours; the asset carries the conservative bound. */
+const OUTPUT_RETENTION = Duration.hours(24)
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Public model input
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type RunwayVideoString<Known extends string> = Known | (string & {})
+
+/**
+ * Provider-native options. Common fields lower to Runway's names: `aspectRatio` → `ratio` (Runway expects pixel
+ * ratios such as `1280:720` for most models), `durationSeconds` → `duration`, `audio`, `negativePrompt`,
+ * `resolution`, `references`, and `frames` → `promptImage`.
+ */
+export type RunwayVideoOptions = {
+  readonly contentModeration?: { readonly publicFigureThreshold?: RunwayVideoString<"auto" | "low"> }
+  readonly outputFormat?: RunwayVideoString<"mp4" | "prores" | "png_sequence">
+} & Record<string, unknown>
+
+export type Request = VideoRequestFor<RunwayVideoOptions>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 2. Token and response schemas
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const Token = Schema.Struct({ taskID: Schema.String })
+export type Token = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Token>
+
+const Cost = Schema.Struct({ credits: Schema.Number })
+
+const StartResponse = Schema.Struct({ id: Schema.String })
+
+const Task = Schema.Struct({
+  status: Schema.String,
+  progress: optionalNull(Schema.Number),
+  output: optionalArray(Schema.String),
+  failure: optionalNull(Schema.String),
+  failureCode: optionalNull(Schema.String),
+  cost: Schema.optional(Cost),
+  estimatedCost: Schema.optional(Cost),
+})
+
+const STATUS = {
+  PENDING: "queued",
+  THROTTLED: "queued",
+  RUNNING: "running",
+  SUCCEEDED: "completed",
+  FAILED: "failed",
+  CANCELLED: "cancelled",
+} as const satisfies Record<string, Status>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Request body construction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Runway accepts HTTPS URLs, `runway://` upload URIs, and data URIs, all as one string.
+const mediaUri = (asset: Media.Asset) =>
+  ProviderShared.mediaReference(asset, PROVIDER, NAME).pipe(Effect.map((reference) => reference.value))
+
+const fromRequest = Effect.fn("RunwayVideo.fromRequest")(function* (request: Request) {
+  const first = request.frames?.first === undefined ? undefined : yield* mediaUri(request.frames.first)
+  const last = request.frames?.last === undefined ? undefined : yield* mediaUri(request.frames.last)
+  const promptImage = [
+    ...(first === undefined ? [] : [{ uri: first, position: "first" }]),
+    ...(last === undefined ? [] : [{ uri: last, position: "last" }]),
+  ]
+  const videoUri = request.video === undefined ? undefined : yield* mediaUri(request.video)
+  const references = yield* Effect.forEach(request.references ?? [], (asset) =>
+    mediaUri(asset).pipe(Effect.map((uri) => ({ uri }))),
+  )
+  return MediaProtocol.json(
+    mergeJsonRecords(
+      {
+        model: request.model.id,
+        promptText: request.prompt,
+        promptImage: promptImage.length === 0 ? undefined : promptImage,
+        videoUri,
+        references: references.length === 0 ? undefined : references,
+        ratio: request.aspectRatio,
+        duration: request.durationSeconds,
+        resolution: request.resolution,
+        audio: request.audio,
+        negativePrompt: request.negativePrompt,
+        seed: request.seed,
+      },
+      request.providerOptions,
+      request.http?.body,
+    ) ?? {},
+  )
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Response decoding
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const decodeStart = MediaProtocol.decodeStarted(ADAPTER, NAME, StartResponse, (value) => ({
+  token: { taskID: value.id },
+  snapshot: { id: value.id, status: "queued" },
+}))
+
+const decodeTask = MediaProtocol.decodeJson(ADAPTER, NAME, Task)
+
+const decodeStatus = Effect.fn("RunwayVideo.decodeStatus")(function* (
+  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+  context: MediaProtocol.PollContext<Token>,
+) {
+  const output = yield* decodeTask(response)
+  const status = yield* MediaProtocol.status(STATUS, output.value.status, output)
+  return { id: context.token.taskID, status, progress: output.value.progress ?? undefined }
+})
+
+const decodeResult = Effect.fn("RunwayVideo.decodeResult")(function* (
+  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+  context: MediaProtocol.PollContext<Token>,
+) {
+  const output = yield* decodeTask(response)
+  const task = output.value
+  const status = yield* MediaProtocol.status(STATUS, task.status, output)
+  if (status === "failed") {
+    const code = task.failureCode ?? undefined
+    const message = `${NAME} task failed${code === undefined ? "" : ` (${code})`}${task.failure ? `: ${task.failure}` : ""}`
+    // Runway failure codes are dotted paths; every moderation outcome carries a SAFETY segment.
+    if (code !== undefined && /(^|\.)SAFETY(\.|$)/.test(code)) return yield* output.contentPolicy(message)
+    return yield* output.ended("failed", message)
+  }
+  if (status === "cancelled")
+    return yield* output.ended("cancelled", `${NAME} task ${context.token.taskID} was cancelled`)
+  if (status !== "completed") return yield* output.invalid(`${NAME} task ${context.token.taskID} has not finished`)
+  const urls = task.output ?? []
+  if (urls.length === 0) return yield* output.invalid(`${NAME} task succeeded without any output`)
+  return new VideoResponse({
+    videos: yield* Effect.forEach(urls, (url) =>
+      MediaProtocol.expiringUrl(url, OUTPUT_RETENTION, { mediaType: "video/mp4" }),
+    ),
+    usage: task.cost === undefined ? undefined : { type: "credits", credits: task.cost.credits },
+    providerMetadata: {
+      runway: {
+        taskId: context.token.taskID,
+        estimatedCredits: task.estimatedCost?.credits,
+      },
+    },
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Protocol and route
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const taskPath = (token: Token) => `${TASKS_PATH}/${token.taskID}`
+
+export const protocol = MediaProtocol.queued<Request, VideoResponse, Token>({
+  id: ADAPTER,
+  name: NAME,
+  token: Token,
+  unsupported: ["n"],
+  start: { body: { from: fromRequest }, decode: decodeStart },
+  status: { path: taskPath, decode: decodeStatus },
+  result: { path: taskPath, decode: decodeResult },
+  cancel: { method: "DELETE", path: taskPath },
+})
+
+const startPath = (request: Request) => {
+  if (request.video !== undefined) return VIDEO_TO_VIDEO_PATH
+  if (request.frames?.first !== undefined || request.frames?.last !== undefined) return IMAGE_TO_VIDEO_PATH
+  return TEXT_TO_VIDEO_PATH
+}
+
+export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput) =>
+  VideoModel.fromRoute<RunwayVideoOptions, Token>(
+    {
+      id: ADAPTER,
+      provider: PROVIDER,
+      protocol,
+      baseURL: DEFAULT_BASE_URL,
+      headers: { "X-Runway-Version": API_VERSION },
+      path: ({ request }) => startPath(request),
+    },
+    input,
+  )
+
+export const RunwayVideo = {
+  protocol,
+  model,
+} as const
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
-import { Buffer } from "node:buffer"
 import { Tool } from "@opencode/schema/tool"
-import { Effect, Schema, Stream } from "effect"
+import { Effect, Option, Schema, Stream } from "effect"
 import * as Sse from "effect/unstable/encoding/Sse"
-import { Headers, HttpClientRequest, HttpClientResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import { Headers, HttpClientRequest } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import { Media } from "../media.js"
 import {
  InvalidProviderOutputError,
  InvalidRequestError,
  UnsupportedOperationError,
  AIError,
-  HttpContext,
  LLMRequest,
  Message,
  ToolDefinition,
@@ -29,6 +28,16 @@ const isJson = Schema.is(Schema.Json)
 export const JsonObject = Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)
 export const optionalArray = <const S extends Schema.Top>(schema: S) => Schema.optional(Schema.Array(schema))
 export const optionalNull = <const S extends Schema.Top>(schema: S) => Schema.optional(Schema.NullOr(schema))
+/** Optional field whose malformed value decodes to `undefined` instead of failing the enclosing struct. */
+export const lenient = <const S extends Schema.Top>(schema: S) =>
+  Schema.optionalKey(
+    Schema.UndefinedOr(schema).pipe(Schema.catchDecoding(() => Effect.succeed(Option.some(undefined)))),
+  )
+/** Provider-defined string enum: known values for autocomplete, any string accepted at runtime. */
+export const knownString = <Known extends string>() =>
+  Schema.declare<Known | (string & {})>((value): value is Known | (string & {}) => typeof value === "string", {
+    expected: "string",
+  })

 export const OPENAI_PROMPT_CACHE_KEY_MAX_LENGTH = 64

@@ -169,24 +178,55 @@ export const wrappedSystemUpdate = Effect.fn("ProviderShared.wrappedSystemUpdate
 export const parseToolInput = (route: string, name: string, raw: string) =>
  parseJson(route, raw || "{}", `Invalid JSON input for ${route} tool call ${name}`)

-export interface NormalizedMedia {
-  readonly mime: string
-  readonly base64: string
-  readonly dataUrl: string
+/** Inline view or a typed `InvalidRequest` for routes that cannot fetch URLs or dereference provider refs. */
+export const requireInlineMedia = (route: string, asset: Media.Asset): Effect.Effect<Media.Inline, AIError> => {
+  const inline = asset.inline()
+  return inline ? Effect.succeed(inline) : Effect.fail(inlineRequired(route, asset))
 }

-export const normalizeMedia = (part: MediaPart): NormalizedMedia => {
-  const mime = part.mediaType.toLowerCase()
-  if (typeof part.data !== "string") {
-    const base64 = Buffer.from(part.data).toString("base64")
-    return { mime, base64, dataUrl: `data:${mime};base64,${base64}` }
-  }
-  if (!part.data.startsWith("data:")) return { mime, base64: part.data, dataUrl: `data:${mime};base64,${part.data}` }
-  return { mime, base64: part.data.slice(part.data.indexOf(",") + 1), dataUrl: part.data }
+export const inlineRequired = (route: string, asset: Media.Asset) =>
+  invalidRequest(
+    `${route} requires inline media (bytes or base64); ${asset.source.type} sources must be materialized first`,
+  )
+
+/** The remote URL of a `url` asset, for protocols that accept `http(s)` references natively. */
+export const mediaUrl = (asset: Media.Asset) => (asset.source.type === "url" ? asset.source.url : undefined)
+
+export type MediaReference = { readonly type: "dataUrl" | "url" | "ref"; readonly value: string }
+
+/**
+ * The one string a provider can address an asset by: inline payloads as a data URL, `url` sources as their URL, and
+ * this provider's own `ref` as its id. Other providers' refs are never forwarded and fail typed; omit `provider` for
+ * APIs with no file handles at all.
+ */
+export const mediaReference = (
+  asset: Media.Asset,
+  provider: ProviderID | undefined,
+  label: string,
+): Effect.Effect<MediaReference, AIError> => {
+  const inline = asset.inline()
+  if (inline) return Effect.succeed({ type: "dataUrl", value: inline.dataUrl })
+  const url = mediaUrl(asset)
+  if (url) return Effect.succeed({ type: "url", value: url })
+  if (provider !== undefined && asset.source.type === "ref" && asset.source.provider === provider)
+    return Effect.succeed({ type: "ref", value: asset.source.id })
+  const accepted = provider === undefined ? "" : `, and ${provider} references`
+  return Effect.fail(invalidRequest(`${label} accepts inline bytes, data URLs, http(s) URLs${accepted}`))
 }

-export const normalizeToolFile = (part: Tool.FileContent) =>
-  normalizeMedia({ type: "media", mediaType: part.mime, data: part.uri, filename: part.name })
+/**
+ * Lift a tool-result file into a `MediaPart`. Tool files carry either a data URL, an `http(s)` URL, or raw base64 in
+ * `uri`; the declared `mime` wins over any data-URL prefix so tool authors control the type the model sees.
+ */
+export const toolFileMedia = (item: Tool.FileContent): MediaPart => {
+  const parsed = Media.parseDataUrl(item.uri)
+  const asset = parsed
+    ? Media.from({ ...parsed.source, mediaType: item.mime })
+    : /^https?:\/\//.test(item.uri)
+      ? Media.url(item.uri, { mediaType: item.mime })
+      : Media.base64(item.uri, item.mime)
+  return Message.media(asset, { filename: item.name })
+}

 export const trimBaseUrl = (value: string) => value.replace(/\/+$/, "")

@@ -213,11 +253,11 @@ export const errorText = (error: unknown) => {

 /**
 * `framing` step for Server-Sent Events. Decodes UTF-8, runs the SSE channel
- * decoder, optionally filters named events, and drops empty events. `[DONE]`
- * is dropped by default or retained for protocols that use it as their stream
- * boundary. Retry control events are ignored without interrupting the stream.
- * Decoder failures become provider output errors so the public error channel
- * stays `AIError`.
+ * decoder, optionally filters named events, and drops empty and bare `null`
+ * events. `[DONE]` is dropped by default or retained for protocols that use it
+ * as their stream boundary. Retry control events are ignored without
+ * interrupting the stream. Decoder failures become provider output errors so
+ * the public error channel stays `AIError`.
 */
 export const sseFraming = (
  bytes: Stream.Stream<Uint8Array, AIError>,
@@ -247,6 +287,10 @@ export const sseFraming = (
      (event) =>
        (events === undefined || events.has(event.event)) &&
        event.data.length > 0 &&
+        // Some OpenAI-compatible proxies serialize an empty flush as a bare
+        // `data: null`, between events or after `[DONE]`. No protocol has a
+        // null event, so it carries nothing and must not abort the stream.
+        event.data !== "null" &&
        (event.data !== "[DONE]" || includeDone || (events !== undefined && event.event !== "message")),
    ),
    Stream.map((event) => event.data),
@@ -315,34 +359,6 @@ export const flattenToolRequest = (request: LLMRequest) => {
  }
 }

-export const imageResponse = Effect.fn("ProviderShared.imageResponse")(function* (
-  route: string,
-  name: string,
-  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
-) {
-  const http = new HttpContext({ url: response.request.url, status: response.status, headers: response.headers })
-  const body = yield* response.text.pipe(
-    Effect.mapError(
-      (cause) =>
-        new AIError({
-          reason: new InvalidProviderOutputError({
-            route,
-            message: `Failed to read the ${name} response`,
-            http,
-            cause,
-          }),
-        }),
-    ),
-  )
-  return {
-    body,
-    invalid: (message: string, cause?: unknown) =>
-      new AIError({
-        reason: new InvalidProviderOutputError({ route, message, body, http, cause }),
-      }),
-  }
-})
-
 export const matchToolChoice = <Auto, None, Required, Tool>(
  route: string,
  toolChoice: NonNullable<LLMRequest["toolChoice"]>,
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ function documentName(filename: string | undefined, names: Set<string>) {
 }

 const mediaBase64 = Effect.fn("BedrockMedia.mediaBase64")(function* (part: MediaPart) {
-  const media = ProviderShared.normalizeMedia(part)
+  const media = yield* ProviderShared.requireInlineMedia("Bedrock Converse", part.media)
  const bytes = yield* Effect.fromResult(Encoding.decodeBase64(media.base64)).pipe(
    Effect.mapError((cause) =>
      ProviderShared.invalidRequest("Bedrock Converse media data must be valid base64", cause),
@@ -92,13 +92,15 @@ const mediaBase64 = Effect.fn("BedrockMedia.mediaBase64")(function* (part: Media
 // get an image-specific error so the caller knows it's a format-support issue,
 // not a kind-detection issue.
 export const lower = Effect.fn("BedrockMedia.lower")(function* (part: MediaPart, documentNames: Set<string>) {
-  const mime = part.mediaType.toLowerCase()
+  const mime = part.media.mediaType.toLowerCase()
  const imageFormat = IMAGE_FORMATS[mime as keyof typeof IMAGE_FORMATS]
  if (imageFormat) {
    return [{ image: { format: imageFormat, source: { bytes: yield* mediaBase64(part) } } } satisfies ImageBlock]
  }
  if (mime.startsWith("image/"))
-    return yield* ProviderShared.invalidRequest(`Bedrock Converse does not support image media type ${part.mediaType}`)
+    return yield* ProviderShared.invalidRequest(
+      `Bedrock Converse does not support image media type ${part.media.mediaType}`,
+    )
  const documentFormat = DOCUMENT_FORMATS[mime as keyof typeof DOCUMENT_FORMATS]
  if (documentFormat) {
    const name = documentName(part.filename, documentNames)
@@ -112,7 +114,7 @@ export const lower = Effect.fn("BedrockMedia.lower")(function* (part: MediaPart,
        ]
      : [block]
  }
-  return yield* ProviderShared.invalidRequest(`Bedrock Converse does not support media type ${part.mediaType}`)
+  return yield* ProviderShared.invalidRequest(`Bedrock Converse does not support media type ${part.media.mediaType}`)
 })

 export * as BedrockMedia from "./bedrock-media.js"
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+import { Effect, Schema, type Stream } from "effect"
+import type { Media } from "../../media.js"
+import { Framing } from "../../route/framing.js"
+import type { MediaProtocol } from "../../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { AIError, ContentPolicyError, ProviderID, type MediaUsage, type ProviderMetadata } from "../../schema/index.js"
+import { ProviderShared } from "../shared.js"
+import { MediaInput } from "./media-input.js"
+
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("google")
+
+const UsageMetadata = Schema.Struct({
+  promptTokenCount: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  candidatesTokenCount: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  totalTokenCount: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+})
+type UsageMetadata = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof UsageMetadata>
+
+export const chunk = <const Part extends Schema.Top>(part: Part) =>
+  Schema.Struct({
+    candidates: Schema.optional(
+      Schema.Array(
+        Schema.Struct({
+          content: Schema.optional(Schema.Struct({ parts: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(part)) })),
+          finishReason: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+        }),
+      ),
+    ),
+    promptFeedback: Schema.optional(
+      Schema.Struct({
+        blockReason: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+        blockReasonMessage: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+      }),
+    ),
+    usageMetadata: Schema.optional(UsageMetadata),
+    modelVersion: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+    responseId: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  })
+
+interface Chunk {
+  readonly candidates?: ReadonlyArray<{ readonly finishReason?: string }>
+  readonly promptFeedback?: { readonly blockReason?: string; readonly blockReasonMessage?: string }
+  readonly usageMetadata?: UsageMetadata
+  readonly modelVersion?: string
+  readonly responseId?: string
+}
+
+export interface Metadata {
+  readonly usage?: UsageMetadata
+  readonly finishReason?: string
+  readonly modelVersion?: string
+  readonly responseId?: string
+}
+
+export const track = <State extends Metadata>(state: State, chunk: Chunk): State => ({
+  ...state,
+  usage: chunk.usageMetadata ?? state.usage,
+  finishReason: chunk.candidates?.[0]?.finishReason ?? state.finishReason,
+  modelVersion: chunk.modelVersion ?? state.modelVersion,
+  responseId: chunk.responseId ?? state.responseId,
+})
+
+export const blocked = (name: string, chunk: Chunk, frame: string) => {
+  const feedback = chunk.promptFeedback
+  if (feedback?.blockReason === undefined) return undefined
+  return new AIError({
+    reason: new ContentPolicyError({
+      message: `${name} blocked the request (${feedback.blockReason})${
+        feedback.blockReasonMessage === undefined ? "" : `: ${feedback.blockReasonMessage}`
+      }`,
+      body: frame,
+    }),
+  })
+}
+
+export const usage = (usage: UsageMetadata | undefined): MediaUsage | undefined =>
+  usage === undefined
+    ? undefined
+    : {
+        type: "tokens",
+        input: usage.promptTokenCount,
+        output: usage.candidatesTokenCount,
+        total: ProviderShared.totalTokens(usage.promptTokenCount, usage.candidatesTokenCount, usage.totalTokenCount),
+        details: { google: usage },
+      }
+
+export const providerMetadata = (state: Metadata): ProviderMetadata => ({
+  google: { finishReason: state.finishReason, modelVersion: state.modelVersion, responseId: state.responseId },
+})
+
+export const path = (model: string, mode: MediaProtocol.Mode) =>
+  mode === "stream" ? `/models/${model}:streamGenerateContent?alt=sse` : `/models/${model}:generateContent`
+
+// `generateContent` answers with one document shaped exactly like a streamed chunk, so it is a single frame.
+export const frames = (bytes: Stream.Stream<Uint8Array, AIError>, mode: MediaProtocol.Mode) =>
+  mode === "stream" ? Framing.sse.frame(bytes) : Framing.document.frame(bytes)
+
+// Gemini does not fetch public URLs; inline payloads and Gemini Files references are the accepted inputs.
+export const mediaPart = (
+  route: string,
+  asset: Media.Asset,
+): Effect.Effect<
+  | { readonly fileData: { readonly mimeType: string; readonly fileUri: string } }
+  | { readonly inlineData: { readonly mimeType: string; readonly data: string } },
+  AIError
+> => {
+  const fileUri = MediaInput.refID(asset, PROVIDER)
+  if (fileUri !== undefined) return Effect.succeed({ fileData: { mimeType: asset.mediaType, fileUri } })
+  return ProviderShared.requireInlineMedia(route, asset).pipe(
+    Effect.map((media) => ({ inlineData: { mimeType: media.mime, data: media.base64 } })),
+  )
+}
+
+export * as GeminiGenerateContent from "./gemini-generate-content.js"
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-import { Effect, Encoding } from "effect"
-import type { ImageInput } from "../../image.js"
-import { InvalidRequestError, AIError } from "../../schema/index.js"
-
-const invalid = (message: string, cause?: unknown) =>
-  new AIError({
-    reason: new InvalidRequestError({ message, cause }),
-  })
-
-export const dataUrl = (input: Extract<ImageInput, { readonly type: "bytes" }>) =>
-  `data:${input.mediaType};base64,${Encoding.encodeBase64(input.data)}`
-
-export const decodeDataUrl = (
-  url: string,
-): Effect.Effect<{ readonly mediaType: string; readonly data: Uint8Array } | undefined, AIError> => {
-  if (!url.startsWith("data:")) return Effect.undefined
-  const match = /^data:([^;,]+);base64,(.*)$/s.exec(url)
-  if (!match) return Effect.fail(invalid("Image data URLs must contain a MIME type and base64 data"))
-  return Effect.fromResult(Encoding.decodeBase64(match[2])).pipe(
-    Effect.mapError((cause) => invalid("Image data URL contains invalid base64 data", cause)),
-    Effect.map((data) => ({ mediaType: match[1], data })),
-  )
-}
-
-export const invalidImageInput = invalid
-
-export const ImageInputs = {
-  dataUrl,
-  decodeDataUrl,
-  invalid: invalidImageInput,
-} as const
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import { Effect, Encoding } from "effect"
+import { Media } from "../../media.js"
+import type { MediaProtocol } from "../../route/media-protocol.js"
+import type { AIError, ProviderID } from "../../schema/index.js"
+import { ProviderShared } from "../shared.js"
+
+/** Owned bytes for multipart uploads; decodes `base64` sources and rejects remote sources. */
+export const inlineBytes = (route: string, asset: Media.Asset): Effect.Effect<Uint8Array, AIError> => {
+  if (asset.source.type === "bytes") return Effect.succeed(asset.source.data)
+  const inline = asset.inline()
+  if (!inline) return Effect.fail(ProviderShared.inlineRequired(route, asset))
+  return Effect.fromResult(Encoding.decodeBase64(inline.base64)).pipe(
+    Effect.mapError((cause) => ProviderShared.invalidRequest(`${route} media contains invalid base64 data`, cause)),
+  )
+}
+
+/** Copied because `BlobPart` requires a plain `ArrayBuffer`. */
+export const blob = (data: Uint8Array, mediaType: string) => {
+  const buffer = new ArrayBuffer(data.byteLength)
+  new Uint8Array(buffer).set(data)
+  return new Blob([buffer], { type: mediaType })
+}
+
+const isScalar = (value: unknown): value is string | number | boolean =>
+  typeof value === "string" || typeof value === "number" || typeof value === "boolean"
+
+export const query = (route: string, values: Record<string, unknown>): Effect.Effect<MediaProtocol.Query, AIError> => {
+  const entries = Object.entries(values).filter(([, value]) => value !== undefined)
+  const invalid = entries.find(([, value]) => !isScalar(value) && !(Array.isArray(value) && value.every(isScalar)))
+  if (invalid !== undefined)
+    return Effect.fail(ProviderShared.invalidRequest(`${route} cannot send "${invalid[0]}" as a query parameter`))
+  return Effect.succeed(
+    Object.fromEntries(entries.map(([key, value]) => [key, Array.isArray(value) ? value.map(String) : String(value)])),
+  )
+}
+
+/** Provider file handle when the ref belongs to this provider; refs from other providers are never forwarded. */
+export const refID = (asset: Media.Asset, provider: ProviderID) =>
+  asset.source.type === "ref" && asset.source.provider === provider ? asset.source.id : undefined
+
+/** Decode a provider's base64 output once into an owned `bytes` asset, sniffing the type when it is not declared. */
+export const decodedAsset = (
+  invalid: (message: string, cause?: unknown) => AIError,
+  label: string,
+  data: string,
+  mediaType: string | undefined,
+  options?: Media.AssetOptions,
+) =>
+  Effect.fromResult(Encoding.decodeBase64(data)).pipe(
+    Effect.mapError((cause) => invalid(`${label} contains invalid base64 data`, cause)),
+    Effect.map((bytes) => Media.bytes(bytes, mediaType, options)),
+  )
+
+export * as MediaInput from "./media-input.js"
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-import { Option, Schema } from "effect"
+import { Schema } from "effect"
 import { ReasoningEffort, ReasoningEfforts, type LLMRequest } from "../../schema/index.js"
+import { lenient } from "../shared.js"

 export { ReasoningEffort, ReasoningEfforts }

@@ -49,21 +50,22 @@ export const StreamOptions = Schema.Struct({
  includeObfuscation: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
 })

+// Malformed options are dropped one at a time so a bad `topLogprobs` cannot discard `store` or `reasoningEffort`.
 export const Options = Schema.Struct({
-  store: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
-  metadata: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.String)),
-  safetyIdentifier: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
-  streamOptions: Schema.optional(StreamOptions),
-  topLogprobs: Schema.optional(Schema.Int.check(Schema.isBetween({ minimum: 0, maximum: 20 }))),
-  reasoningEffort: Schema.optional(ReasoningEffort),
-  reasoningSummary: Schema.optional(Schema.Literals(["auto", "concise", "detailed"])),
-  include: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(ResponseIncludableSchema)),
-  textVerbosity: Schema.optional(TextVerbositySchema),
-  serviceTier: Schema.optional(ServiceTierSchema),
-  truncation: Schema.optional(TruncationSchema),
-  allowedTools: Schema.optional(AllowedTools),
-  maxToolCalls: Schema.optional(Schema.Int),
-  parallelToolCalls: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
+  store: lenient(Schema.Boolean),
+  metadata: lenient(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.String)),
+  safetyIdentifier: lenient(Schema.String),
+  streamOptions: lenient(StreamOptions),
+  topLogprobs: lenient(Schema.Int.check(Schema.isBetween({ minimum: 0, maximum: 20 }))),
+  reasoningEffort: lenient(ReasoningEffort),
+  reasoningSummary: lenient(Schema.Literals(["auto", "concise", "detailed"])),
+  include: lenient(Schema.Array(ResponseIncludableSchema)),
+  textVerbosity: lenient(TextVerbositySchema),
+  serviceTier: lenient(ServiceTierSchema),
+  truncation: lenient(TruncationSchema),
+  allowedTools: lenient(AllowedTools),
+  maxToolCalls: lenient(Schema.Int),
+  parallelToolCalls: lenient(Schema.Boolean),
 })
 export type Options = typeof Options.Type

@@ -71,11 +73,10 @@ export type Resolved = Omit<Options, "allowedTools"> & {
  readonly allowedTools?: AllowedTools & { readonly mode: NonNullable<AllowedTools["mode"]> }
 }

-const decodeOptions = Schema.decodeUnknownOption(Options)
+const decodeOptions = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Options)

 export const resolve = (request: LLMRequest): Resolved => {
-  const input = Option.getOrUndefined(decodeOptions(request.providerOptions))
-  if (!input) return {}
+  const input = decodeOptions(request.providerOptions ?? {})
  return {
    ...input,
    include: input.include?.length ? input.include : undefined,
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import { RequestExecutor } from "../../route/executor.js"
 import { HttpTransport } from "../../route/transport/index.js"
 import { OpenResponses } from "../open-responses.js"
 import { JsonObject, optionalNull, ProviderShared } from "../shared.js"
+import { Media } from "../../media.js"

 const Body = Schema.Struct({
  model: Schema.String,
@@ -157,20 +158,22 @@ function toMessage(item: (typeof Response.Type.output)[number], model: LLMReques
      if (part.type === "input_image")
        return {
          type: "media",
-          data: part.image_url,
-          mediaType: /^data:([^;,]+)/.exec(part.image_url)?.[1] ?? "image/*",
+          media: replayMedia(part.image_url, "image/*"),
          providerMetadata: part.detail === undefined ? undefined : { [key]: { detail: part.detail } },
        }
-      const data = part.file_url === undefined ? part.file_data : part.file_url
      return {
        type: "media",
-        data,
+        media: replayMedia(part.file_url === undefined ? part.file_data : part.file_url, "application/octet-stream"),
        filename: part.filename,
-        mediaType: /^data:([^;,]+)/.exec(data)?.[1] ?? "application/octet-stream",
        providerMetadata: part.detail === undefined ? undefined : { [key]: { detail: part.detail } },
      }
    }),
  })
 }

+/** Replayed compaction items carry either a data URL or a remote URL; the data URL's own type wins when present. */
+const replayMedia = (value: string, fallbackType: string) =>
+  Media.parseDataUrl(value) ??
+  (/^https?:\/\//.test(value) ? Media.url(value, { mediaType: fallbackType }) : Media.base64(value, fallbackType))
+
 export * as ResponsesCompaction from "./responses-compaction.js"
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+import { Effect } from "effect"
+import { Media } from "../../media.js"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../../route/media-protocol.js"
+import type { AIError, MediaUsage, ProviderID, ProviderMetadata } from "../../schema/index.js"
+import {
+  SpeechAudioDeltaEvent,
+  SpeechFinishEvent,
+  SpeechTimestampsEvent,
+  type SpeechEvent,
+  type SpeechVoice,
+} from "../../speech.js"
+import { concatBytes } from "../../utils/bytes.js"
+import { ProviderShared } from "../shared.js"
+
+export interface Audio {
+  /** Appended in place: the route creates fresh state for each response through `initial`. */
+  readonly chunks: Array<Uint8Array>
+}
+
+export type StepResult<State> = readonly [State, ReadonlyArray<SpeechEvent>]
+
+/** Empty chunks (keep-alive records) emit nothing. */
+export const delta = <State extends Audio>(state: State, chunk: Uint8Array): StepResult<State> => {
+  if (chunk.length === 0) return [state, []]
+  state.chunks.push(chunk)
+  return [state, [SpeechAudioDeltaEvent.make({ chunk })]]
+}
+
+export const step =
+  <State extends Audio>(onRecord: (state: State, frame: string) => Effect.Effect<StepResult<State>, AIError>) =>
+  (state: State, frame: string | Uint8Array) =>
+    typeof frame === "string" ? onRecord(state, frame) : Effect.succeed(delta(state, frame))
+
+export const timestamps = (
+  texts: ReadonlyArray<string>,
+  starts: ReadonlyArray<number>,
+  ends: ReadonlyArray<number>,
+): ReadonlyArray<SpeechEvent> =>
+  texts.length === 0
+    ? []
+    : [
+        SpeechTimestampsEvent.make({
+          items: texts.map((text, index) => ({ text, startSeconds: starts[index] ?? 0, endSeconds: ends[index] ?? 0 })),
+        }),
+      ]
+
+export const voiceID = (voice: SpeechVoice | undefined) => (typeof voice === "object" ? voice.id : voice)
+
+const CONTAINER_MEDIA_TYPES: Readonly<Record<string, string>> = {
+  mp3: "audio/mpeg",
+  wav: "audio/wav",
+  opus: "audio/ogg",
+  aac: "audio/aac",
+  flac: "audio/flac",
+}
+
+export const container = (format: string, sampleRate?: number) => ({
+  mediaType: CONTAINER_MEDIA_TYPES[format],
+  info: { format, sampleRate },
+})
+
+const PCM_MEDIA_TYPES = {
+  pcm_s16le: "audio/pcm",
+  pcm_f32le: "audio/pcm",
+  pcm_mulaw: "audio/mulaw",
+  pcm_alaw: "audio/alaw",
+} as const
+
+export type PcmEncoding = keyof typeof PCM_MEDIA_TYPES
+
+export const pcm = (encoding: PcmEncoding, sampleRate: number | undefined, mediaType?: string) => ({
+  mediaType: mediaType ?? PCM_MEDIA_TYPES[encoding],
+  info: { format: "pcm", encoding, sampleRate, channels: 1 },
+})
+
+export const sampleRate = (mediaType: string | undefined) => {
+  const rate = /rate=(\d+)/i.exec(mediaType ?? "")?.[1]
+  return rate === undefined ? undefined : Number(rate)
+}
+
+export const unsupportedFormat = (provider: ProviderID, route: string, message: string) =>
+  ProviderShared.unsupportedOperation({ operation: "media.format", provider, route, message })
+
+/** A declared `mediaType` wins over sniffing: headerless PCM can start with bytes that look like an MPEG frame sync. */
+export const finish = (
+  route: string,
+  state: Audio,
+  output: {
+    readonly mediaType: string | undefined
+    readonly info?: Media.Info
+    readonly usage?: MediaUsage
+    readonly providerMetadata?: ProviderMetadata
+    readonly detail?: string
+  },
+): Effect.Effect<ReadonlyArray<SpeechEvent>, AIError> => {
+  if (state.chunks.length === 0)
+    return Effect.fail(
+      MediaProtocol.frameError(
+        route,
+        `The provider returned no audio${output.detail === undefined ? "" : ` (${output.detail})`}`,
+      ),
+    )
+  return Effect.succeed([
+    SpeechFinishEvent.make({
+      audio: Media.bytes(concatBytes(state.chunks), output.mediaType, { info: output.info }),
+      usage: output.usage,
+      providerMetadata: output.providerMetadata,
+    }),
+  ])
+}
+
+export const headerUsage = (type: "characters" | "credits", value: string | undefined): MediaUsage | undefined => {
+  const amount = Number(value)
+  if (!Number.isFinite(amount)) return undefined
+  return type === "credits" ? { type, credits: amount } : { type, characters: amount }
+}
+
+export * as SpeechStream from "./speech-stream.js"
@@ -1,61 +1,38 @@
-import { Effect, Encoding, Schema } from "effect"
-import { Headers, HttpClientRequest } from "effect/unstable/http"
-import { GeneratedImage, ImageModel, ImageResponse, type ImageRequestFor, type ImageRoute } from "../image.js"
-import { Auth, type Definition as AuthDefinition } from "../route/auth.js"
-import { Usage, mergeHttpOptions, mergeJsonRecords, type HttpOptions } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import type { HttpClientResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import { ImageModel, ImageResponse, type ImageRequestFor } from "../image.js"
+import { Media } from "../media.js"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
+import { ProviderID, mergeJsonRecords } from "../schema/index.js"
 import { ProviderShared, optionalNull } from "./shared.js"
-import { ImageInputs } from "./utils/image-input.js"
+import { MediaInput } from "./utils/media-input.js"

 const ADAPTER = "xai-images"
+const NAME = "xAI Images"
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("xai")
 export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://api.x.ai/v1"
 export const PATH = "/images/generations"
 export const EDIT_PATH = "/images/edits"

+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Public model input
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 export type XAIImageString<Known extends string> = Known | (string & {})

+/** Provider-native options. Common fields (`n`, `aspectRatio`, `images`) live on the request. */
 export type XAIImageOptions = {
-  readonly n?: number
-  readonly aspectRatio?: XAIImageString<
-    | "1:1"
-    | "3:4"
-    | "4:3"
-    | "9:16"
-    | "16:9"
-    | "2:3"
-    | "3:2"
-    | "9:19.5"
-    | "19.5:9"
-    | "9:20"
-    | "20:9"
-    | "1:2"
-    | "2:1"
-    | "auto"
-  >
-  readonly aspect_ratio?: XAIImageString<
-    | "1:1"
-    | "3:4"
-    | "4:3"
-    | "9:16"
-    | "16:9"
-    | "2:3"
-    | "3:2"
-    | "9:19.5"
-    | "19.5:9"
-    | "9:20"
-    | "20:9"
-    | "1:2"
-    | "2:1"
-    | "auto"
-  >
  readonly resolution?: XAIImageString<"1k" | "2k">
  readonly responseFormat?: XAIImageString<"url" | "b64_json">
  readonly response_format?: XAIImageString<"url" | "b64_json">
 } & Record<string, unknown>

-type XAIImageBody = Record<string, unknown> & {
-  readonly model: string
-  readonly prompt: string
-}
+export type Request = ImageRequestFor<XAIImageOptions>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 2. Response schema
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 const XAIImageResponse = Schema.Struct({
  data: Schema.Array(
@@ -69,120 +46,106 @@ const XAIImageResponse = Schema.Struct({
  usage: Schema.optional(Schema.Unknown),
 })

-export interface ModelInput {
-  readonly id: string
-  readonly auth: AuthDefinition
-  readonly baseURL?: string
-  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
-  readonly http?: HttpOptions
-}
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Request body construction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 const nativeOptions = (options: XAIImageOptions | undefined) => {
  if (!options) return undefined
-  const { aspectRatio, responseFormat, ...native } = options
-  return {
-    aspect_ratio: aspectRatio,
-    response_format: responseFormat,
-    ...native,
-  }
+  const { responseFormat, ...native } = options
+  return { response_format: responseFormat, ...native }
 }

-const applyQuery = (url: string, query: Record<string, string> | undefined) => {
-  if (!query) return url
-  const next = new URL(url)
-  Object.entries(query).forEach(([key, value]) => next.searchParams.set(key, value))
-  return next.toString()
-}
+const isEdit = (request: Request) => (request.images?.length ?? 0) > 0

-export const model = (input: ModelInput) => {
-  const route: ImageRoute<XAIImageOptions> = {
-    id: ADAPTER,
-    generate: Effect.fn("XAIImages.generate")(function* (request: ImageRequestFor<XAIImageOptions>, execute) {
-      const http = mergeHttpOptions(request.model.http, request.http)
-      const imageReferences = (request.images ?? []).map((image) => {
-        if (image.type === "bytes") return { url: ImageInputs.dataUrl(image), type: "image_url" as const }
-        if (image.type === "url") return { url: image.url, type: "image_url" as const }
-        if (image.type === "file-id") return { file_id: image.id }
-        return undefined
-      })
-      if (imageReferences.some((image) => image === undefined))
-        return yield* ImageInputs.invalid("xAI Images accepts image URLs, data URLs, bytes, and file IDs")
-      const requestBody = mergeJsonRecords(
+const reference = (asset: Media.Asset) =>
+  ProviderShared.mediaReference(asset, PROVIDER, NAME).pipe(
+    Effect.map((item) =>
+      item.type === "ref" ? { file_id: item.value } : { url: item.value, type: "image_url" as const },
+    ),
+  )
+
+const fromRequest = Effect.fn("XAIImages.fromRequest")(function* (request: Request) {
+  const references = yield* Effect.forEach(request.images ?? [], reference)
+  return MediaProtocol.json(
+    mergeJsonRecords(
+      {
+        model: request.model.id,
+        prompt: request.prompt,
+        // xAI takes one edit source as `image` and several as `images`.
+        image: references.length === 1 ? references[0] : undefined,
+        images: references.length > 1 ? references : undefined,
+        n: request.n,
+        aspect_ratio: request.aspectRatio,
+      },
+      nativeOptions(request.providerOptions),
+      request.http?.body,
+    ) ?? {},
+  )
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Response decoding
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const decodeResponse = Effect.fn("XAIImages.decodeResponse")(function* (
+  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+) {
+  const output = yield* MediaProtocol.decodeJson(ADAPTER, NAME, XAIImageResponse)(response)
+  const decoded = output.value
+  const images = yield* Effect.forEach(decoded.data, (item, index) => {
+    const providerMetadata =
+      item.revised_prompt === undefined || item.revised_prompt === null
+        ? undefined
+        : { xai: { revisedPrompt: item.revised_prompt } }
+    if (item.b64_json)
+      return MediaInput.decodedAsset(
+        output.invalid,
+        `${NAME} result ${index}`,
+        item.b64_json,
+        item.mime_type ?? undefined,
        {
-          model: request.model.id,
-          prompt: request.prompt,
-          image: imageReferences.length === 1 ? imageReferences[0] : undefined,
-          images: imageReferences.length > 1 ? imageReferences : undefined,
+          providerMetadata,
        },
-        nativeOptions(request.options),
-        http?.body,
-      ) as XAIImageBody
-      const text = ProviderShared.encodeJson(requestBody)
-      const url = applyQuery(
-        `${(input.baseURL ?? DEFAULT_BASE_URL).replace(/\/$/, "")}${imageReferences.length === 0 ? PATH : EDIT_PATH}`,
-        http?.query,
      )
-      const headers = yield* Auth.toEffect(input.auth)({
-        request,
-        method: "POST",
-        url,
-        body: text,
-        headers: Headers.fromInput({ ...input.headers, ...http?.headers }),
-      })
-      const response = yield* execute(
-        HttpClientRequest.post(url).pipe(
-          HttpClientRequest.setHeaders(headers),
-          HttpClientRequest.bodyText(text, "application/json"),
-        ),
-      )
-      const output = yield* ProviderShared.imageResponse(ADAPTER, "xAI Images", response)
-      const decoded = yield* Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Schema.fromJsonString(XAIImageResponse))(output.body).pipe(
-        Effect.mapError((cause) => output.invalid("xAI Images returned an invalid response", cause)),
-      )
-      const images = yield* Effect.forEach(decoded.data, (item, index) => {
-        const mediaType = item.mime_type ?? "application/octet-stream"
-        if (item.b64_json)
-          return Effect.fromResult(Encoding.decodeBase64(item.b64_json)).pipe(
-            Effect.mapError((cause) =>
-              output.invalid(`xAI Images result ${index} contains invalid base64 data`, cause),
-            ),
-            Effect.map(
-              (data) =>
-                new GeneratedImage({
-                  mediaType,
-                  data,
-                  providerMetadata:
-                    item.revised_prompt === undefined || item.revised_prompt === null
-                      ? undefined
-                      : { xai: { revisedPrompt: item.revised_prompt } },
-                }),
-            ),
-          )
-        if (item.url)
-          return Effect.succeed(
-            new GeneratedImage({
-              mediaType,
-              data: item.url,
-              providerMetadata:
-                item.revised_prompt === undefined || item.revised_prompt === null
-                  ? undefined
-                  : { xai: { revisedPrompt: item.revised_prompt } },
-            }),
-          )
-        return Effect.fail(output.invalid(`xAI Images result ${index} has neither image data nor a URL`))
-      })
-      if (images.length === 0) return yield* output.invalid("xAI Images returned no images")
-      const usage = ProviderShared.isRecord(decoded.usage) ? decoded.usage : undefined
-      return new ImageResponse({
-        images,
-        usage: usage === undefined ? undefined : new Usage({ providerMetadata: { xai: usage } }),
-        providerMetadata: usage === undefined ? undefined : { xai: { usage } },
-      })
-    }),
-  }
-  return ImageModel.make<XAIImageOptions>({ id: input.id, provider: "xai", route, http: input.http })
-}
+    if (item.url)
+      return Effect.succeed(Media.url(item.url, { mediaType: item.mime_type ?? undefined, providerMetadata }))
+    return Effect.fail(output.invalid(`${NAME} result ${index} has neither image data nor a URL`))
+  })
+  if (images.length === 0) return yield* output.invalid(`${NAME} returned no images`)
+  const usage = ProviderShared.isRecord(decoded.usage) ? decoded.usage : undefined
+  // xAI reports image counts rather than tokens, seconds, or credits; the raw record stays in provider metadata.
+  return new ImageResponse({
+    images,
+    providerMetadata: usage === undefined ? undefined : { xai: { usage } },
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Protocol and route
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const protocol = MediaProtocol.inline<Request, ImageResponse>({
+  id: ADAPTER,
+  name: NAME,
+  unsupported: ["mask", "size", "seed", "format"],
+  body: { from: fromRequest },
+  response: { decode: decodeResponse },
+})
+
+export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput) =>
+  ImageModel.fromRoute<XAIImageOptions>(
+    {
+      id: ADAPTER,
+      provider: PROVIDER,
+      protocol,
+      baseURL: DEFAULT_BASE_URL,
+      path: ({ request }) => (isEdit(request) ? EDIT_PATH : PATH),
+    },
+    input,
+  )

 export const XAIImages = {
+  protocol,
  model,
 } as const
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import type { HttpClientResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import type { Status } from "../generation.js"
+import { Media } from "../media.js"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
+import { ProviderID, mergeJsonRecords } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { VideoModel, VideoResponse, type VideoRequestFor } from "../video.js"
+import { ProviderShared, optionalNull } from "./shared.js"
+
+const ADAPTER = "xai-video"
+const NAME = "xAI Video"
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("xai")
+export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://api.x.ai/v1"
+export const PATH = "/videos/generations"
+export const EDIT_PATH = "/videos/edits"
+export const EXTEND_PATH = "/videos/extensions"
+export const STATUS_PATH = "/videos"
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Public model input
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Provider-native options. Common fields (`frames`, `references`, `video`, `durationSeconds`, `aspectRatio`,
+ * `resolution`, `audio`) live on the request. `mode` selects the endpoint a `video` input is sent to.
+ */
+export type XAIVideoOptions = {
+  readonly mode?: "edit" | "extend"
+  readonly reference_audios?: ReadonlyArray<{ readonly voice_id: string }>
+} & Record<string, unknown>
+
+export type Request = VideoRequestFor<XAIVideoOptions>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 2. Token and response schemas
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const Token = Schema.Struct({ requestID: Schema.String })
+export type Token = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Token>
+
+const StartResponse = Schema.Struct({ request_id: Schema.String })
+
+const VideoStatus = Schema.Struct({
+  status: Schema.String,
+  progress: optionalNull(Schema.Number),
+  video: optionalNull(
+    Schema.Struct({
+      url: optionalNull(Schema.String),
+      duration: optionalNull(Schema.Number),
+      respect_moderation: optionalNull(Schema.Boolean),
+    }),
+  ),
+  error: optionalNull(
+    Schema.Struct({
+      code: optionalNull(Schema.String),
+      message: optionalNull(Schema.String),
+    }),
+  ),
+  model: optionalNull(Schema.String),
+})
+
+const STATUS = {
+  pending: "running",
+  done: "completed",
+  failed: "failed",
+  expired: "expired",
+} as const satisfies Record<string, Status>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Request body construction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const mediaInput = (asset: Media.Asset) =>
+  ProviderShared.mediaReference(asset, PROVIDER, NAME).pipe(
+    Effect.map((reference) => (reference.type === "ref" ? { file_id: reference.value } : { url: reference.value })),
+  )
+
+const nativeOptions = (options: XAIVideoOptions | undefined) => {
+  if (!options) return undefined
+  const { mode: _mode, ...native } = options
+  return native
+}
+
+const fromRequest = Effect.fn("XAIVideo.fromRequest")(function* (request: Request) {
+  const image = request.frames?.first === undefined ? undefined : yield* mediaInput(request.frames.first)
+  const lastFrame = request.frames?.last === undefined ? undefined : yield* mediaInput(request.frames.last)
+  const video = request.video === undefined ? undefined : yield* mediaInput(request.video)
+  const references = yield* Effect.forEach(request.references ?? [], mediaInput)
+  return MediaProtocol.json(
+    mergeJsonRecords(
+      {
+        model: request.model.id,
+        prompt: request.prompt,
+        image,
+        last_frame: lastFrame,
+        reference_images: references.length === 0 ? undefined : references,
+        video,
+        duration: request.durationSeconds,
+        aspect_ratio: request.aspectRatio,
+        resolution: request.resolution,
+        generate_audio: request.audio,
+      },
+      nativeOptions(request.providerOptions),
+      request.http?.body,
+    ) ?? {},
+  )
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Response decoding
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const decodeStart = MediaProtocol.decodeStarted(ADAPTER, NAME, StartResponse, (value) => ({
+  token: { requestID: value.request_id },
+  snapshot: { id: value.request_id, status: "running" },
+}))
+
+// `progress` is undocumented but observed live as a 0..100 percentage (recorded cassette: 1 → 10 → 37 → 100).
+const fraction = (progress: number | null | undefined) =>
+  progress !== undefined && progress !== null && progress >= 0 && progress <= 100 ? progress / 100 : undefined
+
+const decodeVideoStatus = MediaProtocol.decodeJson(ADAPTER, NAME, VideoStatus)
+
+const decodeStatus = Effect.fn("XAIVideo.decodeStatus")(function* (
+  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+  context: MediaProtocol.PollContext<Token>,
+) {
+  const output = yield* decodeVideoStatus(response)
+  const status = yield* MediaProtocol.status(STATUS, output.value.status, output)
+  return { id: context.token.requestID, status, progress: fraction(output.value.progress) }
+})
+
+const decodeResult = Effect.fn("XAIVideo.decodeResult")(function* (
+  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+  context: MediaProtocol.PollContext<Token>,
+) {
+  const output = yield* decodeVideoStatus(response)
+  const decoded = output.value
+  const status = yield* MediaProtocol.status(STATUS, decoded.status, output)
+  if (status === "running") return yield* output.invalid(`${NAME} request ${context.token.requestID} has not finished`)
+  if (status === "failed") {
+    const code = decoded.error?.code ?? undefined
+    const message = decoded.error?.message ?? undefined
+    return yield* output.ended(
+      "failed",
+      `${NAME} generation failed${code === undefined ? "" : ` (${code})`}${message === undefined ? "" : `: ${message}`}`,
+    )
+  }
+  if (status !== "completed")
+    return yield* output.ended("expired", `${NAME} request ${context.token.requestID} expired`)
+  // `respect_moderation: false` marks a filtered result; a URL may still be present, so report it as a notice.
+  const notices =
+    decoded.video?.respect_moderation === false
+      ? [{ type: "moderated" as const, message: `${NAME} flagged the generated video for moderation` }]
+      : undefined
+  const url = decoded.video?.url ?? undefined
+  if (url === undefined && notices !== undefined)
+    return yield* output.contentPolicy(`${NAME} withheld the video for moderation`)
+  if (url === undefined) return yield* output.invalid(`${NAME} completed without a video URL`)
+  const duration = decoded.video?.duration ?? undefined
+  return new VideoResponse({
+    videos: [
+      Media.url(url, {
+        mediaType: "video/mp4",
+        info: duration === undefined ? undefined : { durationSeconds: duration },
+      }),
+    ],
+    notices,
+    providerMetadata: { xai: { requestId: context.token.requestID, model: decoded.model ?? undefined } },
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Protocol and route
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const statusPath = (token: Token) => `${STATUS_PATH}/${token.requestID}`
+
+export const protocol = MediaProtocol.queued<Request, VideoResponse, Token>({
+  id: ADAPTER,
+  name: NAME,
+  token: Token,
+  unsupported: ["n", "seed", "negativePrompt"],
+  start: { body: { from: fromRequest }, decode: decodeStart },
+  status: { path: statusPath, decode: decodeStatus },
+  result: { path: statusPath, decode: decodeResult },
+})
+
+// A source video goes to `/videos/edits` unless `providerOptions.mode` asks for an extension.
+const startPath = (request: Request) => {
+  if (request.video === undefined) return PATH
+  return request.providerOptions?.mode === "extend" ? EXTEND_PATH : EDIT_PATH
+}
+
+export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput) =>
+  VideoModel.fromRoute<XAIVideoOptions, Token>(
+    {
+      id: ADAPTER,
+      provider: PROVIDER,
+      protocol,
+      baseURL: DEFAULT_BASE_URL,
+      path: ({ request }) => startPath(request),
+    },
+    input,
+  )
+
+export const XAIVideo = {
+  protocol,
+  model,
+} as const
@@ -1,29 +1,34 @@
 import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
-import { Headers, HttpClientRequest } from "effect/unstable/http"
-import { GeneratedImage, ImageModel, ImageResponse, type ImageRequestFor, type ImageRoute } from "../image.js"
-import { Auth, type Definition as AuthDefinition } from "../route/auth.js"
-import { mergeHttpOptions, mergeJsonRecords, type HttpOptions } from "../schema/index.js"
-import { ProviderShared } from "./shared.js"
-import { ImageInputs } from "./utils/image-input.js"
+import type { HttpClientResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import { ImageModel, ImageResponse, type ImageRequestFor } from "../image.js"
+import { Media } from "../media.js"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
+import { ProviderID, mergeJsonRecords } from "../schema/index.js"

 const ADAPTER = "zai-images"
+const NAME = "Z.ai Images"
+const PROVIDER = ProviderID.make("zai")
 export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://api.z.ai/api/paas/v4"
 export const PATH = "/images/generations"

+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Public model input
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 export type ZAIImageString<Known extends string> = Known | (string & {})

+/** Provider-native options. The common `size` field lives on the request. */
 export type ZAIImageOptions = {
-  readonly size?: ZAIImageString<
-    "1024x1024" | "768x1344" | "864x1152" | "1344x768" | "1152x864" | "1440x720" | "720x1440"
-  >
  readonly quality?: ZAIImageString<"hd" | "standard">
  readonly userID?: string
 } & Record<string, unknown>

-type ZAIImageBody = Record<string, unknown> & {
-  readonly model: string
-  readonly prompt: string
-}
+export type Request = ImageRequestFor<ZAIImageOptions>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 2. Response schema
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 const ZAIImageResponse = Schema.Struct({
  created: Schema.optional(Schema.Int),
@@ -40,84 +45,81 @@ const ZAIImageResponse = Schema.Struct({
  ),
 })

-export interface ModelInput {
-  readonly id: string
-  readonly auth: AuthDefinition
-  readonly baseURL?: string
-  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
-  readonly http?: HttpOptions
-}
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Request body construction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 const nativeOptions = (options: ZAIImageOptions | undefined) => {
  if (!options) return undefined
  const { userID, ...native } = options
-  return {
-    user_id: userID,
-    ...native,
-  }
+  return { user_id: userID, ...native }
 }

-const applyQuery = (url: string, query: Record<string, string> | undefined) => {
-  if (!query) return url
-  const next = new URL(url)
-  Object.entries(query).forEach(([key, value]) => next.searchParams.set(key, value))
-  return next.toString()
-}
+const fromRequest = Effect.fn("ZAIImages.fromRequest")(function* (request: Request) {
+  return MediaProtocol.json(
+    mergeJsonRecords(
+      { model: request.model.id, prompt: request.prompt, size: request.size },
+      nativeOptions(request.providerOptions),
+      request.http?.body,
+    ) ?? {},
+  )
+})

-export const model = (input: ModelInput) => {
-  const route: ImageRoute<ZAIImageOptions> = {
-    id: ADAPTER,
-    generate: Effect.fn("ZAIImages.generate")(function* (request: ImageRequestFor<ZAIImageOptions>, execute) {
-      if ((request.images?.length ?? 0) > 0)
-        return yield* ImageInputs.invalid("Z.ai hosted image generation does not support image inputs")
-      const http = mergeHttpOptions(request.model.http, request.http)
-      const requestBody = mergeJsonRecords(
-        { model: request.model.id, prompt: request.prompt },
-        nativeOptions(request.options),
-        http?.body,
-      ) as ZAIImageBody
-      const text = ProviderShared.encodeJson(requestBody)
-      const url = applyQuery(`${(input.baseURL ?? DEFAULT_BASE_URL).replace(/\/$/, "")}${PATH}`, http?.query)
-      const headers = yield* Auth.toEffect(input.auth)({
-        request,
-        method: "POST",
-        url,
-        body: text,
-        headers: Headers.fromInput({ ...input.headers, ...http?.headers }),
-      })
-      const response = yield* execute(
-        HttpClientRequest.post(url).pipe(
-          HttpClientRequest.setHeaders(headers),
-          HttpClientRequest.bodyText(text, "application/json"),
-        ),
-      )
-      const output = yield* ProviderShared.imageResponse(ADAPTER, "Z.ai Images", response)
-      const decoded = yield* Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Schema.fromJsonString(ZAIImageResponse))(output.body).pipe(
-        Effect.mapError((cause) => output.invalid("Z.ai Images returned an invalid response", cause)),
-      )
-      if (decoded.data.length === 0) return yield* output.invalid("Z.ai Images returned no images")
-      return new ImageResponse({
-        images: decoded.data.map(
-          (item) =>
-            new GeneratedImage({
-              mediaType: "application/octet-stream",
-              data: item.url,
-            }),
-        ),
-        providerMetadata: {
-          zai: {
-            created: decoded.created,
-            id: decoded.id,
-            requestID: decoded.request_id,
-            contentFilter: decoded.content_filter,
-          },
-        },
-      })
-    }),
-  }
-  return ImageModel.make<ZAIImageOptions>({ id: input.id, provider: "zai", route, http: input.http })
-}
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Response decoding
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const decodeResponse = Effect.fn("ZAIImages.decodeResponse")(function* (
+  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+) {
+  const output = yield* MediaProtocol.decodeJson(ADAPTER, NAME, ZAIImageResponse)(response)
+  const decoded = output.value
+  if (decoded.data.length === 0) return yield* output.invalid(`${NAME} returned no images`)
+  const filters = decoded.content_filter ?? []
+  return new ImageResponse({
+    // Z.ai returns only URLs and no content type; the media type resolves when the asset is materialized.
+    images: decoded.data.map((item) => Media.url(item.url)),
+    // Z.ai reports applied content filters alongside a successful result; surface them instead of dropping them.
+    notices:
+      filters.length === 0
+        ? undefined
+        : filters.map((filter) => ({
+            type: "moderated" as const,
+            message: `${NAME} applied a content filter${filter.role === undefined ? "" : ` for ${filter.role}`}${
+              filter.level === undefined ? "" : ` at level ${filter.level}`
+            }`,
+            providerMetadata: { zai: filter },
+          })),
+    providerMetadata: {
+      zai: {
+        created: decoded.created,
+        id: decoded.id,
+        requestID: decoded.request_id,
+        contentFilter: decoded.content_filter,
+      },
+    },
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Protocol and route
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const protocol = MediaProtocol.inline<Request, ImageResponse>({
+  id: ADAPTER,
+  name: NAME,
+  unsupported: ["images", "mask", "n", "aspectRatio", "seed", "format"],
+  body: { from: fromRequest },
+  response: { decode: decodeResponse },
+})
+
+export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput) =>
+  ImageModel.fromRoute<ZAIImageOptions>(
+    { id: ADAPTER, provider: PROVIDER, protocol, baseURL: DEFAULT_BASE_URL, path: PATH },
+    input,
+  )

 export const ZAIImages = {
+  protocol,
  model,
 } as const
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { Auth } from "../route/auth.js"
+import type { ProviderAuthOption } from "../route/auth-options.js"
+import { HttpOptions, ProviderID, type ModelID } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { AssemblyAITranscription, DEFAULT_BASE_URL } from "../protocols/assemblyai-transcription.js"
+
+export type { AssemblyAITranscriptionOptions } from "../protocols/assemblyai-transcription.js"
+
+export const id = ProviderID.make("assemblyai")
+const baseURL = DEFAULT_BASE_URL
+
+export type Config = ProviderAuthOption<"optional"> & {
+  /** `https://api.eu.assemblyai.com` for the EU region. */
+  readonly baseURL?: string
+  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
+  readonly http?: HttpOptions.Input
+}
+
+// The key is the whole `authorization` value, without a scheme.
+const auth = (options: ProviderAuthOption<"optional">) => {
+  if ("auth" in options && options.auth) return options.auth
+  return Auth.optional("apiKey" in options ? options.apiKey : undefined, "apiKey")
+    .orElse(Auth.config("ASSEMBLYAI_API_KEY"))
+    .pipe(Auth.header("authorization"))
+}
+
+export const configure = (input: Config = {}) => {
+  const transcription = (modelID: string | ModelID) =>
+    AssemblyAITranscription.model({
+      id: modelID,
+      auth: auth(input),
+      baseURL: input.baseURL ?? baseURL,
+      headers: input.headers,
+      http: input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
+    })
+  return {
+    id,
+    transcription,
+    configure,
+  }
+}
+
+export const provider = configure()
+export const transcription = provider.transcription
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import { AuthOptions, type ProviderAuthOption } from "../route/auth-options.js"
+import { HttpOptions, ProviderID, type ModelID } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { CartesiaSpeech, DEFAULT_BASE_URL } from "../protocols/cartesia-speech.js"
+
+export type { CartesiaEncoding, CartesiaSpeechOptions } from "../protocols/cartesia-speech.js"
+
+export const id = ProviderID.make("cartesia")
+const baseURL = DEFAULT_BASE_URL
+
+export type Config = ProviderAuthOption<"optional"> & {
+  readonly baseURL?: string
+  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
+  readonly http?: HttpOptions.Input
+}
+
+const auth = (options: ProviderAuthOption<"optional">) => AuthOptions.bearer(options, "CARTESIA_API_KEY")
+
+export const configure = (input: Config = {}) => {
+  const speech = (modelID: string | ModelID) =>
+    CartesiaSpeech.model({
+      id: modelID,
+      auth: auth(input),
+      baseURL: input.baseURL ?? baseURL,
+      headers: input.headers,
+      http: input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
+    })
+  return {
+    id,
+    speech,
+    configure,
+  }
+}
+
+export const provider = configure()
+export const speech = provider.speech
@@ -44,7 +44,12 @@ export const configure = (input: LanguageModelOptions = {}) => {
    model: (modelID: string | ModelID) =>
      configured.model<OpenAIProviderOptionsInput>({
        id: modelID,
-        compatibility: { maxTokensField: "max_tokens", reasoningField: "reasoning", supportsStore: false, supportsPromptCacheKey: true },
+        compatibility: {
+          maxTokensField: "max_tokens",
+          reasoningField: "reasoning",
+          supportsStore: false,
+          supportsPromptCacheKey: true,
+        },
      }),
    configure,
  }
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import { Auth } from "../route/auth.js"
+import type { ProviderAuthOption } from "../route/auth-options.js"
+import { HttpOptions, ProviderID, type ModelID } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { DEFAULT_BASE_URL, DeepgramSpeech } from "../protocols/deepgram-speech.js"
+import { DeepgramTranscription } from "../protocols/deepgram-transcription.js"
+
+export type { DeepgramEncoding, DeepgramSpeechOptions } from "../protocols/deepgram-speech.js"
+export type { DeepgramTranscriptionOptions } from "../protocols/deepgram-transcription.js"
+
+export const id = ProviderID.make("deepgram")
+const baseURL = DEFAULT_BASE_URL
+
+export type Config = ProviderAuthOption<"optional"> & {
+  readonly baseURL?: string
+  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
+  readonly http?: HttpOptions.Input
+}
+
+const auth = (options: ProviderAuthOption<"optional">) => {
+  if ("auth" in options && options.auth) return options.auth
+  return Auth.optional("apiKey" in options ? options.apiKey : undefined, "apiKey")
+    .orElse(Auth.config("DEEPGRAM_API_KEY"))
+    .pipe(Auth.scheme("Token"))
+}
+
+export const configure = (input: Config = {}) => {
+  const media = (modelID: string | ModelID) => ({
+    id: modelID,
+    auth: auth(input),
+    baseURL: input.baseURL ?? baseURL,
+    headers: input.headers,
+    http: input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
+  })
+  return {
+    id,
+    speech: (modelID: string | ModelID) => DeepgramSpeech.model(media(modelID)),
+    transcription: (modelID: string | ModelID) => DeepgramTranscription.model(media(modelID)),
+    configure,
+  }
+}
+
+export const provider = configure()
+export const speech = provider.speech
+export const transcription = provider.transcription
@@ -47,7 +47,12 @@ export const configure = (input: LanguageModelOptions = {}) => {
    model: (modelID: string | ModelID) =>
      configured.model<OpenAIProviderOptionsInput>({
        id: modelID,
-        compatibility: { maxTokensField: "max_tokens", reasoningField: "reasoning_content", supportsStore: false, supportsPromptCacheKey: true },
+        compatibility: {
+          maxTokensField: "max_tokens",
+          reasoningField: "reasoning_content",
+          supportsStore: false,
+          supportsPromptCacheKey: true,
+        },
      }),
    configure,
  }
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import { Auth } from "../route/auth.js"
+import type { ProviderAuthOption } from "../route/auth-options.js"
+import { HttpOptions, ProviderID, type ModelID } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { DEFAULT_BASE_URL, ElevenLabsSpeech } from "../protocols/elevenlabs-speech.js"
+
+export type { ElevenLabsOutputFormat, ElevenLabsSpeechOptions } from "../protocols/elevenlabs-speech.js"
+
+export const id = ProviderID.make("elevenlabs")
+const baseURL = DEFAULT_BASE_URL
+
+export type Config = ProviderAuthOption<"optional"> & {
+  readonly baseURL?: string
+  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
+  readonly http?: HttpOptions.Input
+}
+
+const auth = (options: ProviderAuthOption<"optional">) => {
+  if ("auth" in options && options.auth) return options.auth
+  return Auth.optional("apiKey" in options ? options.apiKey : undefined, "apiKey")
+    .orElse(Auth.config("ELEVENLABS_API_KEY"))
+    .pipe(Auth.header("xi-api-key"))
+}
+
+export const configure = (input: Config = {}) => {
+  const speech = (modelID: string | ModelID) =>
+    ElevenLabsSpeech.model({
+      id: modelID,
+      auth: auth(input),
+      baseURL: input.baseURL ?? baseURL,
+      headers: input.headers,
+      http: input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
+    })
+  return {
+    id,
+    speech,
+    configure,
+  }
+}
+
+export const provider = configure()
+export const speech = provider.speech
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import { Auth } from "../route/auth.js"
+import type { ProviderAuthOption } from "../route/auth-options.js"
+import { HttpOptions, ProviderID, type ModelID } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { DEFAULT_BASE_URL, FalVideo } from "../protocols/fal-video.js"
+
+export type { FalVideoOptions } from "../protocols/fal-video.js"
+
+export const id = ProviderID.make("fal")
+const baseURL = DEFAULT_BASE_URL
+
+export type Config = ProviderAuthOption<"optional"> & {
+  readonly baseURL?: string
+  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
+  readonly http?: HttpOptions.Input
+}
+
+// fal authenticates with `Authorization: Key <FAL_KEY>` rather than a bearer token.
+const auth = (options: ProviderAuthOption<"optional">) => {
+  if ("auth" in options && options.auth) return options.auth
+  return Auth.optional("apiKey" in options ? options.apiKey : undefined, "apiKey")
+    .orElse(Auth.config("FAL_KEY"))
+    .pipe(Auth.scheme("Key"))
+}
+
+export const configure = (input: Config = {}) => {
+  const video = (modelID: string | ModelID) =>
+    FalVideo.model({
+      id: modelID,
+      auth: auth(input),
+      baseURL: input.baseURL ?? baseURL,
+      headers: input.headers,
+      http: input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
+    })
+  return {
+    id,
+    video,
+    configure,
+  }
+}
+
+export const provider = configure()
+export const video = provider.video
@@ -38,23 +38,13 @@ export type Settings = ProviderPackage.Settings &

 const fromRequest = Effect.fn("GoogleVertex.fromRequest")(function* (request: LLMRequest) {
  const { serviceTier: _, ...body } = yield* Gemini.protocol.body.from(request)
-  // Vertex's native REST schema rejects `id` on FunctionCall/FunctionResponse parts with HTTP 400,
-  // unlike AI Studio, so history minted there cannot be lowered verbatim.
-  const contents = body.contents.map((content) => ({
-    ...content,
-    parts: (content.parts ?? []).map((part) => {
-      if ("functionCall" in part) return { ...part, functionCall: { ...part.functionCall, id: undefined } }
-      if ("functionResponse" in part) return { ...part, functionResponse: { ...part.functionResponse, id: undefined } }
-      return part
-    }),
-  }))
  const value = request.providerOptions?.labels
  const labels = ProviderShared.isRecord(value)
    ? Object.fromEntries(
        Object.entries(value).filter((entry): entry is [string, string] => typeof entry[1] === "string"),
      )
    : undefined
-  return { ...body, contents, labels }
+  return { ...body, labels }
 })

 const protocol = {
@@ -5,8 +5,14 @@ import type { ProviderPackage } from "../provider-package.js"
 import { HttpOptions, ProviderID, mergeHttpOptions, type ModelID } from "../schema/index.js"
 import { Gemini } from "../protocols/gemini.js"
 import { GoogleImages } from "../protocols/google-images.js"
+import { GoogleSpeech } from "../protocols/google-speech.js"
+import { GoogleTranscription } from "../protocols/google-transcription.js"
+import { GoogleVideo } from "../protocols/google-video.js"

 export type { GoogleImageOptions } from "../protocols/google-images.js"
+export type { GoogleSpeechOptions } from "../protocols/google-speech.js"
+export type { GoogleTranscriptionOptions } from "../protocols/google-transcription.js"
+export type { GoogleVideoOptions } from "../protocols/google-video.js"
 export type GeminiOptionsInput = Gemini.OptionsInput
 export type GeminiProviderOptionsInput = Gemini.ProviderOptionsInput

@@ -40,18 +46,20 @@ const configuredRoute = (input: Config) => {

 export const configure = (input: Config = {}) => {
  const route = configuredRoute(input)
-  const image = (modelID: string | ModelID) =>
-    GoogleImages.model({
-      id: modelID,
-      auth: auth(input),
-      baseURL: input.baseURL,
-      headers: input.headers,
-      http: mergeHttpOptions(input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http)),
-    })
+  const media = (modelID: string | ModelID) => ({
+    id: modelID,
+    auth: auth(input),
+    baseURL: input.baseURL,
+    headers: input.headers,
+    http: mergeHttpOptions(input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http)),
+  })
  return {
    id,
    model: (modelID: string | ModelID) => route.model<Gemini.ProviderOptionsInput>({ id: modelID }),
-    image,
+    image: (modelID: string | ModelID) => GoogleImages.model(media(modelID)),
+    video: (modelID: string | ModelID) => GoogleVideo.model(media(modelID)),
+    speech: (modelID: string | ModelID) => GoogleSpeech.model(media(modelID)),
+    transcription: (modelID: string | ModelID) => GoogleTranscription.model(media(modelID)),
    configure,
  }
 }
@@ -70,3 +78,6 @@ export const model: ProviderPackage.Definition<Settings, Gemini.ProviderOptionsI
  }).model(modelID)

 export const image = provider.image
+export const video = provider.video
+export const speech = provider.speech
+export const transcription = provider.transcription
@@ -3,13 +3,18 @@ export * as Anthropic from "./anthropic.js"
 export * as AnthropicCompatible from "./anthropic-compatible.js"
 export * as AmazonBedrock from "./amazon-bedrock.js"
 export * as AmazonBedrockMantle from "./amazon-bedrock-mantle.js"
+export * as AssemblyAI from "./assemblyai.js"
 export * as Azure from "./azure.js"
 export * as Baseten from "./baseten.js"
+export * as Cartesia from "./cartesia.js"
 export * as Cerebras from "./cerebras.js"
 export * as CloudflareAIGateway from "./cloudflare-ai-gateway.js"
 export * as CloudflareWorkersAI from "./cloudflare-workers-ai.js"
 export * as DeepInfra from "./deepinfra.js"
+export * as Deepgram from "./deepgram.js"
 export * as DeepSeek from "./deepseek.js"
+export * as ElevenLabs from "./elevenlabs.js"
+export * as Fal from "./fal.js"
 export * as Fireworks from "./fireworks.js"
 export * as Google from "./google.js"
 export * as GoogleVertex from "./google-vertex.js"
@@ -24,8 +29,12 @@ export * as Moonshot from "./moonshot.js"
 export * as OpenAI from "./openai.js"
 export * as OpenAICompatible from "./openai-compatible.js"
 export * as OpenAICompatibleResponses from "./openai-compatible-responses.js"
+export * as OpenCodeZen from "./opencode-zen.js"
 export * as OpenRouter from "./openrouter.js"
+export * as Runway from "./runway.js"
 export * as TogetherAI from "./togetherai.js"
+export * as TypeSafeAI from "./typesafe-ai.js"
+export * as VercelAIGateway from "./vercel-ai-gateway.js"
 export * as XAI from "./xai.js"
 export * as ZAI from "./zai.js"
 export * as ZAICodingPlan from "./zai-coding-plan.js"
@@ -6,9 +6,13 @@ import * as OpenAIChat from "../protocols/openai-chat.js"
 import * as OpenAIResponses from "../protocols/openai-responses.js"
 import { withOpenAIOptions, type OpenAIProviderOptionsInput } from "./openai-options.js"
 import { OpenAIImages, type OpenAIImageString } from "../protocols/openai-images.js"
+import { OpenAISpeech } from "../protocols/openai-speech.js"
+import { OpenAITranscription } from "../protocols/openai-transcription.js"

 export type { OpenAIOptionsInput, OpenAIResponseIncludable } from "./openai-options.js"
 export type { OpenAIImageOptions } from "../protocols/openai-images.js"
+export type { OpenAISpeechOptions } from "../protocols/openai-speech.js"
+export type { OpenAITranscriptionOptions } from "../protocols/openai-transcription.js"

 export const id = ProviderID.make("openai")

@@ -95,17 +99,19 @@ export const configure = (input: Config = {}) => {
      id,
      compatibility: { supportsPromptCacheKey: true },
    })
-  const image = (modelID: string | ModelID) =>
-    OpenAIImages.model({
-      id: modelID,
-      auth: auth(input),
-      baseURL: input.baseURL,
-      headers: input.headers,
-      http: mergeHttpOptions(
-        input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
-        input.queryParams === undefined ? undefined : new HttpOptions({ query: input.queryParams }),
-      ),
-    })
+  const media = (modelID: string | ModelID) => ({
+    id: modelID,
+    auth: auth(input),
+    baseURL: input.baseURL,
+    headers: input.headers,
+    http: mergeHttpOptions(
+      input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
+      input.queryParams === undefined ? undefined : new HttpOptions({ query: input.queryParams }),
+    ),
+  })
+  const image = (modelID: string | ModelID) => OpenAIImages.model(media(modelID))
+  const speech = (modelID: string | ModelID) => OpenAISpeech.model(media(modelID))
+  const transcription = (modelID: string | ModelID) => OpenAITranscription.model(media(modelID))

  return {
    id,
@@ -113,6 +119,8 @@ export const configure = (input: Config = {}) => {
    responses,
    chat,
    image,
+    speech,
+    transcription,
    configure,
  }
 }
@@ -159,3 +167,5 @@ export const chatModel: ProviderPackage.Definition<Settings, OpenAIProviderOptio
 export const responses = provider.responses
 export const chat = provider.chat
 export const image = provider.image
+export const speech = provider.speech
+export const transcription = provider.transcription
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import { HttpOptions, ProviderID, type ModelID } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { AuthOptions, type ProviderAuthOption } from "../route/auth-options.js"
+import { SystemOne } from "../experimental/system-one.js"
+
+export const id = ProviderID.make("opencode")
+const baseURL = "https://opencode.ai/zen/v1"
+
+export type Options = ProviderAuthOption<"optional"> & {
+  readonly baseURL?: string
+  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
+  readonly http?: HttpOptions.Input
+}
+
+export const configure = (input: Options = {}) => {
+  const evaluation = (modelID: string | ModelID) =>
+    SystemOne.model({
+      id: modelID,
+      provider: id,
+      providerMetadataKey: "opencode",
+      auth: AuthOptions.bearer(input, "OPENCODE_API_KEY"),
+      baseURL: input.baseURL ?? baseURL,
+      headers: input.headers,
+      http: input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
+    })
+  return { id, experimental: { evaluation }, configure }
+}
+
+export const provider = configure()
+export const experimental = provider.experimental
+
+export * as OpenCodeZen from "./opencode-zen.js"
@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@ import { Route, type RouteDefaultsInput } from "../route/client.js"
 import { Endpoint } from "../route/endpoint.js"
 import { Protocol } from "../route/protocol.js"
 import { AuthOptions, type ProviderAuthOption } from "../route/auth-options.js"
-import { ProviderID, type CacheHint, type ModelID } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { HttpOptions, ProviderID, type CacheHint, type ModelID } from "../schema/index.js"
 import type { ProviderPackage } from "../provider-package.js"
+import { SystemOne } from "../experimental/system-one.js"
 import { OpenAIChat } from "../protocols/openai-chat.js"
 import { newBreakpoints, ttlBucket } from "../protocols/utils/cache.js"
 import { isRecord } from "../protocols/shared.js"
@@ -71,6 +72,14 @@ export interface OpenRouterOptions {

 export type OpenRouterProviderOptionsInput = OpenRouterOptions

+export interface OpenRouterEvaluationOptions {
+  readonly [key: string]: unknown
+  readonly provider?: OpenRouterProviderRouting
+  readonly session_id?: string
+  readonly trace?: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>
+  readonly user?: string
+}
+
 export type LanguageModelOptions = Omit<RouteDefaultsInput, "providerOptions"> &
  ProviderAuthOption<"optional"> & {
    readonly baseURL?: string
@@ -181,15 +190,27 @@ const configuredRoute = (input: LanguageModelOptions) => {

 export const configure = (input: LanguageModelOptions = {}) => {
  const route = configuredRoute(input)
+  const evaluation = (modelID: string | ModelID) =>
+    SystemOne.model<OpenRouterEvaluationOptions>({
+      id: modelID,
+      provider: id,
+      providerMetadataKey: "openrouter",
+      auth: AuthOptions.bearer(input, "OPENROUTER_API_KEY"),
+      baseURL: input.baseURL ?? baseURL,
+      headers: input.headers,
+      http: input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
+    })
  return {
    id,
    model: (modelID: string | ModelID) =>
      route.model<OpenRouterProviderOptionsInput>({ id: modelID, compatibility: { supportsPromptCacheKey: true } }),
+    experimental: { evaluation },
    configure,
  }
 }

 export const provider = configure()
+export const experimental = provider.experimental
 export const model: ProviderPackage.Definition<Settings, OpenRouterProviderOptionsInput>["model"] = (
  modelID,
  { apiKey, baseURL, body, headers, ...providerOptions },
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import { AuthOptions, type ProviderAuthOption } from "../route/auth-options.js"
+import { HttpOptions, ProviderID, type ModelID } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { DEFAULT_BASE_URL, RunwayVideo } from "../protocols/runway-video.js"
+
+export type { RunwayVideoOptions } from "../protocols/runway-video.js"
+
+export const id = ProviderID.make("runway")
+const baseURL = DEFAULT_BASE_URL
+
+export type Config = ProviderAuthOption<"optional"> & {
+  readonly baseURL?: string
+  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
+  readonly http?: HttpOptions.Input
+}
+
+const auth = (options: ProviderAuthOption<"optional">) => AuthOptions.bearer(options, "RUNWAYML_API_SECRET")
+
+export const configure = (input: Config = {}) => {
+  const video = (modelID: string | ModelID) =>
+    RunwayVideo.model({
+      id: modelID,
+      auth: auth(input),
+      baseURL: input.baseURL ?? baseURL,
+      headers: input.headers,
+      http: input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
+    })
+  return {
+    id,
+    video,
+    configure,
+  }
+}
+
+export const provider = configure()
+export const video = provider.video
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import { HttpOptions, ProviderID, type ModelID } from "../schema/index.js"
+import { AuthOptions, type ProviderAuthOption } from "../route/auth-options.js"
+import { SystemOne } from "../experimental/system-one.js"
+
+export const id = ProviderID.make("typesafe-ai")
+const baseURL = "https://api.typesafe.ai/v1"
+
+export type Options = ProviderAuthOption<"optional"> & {
+  readonly baseURL?: string
+  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
+  readonly http?: HttpOptions.Input
+}
+
+export const configure = (input: Options = {}) => {
+  const evaluation = (modelID: string | ModelID) =>
+    SystemOne.model({
+      id: modelID,
+      provider: id,
+      providerMetadataKey: "typesafe",
+      auth: AuthOptions.bearer(input, "TYPESAFE_API_KEY"),
+      baseURL: input.baseURL ?? baseURL,
+      headers: input.headers,
+      http: input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
+    })
+  return { id, experimental: { evaluation }, configure }
+}
+
+export const provider = configure()
+export const experimental = provider.experimental
+
+export * as TypeSafeAI from "./typesafe-ai.js"
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import { Headers, HttpClientRequest } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import {
+  EvaluationAnswer,
+  EvaluationInput,
+  EvaluationModel,
+  EvaluationQuestion,
+  EvaluationResponse,
+  EvaluationRounding,
+} from "../experimental/evaluation.js"
+import { Auth } from "../route/auth.js"
+import { AuthOptions, type ProviderAuthOption } from "../route/auth-options.js"
+import {
+  AIError,
+  HttpContext,
+  HttpOptions,
+  InvalidProviderOutputError,
+  InvalidRequestError,
+  ModelID,
+  ProviderID,
+  ProviderMetadata,
+  Usage,
+} from "../schema/index.js"
+
+export const id = ProviderID.make("vercel-ai-gateway")
+const baseURL = "https://ai-gateway.vercel.sh/v1"
+
+export interface EvaluationOptions {
+  readonly [key: string]: unknown
+  readonly gateway?: Readonly<{
+    readonly [key: string]: unknown
+    readonly zeroDataRetention?: boolean
+    readonly only?: ReadonlyArray<string>
+  }>
+}
+
+export type Options = ProviderAuthOption<"optional"> & {
+  readonly baseURL?: string
+  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
+  readonly http?: HttpOptions.Input
+}
+
+const Request = Schema.StructWithRest(
+  Schema.Struct({
+    model: Schema.String,
+    state: EvaluationInput,
+    questions: Schema.Record(Schema.String, EvaluationQuestion),
+    providerOptions: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)),
+  }),
+  [Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Any)],
+)
+const Response = Schema.Struct({
+  model: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  answers: Schema.Record(Schema.String, EvaluationAnswer),
+  usage: Schema.optional(
+    Schema.Struct({
+      inputTokens: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+      outputTokens: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+    }),
+  ),
+  rounding: Schema.optional(EvaluationRounding),
+  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
+})
+
+export const configure = (input: Options = {}) => {
+  const evaluation = (modelID: string | ModelID) =>
+    EvaluationModel.make<EvaluationOptions>({
+      id: modelID,
+      provider: id,
+      http: input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
+      route: {
+        id: "vercel-evaluation",
+        evaluate: (req, send) =>
+          Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const url = new URL(`${(input.baseURL ?? baseURL).replace(/\/$/, "")}/evaluate`)
+            Object.entries(req.http?.query ?? {}).forEach(([key, value]) => url.searchParams.set(key, value))
+            const body = yield* Schema.encodeUnknownEffect(Schema.fromJsonString(Request))({
+              ...req.http?.body,
+              model: req.model.id,
+              state: req.state,
+              questions: req.questions,
+              providerOptions: req.options,
+            }).pipe(
+              Effect.mapError(
+                (cause) => new AIError({ reason: new InvalidRequestError({ message: cause.message, cause }) }),
+              ),
+            )
+            const headers = yield* Auth.toEffect(
+              AuthOptions.bearer(input, ["AI_GATEWAY_API_KEY", "VERCEL_OIDC_TOKEN"]),
+            )({
+              request: req,
+              method: "POST",
+              url: url.toString(),
+              body,
+              headers: Headers.fromInput({ ...input.headers, ...req.http?.headers }),
+            })
+            const res = yield* send(
+              HttpClientRequest.post(url).pipe(
+                HttpClientRequest.setHeaders(headers),
+                HttpClientRequest.bodyText(body, "application/json"),
+              ),
+            )
+            const http = new HttpContext({ url: res.request.url, status: res.status, headers: res.headers })
+            const fail = (message: string, cause: unknown, body?: string) =>
+              new AIError({
+                reason: new InvalidProviderOutputError({
+                  route: "vercel-evaluation",
+                  message,
+                  body,
+                  http,
+                  cause,
+                }),
+              })
+            const text = yield* res.text.pipe(
+              Effect.mapError((cause) => fail("Failed to read the Vercel AI Gateway evaluation response", cause)),
+            )
+            const data = yield* Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Schema.fromJsonString(Response))(text).pipe(
+              Effect.mapError((cause) =>
+                fail("Vercel AI Gateway returned an invalid evaluation response", cause, text),
+              ),
+            )
+            return new EvaluationResponse({
+              model: ModelID.make(data.model ?? req.model.id),
+              answers: data.answers,
+              usage: data.usage
+                ? new Usage({
+                    inputTokens: data.usage.inputTokens,
+                    outputTokens: data.usage.outputTokens,
+                    totalTokens:
+                      data.usage.inputTokens === undefined && data.usage.outputTokens === undefined
+                        ? undefined
+                        : (data.usage.inputTokens ?? 0) + (data.usage.outputTokens ?? 0),
+                    providerMetadata: { gateway: data.usage },
+                  })
+                : undefined,
+              rounding: data.rounding,
+              providerMetadata: data.providerMetadata,
+            })
+          }),
+      },
+    })
+  return { id, experimental: { evaluation }, configure }
+}
+
+export const provider = configure()
+export const experimental = provider.experimental
+
+export * as VercelAIGateway from "./vercel-ai-gateway.js"
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { OpenAIChat } from "../protocols/openai-chat.js"
 import { OpenResponsesChannel } from "../protocols/open-responses-channel.js"
 import { XAIResponses } from "../protocols/xai-responses.js"
 import { XAIImages } from "../protocols/xai-images.js"
+import { XAIVideo } from "../protocols/xai-video.js"
 import type { OpenAIOptionsInput } from "./openai-options.js"
 import type { ProviderPackage } from "../provider-package.js"

@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ export type Settings = ProviderPackage.Settings &
  }

 export type { XAIImageOptions } from "../protocols/xai-images.js"
+export type { XAIVideoOptions } from "../protocols/xai-video.js"

 const RESPONSES_WEBSOCKET_ROTATE_AFTER_MS = 24 * 60 * 1000

@@ -87,20 +89,20 @@ export const configure = (input: LanguageModelOptions = {}) => {
  const chatRoute = configuredChatRoute(input)
  const responses = (modelID: string | ModelID) => responsesRoute.model<XAIProviderOptionsInput>({ id: modelID })
  const chat = (modelID: string | ModelID) => chatRoute.model<XAIProviderOptionsInput>({ id: modelID })
-  const image = (modelID: string | ModelID) =>
-    XAIImages.model({
-      id: modelID,
-      auth: auth(input),
-      baseURL: input.baseURL ?? baseURL,
-      headers: input.headers,
-      http: input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
-    })
+  const media = (modelID: string | ModelID) => ({
+    id: modelID,
+    auth: auth(input),
+    baseURL: input.baseURL ?? baseURL,
+    headers: input.headers,
+    http: input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
+  })
  return {
    id,
    model: responses,
    responses,
    chat,
-    image,
+    image: (modelID: string | ModelID) => XAIImages.model(media(modelID)),
+    video: (modelID: string | ModelID) => XAIVideo.model(media(modelID)),
    configure,
  }
 }
@@ -121,3 +123,4 @@ export const model: ProviderPackage.Definition<
 export const responses = provider.responses
 export const chat = provider.chat
 export const image = provider.image
+export const video = provider.video
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ type Secret = string | Redacted.Redacted | Config.Config<string | Redacted.Redac

 export interface AuthInput {
  readonly request: { readonly http?: HttpOptions }
-  readonly method: "POST" | "GET"
+  readonly method: "POST" | "GET" | "PUT" | "DELETE"
  readonly url: string
  readonly body: string
  readonly headers: Headers.Headers
@@ -134,6 +134,16 @@ export function bearerHeader(name: string, source?: Secret | Credential) {
  return render(source)
 }

+/** `Authorization: <scheme> <secret>` for providers whose scheme is not `Bearer`, such as fal's `Key`. */
+export function scheme(name: string): (source: Secret | Credential) => Definition
+export function scheme(name: string, source: Secret | Credential): Definition
+export function scheme(name: string, source?: Secret | Credential) {
+  const render = (input: Secret | Credential) =>
+    fromCredential(credentialInput(input), (secret) => ({ authorization: `${name} ${secret}` }))
+  if (source === undefined) return render
+  return render(source)
+}
+
 const toAIError = (error: AuthError): AIError => {
  if (error instanceof MissingCredentialError || error instanceof Config.ConfigError) {
    return new AIError({
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 import type { LLMRequest } from "../schema/index.js"
 import * as ProviderShared from "../protocols/shared.js"

-export interface EndpointInput<Body> {
-  readonly request: LLMRequest
+export interface EndpointInput<Body, Request = LLMRequest> {
+  readonly request: Request
  readonly body: Body
 }

-export type EndpointPart<Body> = string | ((input: EndpointInput<Body>) => string)
+export type EndpointPart<Body, Request = LLMRequest> = string | ((input: EndpointInput<Body, Request>) => string)

 /**
 * Declarative URL construction for one route.
@@ -17,26 +17,29 @@ export type EndpointPart<Body> = string | ((input: EndpointInput<Body>) => strin
 *
 * `path` may be a string or a function of `EndpointInput`, for routes whose
 * URL embeds the model id, region, or another body field (e.g. Bedrock,
- * Gemini).
+ * Gemini). Media routes reuse the same shape with their own request type.
 */
-export interface Definition<Body> {
+export interface Definition<Body, Request = LLMRequest> {
  readonly baseURL?: string
-  readonly path: EndpointPart<Body>
+  readonly path: EndpointPart<Body, Request>
  readonly query?: Record<string, string>
 }

-export type EndpointPatch<Body> = Partial<Definition<Body>>
+export type EndpointPatch<Body, Request = LLMRequest> = Partial<Definition<Body, Request>>

 /** Construct an `Endpoint` from a path string or path function. */
-export const path = <Body>(
-  value: EndpointPart<Body>,
-  options: Omit<Definition<Body>, "path"> = {},
-): Definition<Body> => ({
+export const path = <Body, Request = LLMRequest>(
+  value: EndpointPart<Body, Request>,
+  options: Omit<Definition<Body, Request>, "path"> = {},
+): Definition<Body, Request> => ({
  ...options,
  path: value,
 })

-export const merge = <Body>(base: Definition<Body>, patch: EndpointPatch<Body>): Definition<Body> => ({
+export const merge = <Body, Request = LLMRequest>(
+  base: Definition<Body, Request>,
+  patch: EndpointPatch<Body, Request>,
+): Definition<Body, Request> => ({
  ...base,
  ...patch,
  baseURL: patch.baseURL ?? base.baseURL,
@@ -44,10 +47,13 @@ export const merge = <Body>(base: Definition<Body>, patch: EndpointPatch<Body>):
  query: patch.query === undefined ? base.query : { ...base.query, ...patch.query },
 })

-const renderPart = <Body>(part: EndpointPart<Body>, input: EndpointInput<Body>) =>
+const renderPart = <Body, Request>(part: EndpointPart<Body, Request>, input: EndpointInput<Body, Request>) =>
  typeof part === "function" ? part(input) : part

-export const render = <Body>(endpoint: Definition<Body>, input: EndpointInput<Body>) => {
+export const render = <Body, Request = LLMRequest>(
+  endpoint: Definition<Body, Request>,
+  input: EndpointInput<Body, Request>,
+) => {
  const url = new URL(`${ProviderShared.trimBaseUrl(endpoint.baseURL ?? "")}${renderPart(endpoint.path, input)}`)
  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(endpoint.query ?? {})) url.searchParams.set(key, value)
  return url
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import { Context, type Effect } from "effect"
+import type { HttpClientRequest, HttpClientResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import type { AIError } from "../schema/errors.js"
+
+// The service tag lives in its own leaf module so `Media.Asset` (imported by the schema layer) can require the
+// executor without pulling the full executor implementation, and therefore the schema barrel, into a cycle.
+export interface Interface {
+  readonly execute: (
+    request: HttpClientRequest.HttpClientRequest,
+    middleware?: HttpMiddleware,
+  ) => Effect.Effect<HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse, AIError>
+}
+
+export type HttpHandler = (
+  request: HttpClientRequest.HttpClientRequest,
+) => Effect.Effect<HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse, Error>
+export type HttpMiddleware = (
+  request: HttpClientRequest.HttpClientRequest,
+  handler: HttpHandler,
+) => Effect.Effect<HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse, Error>
+
+export class Service extends Context.Service<Service, Interface>()("@opencode/AI/RequestExecutor") {}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Cause, Context, Effect, Layer, Option, Schema, Stream } from "effect"
+import { Cause, Effect, Layer, Option, Schema, Stream } from "effect"
 import {
  FetchHttpClient,
  Headers,
@@ -9,23 +9,10 @@ import {
 } from "effect/unstable/http"
 import { HttpContext, HttpRateLimitDetails, AIError, TransportError } from "../schema/index.js"
 import { classifyProviderFailure } from "../provider-error.js"
+import { Service, type HttpMiddleware, type Interface } from "./executor-service.js"

-export interface Interface {
-  readonly execute: (
-    request: HttpClientRequest.HttpClientRequest,
-    middleware?: HttpMiddleware,
-  ) => Effect.Effect<HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse, AIError>
-}
-
-export type HttpHandler = (
-  request: HttpClientRequest.HttpClientRequest,
-) => Effect.Effect<HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse, Error>
-export type HttpMiddleware = (
-  request: HttpClientRequest.HttpClientRequest,
-  handler: HttpHandler,
-) => Effect.Effect<HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse, Error>
-
-export class Service extends Context.Service<Service, Interface>()("@opencode/AI/RequestExecutor") {}
+export { Service } from "./executor-service.js"
+export type { HttpHandler, HttpMiddleware, Interface } from "./executor-service.js"

 const headerDetails = (headers: Headers.Headers) =>
  Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(headers).map(([name, value]) => [name, String(value)]))
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { Stream } from "effect"
+import { Stream } from "effect"
 import * as ProviderShared from "../protocols/shared.js"
 import type { AIError } from "../schema/index.js"

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ import type { AIError } from "../schema/index.js"
 *   `[DONE]`; protocols that use it as a terminal select `sseWithDone`.
 * - AWS event stream — length-prefixed binary frames with CRC checksums.
 *   Each emitted frame is one parsed binary event record.
+ * - Media streams — newline-delimited JSON (`lines`) or the whole body as one
+ *   frame (`document`); chunked binary bodies need no framing.
 *
 * The frame type is opaque to this layer; the protocol's event schema decodes
 * each frame before its state machine handles it.
@@ -38,4 +40,19 @@ export const sseEvents = (events: ReadonlySet<string>): Definition<string> => ({
  frame: (bytes) => ProviderShared.sseFraming(bytes, events),
 })

+export const lines: Definition<string> = {
+  id: "lines",
+  frame: (bytes) =>
+    bytes.pipe(
+      Stream.decodeText(),
+      Stream.splitLines,
+      Stream.filter((line) => line.trim().length > 0),
+    ),
+}
+
+export const document: Definition<string> = {
+  id: "document",
+  frame: (bytes) => Stream.fromEffect(Stream.mkString(bytes.pipe(Stream.decodeText()))),
+}
+
 export * as Framing from "./framing.js"
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ export * from "./executor.js"
 export { Auth } from "./auth.js"
 export { AuthOptions } from "./auth-options.js"
 export { Endpoint } from "./endpoint.js"
+export { MediaRoute } from "./media.js"
+export { MediaProtocol } from "./media-protocol.js"
 export { Framing } from "./framing.js"
 export { Protocol } from "./protocol.js"
 export { HttpTransport, WebSocketTransport } from "./transport/index.js"
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+import { Clock, Duration, Effect, Schema, type Stream } from "effect"
+import { HttpClientResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import type { Snapshot, Status } from "../generation.js"
+import { Media } from "../media.js"
+import type { AuthInput } from "./auth.js"
+import {
+  AIError,
+  ContentPolicyError,
+  HttpContext,
+  InvalidProviderOutputError,
+  InvalidRequestError,
+  ProviderInternalError,
+} from "../schema/index.js"
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Bodies
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Array values become repeated parameters (`keyterm=a&keyterm=b`). */
+export type Query = Readonly<Record<string, string | ReadonlyArray<string>>>
+
+/** `query` is appended to the endpoint URL before the route and caller `http.query` overlays. */
+export type Body =
+  | { readonly type: "json"; readonly value: Record<string, unknown>; readonly query?: Query }
+  | { readonly type: "multipart"; readonly value: FormData }
+  | {
+      readonly type: "binary"
+      readonly value: Uint8Array
+      readonly contentType: string
+      readonly query?: Query
+    }
+
+export const json = (value: Record<string, unknown>, query?: Query): Body => ({
+  type: "json",
+  value,
+  query,
+})
+export const multipart = (value: FormData): Body => ({ type: "multipart", value })
+export const binary = (value: Uint8Array, contentType: string, query?: Query): Body => ({
+  type: "binary",
+  value,
+  contentType,
+  query,
+})
+
+export type Send = (path: string, body: Body) => Effect.Effect<HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse, AIError>
+
+/** Runs after unsupported-field rejection and before `body.from`, for providers that need an upload first. */
+export type Prepare<Request> = (request: Request, send: Send) => Effect.Effect<Request, AIError>
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Protocol kinds
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export interface DecodeContext<Request> {
+  readonly request: Request
+  readonly body: Body
+}
+
+/** One request, one response. JSON or multipart in; JSON or raw bytes out. */
+export interface Inline<Request, Response> {
+  readonly kind: "inline"
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly name: string
+  /** Common request fields this protocol cannot lower; the route rejects them before `body.from` runs. */
+  readonly unsupported?: ReadonlyArray<keyof Request & string>
+  readonly body: { readonly from: (request: Request) => Effect.Effect<Body, AIError> }
+  readonly response: {
+    readonly decode: (
+      response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+      context: DecodeContext<Request>,
+    ) => Effect.Effect<Response, AIError>
+  }
+}
+
+export const inline = <Request, Response>(
+  input: Omit<Inline<Request, Response>, "kind">,
+): Inline<Request, Response> => ({
+  kind: "inline",
+  ...input,
+})
+
+/** What `start` learned from the submission response: the route-owned handle plus the first observation. */
+export interface Started<Token> {
+  readonly token: Token
+  readonly snapshot: Snapshot
+}
+
+/**
+ * A follow-up call's inputs: the decoded token and the auth headers the route sent, so a protocol can attach them
+ * to output URLs that require the same credentials to download (Veo).
+ */
+export interface PollContext<Token> {
+  readonly token: Token
+  readonly auth: Record<string, string>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Submit, then poll. `start` posts the body to the route endpoint; `status`, `result`, and `cancel` are follow-up
+ * calls addressed by the token. Paths are relative to the route base URL unless the provider hands back absolute
+ * URLs (fal `status_url`), in which case they are used verbatim. `result` is always its own GET: providers that
+ * return the output inside the status body (Veo, xAI, Runway) point `result.path` at the status path and decode the
+ * same document, so `Generation.await` and `Video.resume(...).await()` behave identically everywhere.
+ */
+export interface Queued<Request, Response, Token> {
+  readonly kind: "queued"
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly name: string
+  /** Common request fields this protocol cannot lower; the route rejects them before `start.body.from` runs. */
+  readonly unsupported?: ReadonlyArray<keyof Request & string>
+  /** Serializable handle. `Generation.token` carries the encoded form so it can be persisted and resumed elsewhere. */
+  readonly token: Schema.Codec<Token, unknown>
+  readonly start: {
+    readonly prepare?: Prepare<Request>
+    readonly body: { readonly from: (request: Request) => Effect.Effect<Body, AIError> }
+    readonly decode: (
+      response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+      context: DecodeContext<Request>,
+    ) => Effect.Effect<Started<Token>, AIError>
+  }
+  readonly status: {
+    readonly path: (token: Token) => string
+    readonly decode: (
+      response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+      context: PollContext<Token>,
+    ) => Effect.Effect<Snapshot, AIError>
+  }
+  readonly result: {
+    readonly path: (token: Token) => string
+    readonly decode: (
+      response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+      context: PollContext<Token>,
+    ) => Effect.Effect<Response, AIError>
+  }
+  readonly cancel?: {
+    readonly method: AuthInput["method"]
+    readonly path: (token: Token) => string
+  }
+}
+
+export const queued = <Request, Response, Token>(
+  input: Omit<Queued<Request, Response, Token>, "kind">,
+): Queued<Request, Response, Token> => ({
+  kind: "queued",
+  ...input,
+})
+
+export type Mode = "generate" | "stream"
+
+export type Addressed<Request> = Request & { readonly mode: Mode }
+
+export interface ResponseContext<Request> extends DecodeContext<Addressed<Request>> {
+  readonly http: HttpContext
+}
+
+/**
+ * One request whose body is parsed incrementally, like LLM protocols: `frames` → `step`* → `finish`. `generate` and
+ * `stream` share this state machine; `request.mode` lets a protocol pick a different body, path, or framing.
+ */
+export interface Streamed<Request, Event, Frame, State> {
+  readonly kind: "stream"
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly name: string
+  /** Common request fields this protocol cannot lower; the route rejects them before `body.from` runs. */
+  readonly unsupported?: ReadonlyArray<keyof Request & string>
+  readonly body: { readonly from: (request: Addressed<Request>) => Effect.Effect<Body, AIError> }
+  readonly frames: (
+    bytes: Stream.Stream<Uint8Array, AIError>,
+    context: DecodeContext<Addressed<Request>>,
+  ) => Stream.Stream<Frame, AIError>
+  readonly initial: () => State
+  readonly step: (state: State, frame: Frame) => Effect.Effect<readonly [State, ReadonlyArray<Event>], AIError>
+  /** Emit exactly one terminal event, or fail when the provider stopped before completing. */
+  readonly finish: (state: State, context: ResponseContext<Request>) => Effect.Effect<ReadonlyArray<Event>, AIError>
+}
+
+export const stream = <Request, Event, Frame, State>(
+  input: Omit<Streamed<Request, Event, Frame, State>, "kind">,
+): Streamed<Request, Event, Frame, State> => ({
+  kind: "stream",
+  ...input,
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Response helpers
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const context = (response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse) =>
+  new HttpContext({ url: response.request.url, status: response.status, headers: response.headers })
+
+/**
+ * Read a text body while retaining the original payload and HTTP context on every downstream error. `invalid` is a
+ * malformed provider document; `ended` is a generation that reached a terminal status without output (`failed` is
+ * provider-side, `cancelled`/`expired` mean the result will never exist); `contentPolicy` is a moderated result.
+ */
+export const text = Effect.fn("MediaProtocol.text")(function* (
+  route: string,
+  name: string,
+  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+) {
+  const http = context(response)
+  const body = yield* response.text.pipe(
+    Effect.mapError(
+      (cause) =>
+        new AIError({
+          reason: new InvalidProviderOutputError({
+            route,
+            message: `Failed to read the ${name} response`,
+            http,
+            cause,
+          }),
+        }),
+    ),
+  )
+  return {
+    body,
+    http,
+    invalid: (message: string, cause?: unknown) =>
+      new AIError({ reason: new InvalidProviderOutputError({ route, message, body, http, cause }) }),
+    ended: (status: Exclude<Status, "queued" | "running" | "completed">, message: string) =>
+      new AIError({
+        reason:
+          status === "failed"
+            ? new ProviderInternalError({ message, body, http })
+            : new InvalidRequestError({ message, body, http }),
+      }),
+    contentPolicy: (message: string) => new AIError({ reason: new ContentPolicyError({ message, body, http }) }),
+  }
+})
+
+export type Output = Effect.Success<ReturnType<typeof text>>
+
+/** Read and Schema-decode a JSON body. Decode failures keep the raw body as `reason.body`. */
+export const decodeJson = <A>(route: string, name: string, schema: Schema.Codec<A, unknown>) => {
+  const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Schema.fromJsonString(schema))
+  return Effect.fn("MediaProtocol.decodeJson")(function* (response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse) {
+    const output = yield* text(route, name, response)
+    const value = yield* decode(output.body).pipe(
+      Effect.mapError((cause) => output.invalid(`${name} returned an invalid response`, cause)),
+    )
+    return { ...output, value }
+  })
+}
+
+/** Decode a submission response into the token and first snapshot. */
+export const decodeStarted = <A, Token>(
+  route: string,
+  name: string,
+  schema: Schema.Codec<A, unknown>,
+  started: (value: A) => Started<Token>,
+) => {
+  const decode = decodeJson(route, name, schema)
+  return (response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse) =>
+    decode(response).pipe(Effect.map((output) => started(output.value)))
+}
+
+/** Map a provider status string through the protocol's table; unknown values are an invalid provider document. */
+export const status = <Table extends Record<string, Status>>(
+  table: Table,
+  raw: string,
+  output: Output,
+): Effect.Effect<Status, AIError> => {
+  const normalized: Status | undefined = table[raw]
+  if (normalized === undefined) return Effect.fail(output.invalid(`Unknown generation status "${raw}"`))
+  return Effect.succeed(normalized)
+}
+
+export const frameError = (route: string, message: string, body?: string, cause?: unknown) =>
+  new AIError({ reason: new InvalidProviderOutputError({ route, message, body, cause }) })
+
+export const incomplete = (route: string) =>
+  new AIError({
+    reason: new InvalidProviderOutputError({
+      route,
+      message: "The provider response ended unexpectedly.",
+      classification: "incomplete-stream",
+    }),
+  })
+
+/** Schema-decode one JSON stream frame. Decode failures keep the frame as `reason.body`. */
+export const decodeFrame = <A>(route: string, name: string, schema: Schema.Codec<A, unknown>) => {
+  const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Schema.fromJsonString(schema))
+  return (frame: string) =>
+    decode(frame).pipe(
+      Effect.mapError((cause) => frameError(route, `${name} sent an invalid stream event`, frame, cause)),
+    )
+}
+
+/** A `url` asset whose provider-declared retention window starts now. */
+export const expiringUrl = (url: string, retention: Duration.Duration, options?: Parameters<typeof Media.url>[1]) =>
+  Clock.currentTimeMillis.pipe(
+    Effect.map((now) => Media.url(url, { ...options, expiresAt: now + Duration.toMillis(retention) })),
+  )
+
+export * as MediaProtocol from "./media-protocol.js"
@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+import { Effect, Schema, Stream } from "effect"
+import { Headers, HttpClientRequest, type HttpClientResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import { Auth, type AuthInput } from "./auth.js"
+import { Endpoint } from "./endpoint.js"
+import type { Interface } from "./executor-service.js"
+import { RequestExecutor } from "./executor.js"
+import { MediaProtocol } from "./media-protocol.js"
+import { Generation, type Route as GenerationRoute } from "../generation.js"
+import { ProviderShared } from "../protocols/shared.js"
+import {
+  AIError,
+  AIErrorReason,
+  HttpOptions,
+  InvalidRequestError,
+  ProviderID,
+  mergeHttpOptions,
+} from "../schema/index.js"
+import { sanitizeSurrogates } from "../utils/sanitize.js"
+
+export type Execute = Interface["execute"]
+
+/** The minimum a media request must carry for the route to build a transport request. */
+export interface MediaRequest {
+  readonly model: { readonly id: string; readonly provider: ProviderID; readonly http?: HttpOptions }
+  readonly http?: HttpOptions
+}
+
+/** Deployment inputs every media model factory accepts; provider facades fill these from `configure(...)`. */
+export interface ModelInput {
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly auth: Auth.Definition
+  readonly baseURL?: string
+  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
+  readonly http?: HttpOptions
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Routes
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** One request, one response. */
+export interface Route<Request extends MediaRequest, Response> {
+  readonly kind: "inline"
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly provider: ProviderID
+  readonly protocol: string
+  readonly generate: (request: Request, execute: Execute) => Effect.Effect<Response, AIError>
+}
+
+/** Submit, then poll through the returned `Generation`. */
+export interface QueuedRoute<Request extends MediaRequest, Response> {
+  readonly kind: "queued"
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly provider: ProviderID
+  readonly protocol: string
+  readonly start: (request: Request, execute: Execute) => Effect.Effect<Generation<Response>, AIError>
+  /** Rebuild a handle from a persisted `Generation.token`; fails typed when the token is not this route's. */
+  readonly resume: (
+    model: MediaRequest["model"],
+    token: unknown,
+    execute: Execute,
+  ) => Effect.Effect<Generation<Response>, AIError>
+}
+
+/** One request whose response parses into events; `generate` runs the same stream and collects it. */
+export interface StreamRoute<Request extends MediaRequest, Event, Response> {
+  readonly kind: "stream"
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly provider: ProviderID
+  readonly protocol: string
+  readonly stream: (request: Request, execute: Execute) => Stream.Stream<Event, AIError>
+  readonly generate: (request: Request, execute: Execute) => Effect.Effect<Response, AIError>
+}
+
+export interface Composition<Request extends MediaRequest> {
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly provider: string | ProviderID
+  readonly endpoint: Endpoint.Definition<MediaProtocol.Body, Request>
+  readonly auth: Auth.Definition
+  /** Deployment headers applied before transport authentication. */
+  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
+}
+
+export interface InlineInput<Request extends MediaRequest, Response> extends Composition<Request> {
+  readonly protocol: MediaProtocol.Inline<Request, Response>
+}
+
+export interface QueuedInput<Request extends MediaRequest, Response, Token> extends Composition<Request> {
+  readonly protocol: MediaProtocol.Queued<Request, Response, Token>
+}
+
+export interface StreamInput<Request extends MediaRequest, Event, Response, Frame, State>
+  extends Composition<MediaProtocol.Addressed<Request>> {
+  readonly protocol: MediaProtocol.Streamed<Request, Event, Frame, State>
+  readonly collect: (events: ReadonlyArray<Event>) => Effect.Effect<Response, AIError>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compose an inline media protocol with an endpoint and auth into a runnable route. The route owns the transport
+ * plumbing every media protocol would otherwise duplicate: option merging, surrogate sanitizing, unsupported-field
+ * rejection, URL and query rendering, auth headers, JSON, multipart, or binary encoding, and handing responses back
+ * to the protocol.
+ */
+export const inline = <Request extends MediaRequest, Response>(
+  input: InlineInput<Request, Response>,
+): Route<Request, Response> => {
+  const transport = makeTransport(input)
+  return {
+    kind: "inline",
+    id: input.id,
+    provider: transport.provider,
+    protocol: input.protocol.id,
+    generate: Effect.fn(`MediaRoute.generate`)(function* (request: Request, execute: Execute) {
+      const submitted = yield* transport.submit(
+        request,
+        { unsupported: input.protocol.unsupported, from: input.protocol.body.from },
+        execute,
+      )
+      return yield* input.protocol.response.decode(submitted.response, submitted.context)
+    }),
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compose a queued media protocol the same way, adding `start`/`resume` handles whose polls reuse the route's auth,
+ * deployment headers, and (for `start`) the request's `http` overlay. The token is decoded once at the boundary and
+ * closed over by the resulting `Generation.Route`.
+ */
+export const queued = <Request extends MediaRequest, Response, Token>(
+  input: QueuedInput<Request, Response, Token>,
+): QueuedRoute<Request, Response> => {
+  const transport = makeTransport(input)
+  const protocol = input.protocol
+  const decodeToken = Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(protocol.token)
+  // A protocol producing a token its own codec rejects is a programmer defect, not a provider error.
+  const encodeToken = Schema.encodeSync(protocol.token)
+
+  const generationRoute = (token: Token, http: HttpOptions | undefined, execute: Execute) => {
+    const poll = <A>(operation: {
+      readonly path: (token: Token) => string
+      readonly decode: (
+        response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
+        context: MediaProtocol.PollContext<Token>,
+      ) => Effect.Effect<A, AIError>
+    }) =>
+      transport
+        .call("GET", operation.path(token), http, execute)
+        .pipe(Effect.flatMap((sent) => operation.decode(sent.response, { token, auth: sent.auth })))
+    const cancel = protocol.cancel
+    const route: GenerationRoute<Response> = {
+      status: poll(protocol.status),
+      result: poll(protocol.result),
+      cancel:
+        cancel === undefined
+          ? undefined
+          : transport.call(cancel.method, cancel.path(token), http, execute).pipe(Effect.asVoid),
+    }
+    return route
+  }
+
+  const start = Effect.fn("MediaRoute.start")(function* (request: Request, execute: Execute) {
+    const submitted = yield* transport.submit(
+      request,
+      { unsupported: protocol.unsupported, prepare: protocol.start.prepare, from: protocol.start.body.from },
+      execute,
+    )
+    const started = yield* protocol.start.decode(submitted.response, submitted.context)
+    const route = generationRoute(started.token, submitted.context.request.http, execute)
+    return new Generation(route, encodeToken(started.token), started.snapshot)
+  })
+
+  const resume = Effect.fn("MediaRoute.resume")(function* (
+    model: MediaRequest["model"],
+    raw: unknown,
+    execute: Execute,
+  ) {
+    const token = yield* decodeToken(raw).pipe(
+      Effect.mapError(
+        (cause) =>
+          new AIError({
+            reason: new InvalidRequestError({
+              message: `${input.id} cannot resume a generation from this token`,
+              cause,
+            }),
+          }),
+      ),
+    )
+    const route = generationRoute(token, transport.http(model), execute)
+    return new Generation(route, encodeToken(token), yield* route.status)
+  })
+
+  return { kind: "queued", id: input.id, provider: transport.provider, protocol: protocol.id, start, resume }
+}
+
+/** Compose a streaming media protocol; `generate` runs the same stream in `generate` mode and folds it with `collect`. */
+export const stream = <Request extends MediaRequest, Event, Response, Frame, State>(
+  input: StreamInput<Request, Event, Response, Frame, State>,
+): StreamRoute<Request, Event, Response> => {
+  const transport = makeTransport(input)
+  const protocol = input.protocol
+  const events = (request: Request, execute: Execute, mode: MediaProtocol.Mode) =>
+    Stream.unwrap(
+      Effect.gen(function* () {
+        const submitted = yield* transport.submit(
+          { ...request, mode },
+          { unsupported: protocol.unsupported, from: protocol.body.from },
+          execute,
+        )
+        const http = RequestExecutor.responseHttp(submitted.response)
+        return Stream.suspend(() => {
+          // Parser state is local to one response, exactly like `Route.make`'s LLM stream loop.
+          let state = protocol.initial()
+          return protocol.frames(RequestExecutor.responseStream(submitted.response), submitted.context).pipe(
+            Stream.mapEffect((frame) =>
+              protocol.step(state, frame).pipe(
+                Effect.map(([next, output]) => {
+                  state = next
+                  return output
+                }),
+              ),
+            ),
+            Stream.flattenIterable,
+            Stream.concat(
+              Stream.suspend(() => Stream.fromIterableEffect(protocol.finish(state, { ...submitted.context, http }))),
+            ),
+            Stream.mapError((error) =>
+              error.reason.http !== undefined
+                ? error
+                : new AIError({
+                    reason: AIErrorReason.make({
+                      ...error.reason,
+                      message: error.reason.message,
+                      cause: error.reason.cause,
+                      http,
+                    }),
+                  }),
+            ),
+          )
+        })
+      }),
+    )
+  return {
+    kind: "stream",
+    id: input.id,
+    provider: transport.provider,
+    protocol: protocol.id,
+    stream: (request, execute) => events(request, execute, "stream"),
+    generate: (request, execute) =>
+      events(request, execute, "generate").pipe(Stream.runCollect, Effect.flatMap(input.collect)),
+  }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Transport plumbing shared by every kind
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const makeTransport = <Request extends MediaRequest>(input: Composition<Request>) => {
+  const provider = ProviderID.make(input.provider)
+  const routeHttp = input.headers === undefined ? undefined : new HttpOptions({ headers: input.headers })
+  const authorize = Auth.toEffect(input.auth)
+  const baseURL = (path: string) => new URL(`${ProviderShared.trimBaseUrl(input.endpoint.baseURL ?? "")}${path}`)
+  /** `auth` is only what `Auth` added, never deployment headers. */
+  const send = Effect.fn("MediaRoute.send")(function* (
+    call: {
+      readonly method: AuthInput["method"]
+      readonly url: URL
+      readonly headers: Headers.Headers
+      readonly request: AuthInput["request"]
+      readonly body?: MediaProtocol.Body
+    },
+    execute: Execute,
+  ) {
+    const encoded = encode(call.body, call.headers)
+    const url = call.url.toString()
+    const headers = yield* authorize({
+      request: call.request,
+      method: call.method,
+      url,
+      body: encoded.text,
+      headers: encoded.headers,
+    })
+    const response = yield* execute(
+      encoded.apply(HttpClientRequest.make(call.method)(url).pipe(HttpClientRequest.setHeaders(headers))),
+    )
+    return { response, auth: Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(headers).filter(([key]) => !(key in call.headers))) }
+  })
+  return {
+    provider,
+    /** Route and model overlays; `start` additionally merges the request's own `http`. */
+    http: (model: MediaRequest["model"]) => mergeHttpOptions(routeHttp, model.http),
+    /** POST the protocol body to the route endpoint. */
+    submit: Effect.fn("MediaRoute.submit")(function* (
+      request: Request,
+      protocol: {
+        readonly unsupported?: ReadonlyArray<keyof Request & string>
+        readonly prepare?: MediaProtocol.Prepare<Request>
+        readonly from: (request: Request) => Effect.Effect<MediaProtocol.Body, AIError>
+      },
+      execute: Execute,
+    ) {
+      yield* rejectUnsupported(input.id, provider, request, protocol.unsupported)
+      const http = mergeHttpOptions(routeHttp, request.model.http, request.http)
+      const headers = Headers.fromInput(http?.headers)
+      const prepared =
+        protocol.prepare === undefined
+          ? request
+          : yield* protocol.prepare(request, (path, body) =>
+              send({ method: "POST", url: baseURL(path), headers, request, body }, execute).pipe(
+                Effect.map((sent) => sent.response),
+              ),
+            )
+      // Sanitize after merging so model-level overlays are covered; the model value is restored, not sanitized.
+      const resolved: Request = { ...sanitizeSurrogates({ ...prepared, http }), model: request.model }
+      const body = yield* protocol.from(resolved)
+      const url = withQuery(
+        withQuery(
+          Endpoint.render(input.endpoint, { request: resolved, body }),
+          body.type === "multipart" ? undefined : body.query,
+        ),
+        http?.query,
+      )
+      const sent = yield* send({ method: "POST", url, headers, request: resolved, body }, execute)
+      return { response: sent.response, context: { request: resolved, body } }
+    }),
+    /** Bodiless follow-up call (status, result, cancel) with the same auth and headers as `submit`. */
+    call: (method: AuthInput["method"], path: string, http: HttpOptions | undefined, execute: Execute) => {
+      // Provider-issued absolute URLs (fal `status_url`) are used as-is; everything else resolves against the base.
+      const url = withQuery(/^https?:\/\//.test(path) ? new URL(path) : baseURL(path), http?.query)
+      for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(input.endpoint.query ?? {})) url.searchParams.set(key, value)
+      return send({ method, url, headers: Headers.fromInput(http?.headers), request: { http } }, execute)
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+const withQuery = (url: URL, query: MediaProtocol.Query | undefined) => {
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(query ?? {})) {
+    url.searchParams.delete(key)
+    for (const item of typeof value === "string" ? [value] : value) url.searchParams.append(key, item)
+  }
+  return url
+}
+
+const encode = (body: MediaProtocol.Body | undefined, headers: Headers.Headers) => {
+  if (body === undefined) return { text: "", headers, apply: (request: HttpClientRequest.HttpClientRequest) => request }
+  if (body.type === "json") {
+    const text = ProviderShared.encodeJson(body.value)
+    return { text, headers, apply: HttpClientRequest.bodyText(text, "application/json") }
+  }
+  if (body.type === "binary")
+    return {
+      text: `[${body.contentType}]`,
+      headers,
+      apply: HttpClientRequest.bodyUint8Array(body.value, body.contentType),
+    }
+  return {
+    text: "[multipart/form-data]",
+    // The HTTP client sets the multipart boundary; a caller-supplied content-type would corrupt it.
+    headers: Headers.remove(headers, "content-type"),
+    apply: HttpClientRequest.bodyFormData(body.value),
+  }
+}
+
+/** Common fields are never silently dropped: a present field the protocol declared unsupported fails typed. */
+const rejectUnsupported = <Request extends object>(
+  route: string,
+  provider: ProviderID,
+  request: Request,
+  unsupported: ReadonlyArray<keyof Request & string> | undefined,
+): Effect.Effect<void, AIError> => {
+  const present = (unsupported ?? []).filter((field) => {
+    const value = request[field]
+    return Array.isArray(value) ? value.length > 0 : value !== undefined
+  })
+  if (present.length === 0) return Effect.void
+  return Effect.fail(
+    ProviderShared.unsupportedOperation({
+      operation: `media.${present[0]}`,
+      provider,
+      route,
+      message: `${provider}/${route} does not support ${present.join(", ")}`,
+    }),
+  )
+}
+
+export * as MediaRoute from "./media.js"
@@ -215,7 +215,9 @@ export const fromWebSocket = (
 ): Effect.Effect<WebSocketConnection, AIError> =>
  Effect.gen(function* () {
    yield* waitOpen(ws, input)
-    const messages = yield* Queue.bounded<string | Uint8Array, AIError | Cause.Done<void>>(128)
+    // The socket pushes frames synchronously and cannot be paused, so the hand-off to the consumer
+    // fiber must absorb whole read buffers. Bun delivers over a thousand small frames in one tick.
+    const messages = yield* Queue.unbounded<string | Uint8Array, AIError | Cause.Done<void>>()

    const oversized = (message: string | Uint8Array) =>
      typeof message === "string" ? new Blob([message]).size > MAX_FRAME_BYTES : message.byteLength > MAX_FRAME_BYTES
@@ -238,19 +240,7 @@ export const fromWebSocket = (
    }
    const offer = (message: string | Uint8Array) => {
      if (rejectOversized(message)) return
-      if (Queue.offerUnsafe(messages, message)) return
-      Queue.failCauseUnsafe(
-        messages,
-        Cause.fail(
-          transportError("WebSocket inbound queue overflow", {
-            body: typeof message === "string" ? message : new TextDecoder().decode(message),
-            url: input.url,
-            operation: "read",
-            code: "queue-overflow",
-            phase: "receive",
-          }),
-        ),
-      )
+      Queue.offerUnsafe(messages, message)
    }

    const onMessage = (event: MessageEvent) => {
@@ -133,6 +133,12 @@ export class UnknownProviderError extends Schema.TaggedError<UnknownProviderErro
  ReasonFields,
 ) {}

+/** A caller-supplied deadline elapsed, such as `Generation.await` polling past its `Poll.timeout`. */
+export class TimeoutError extends Schema.TaggedError<TimeoutError>("AI.Error.Timeout")("Timeout", {
+  ...ReasonFields,
+  timeoutMs: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+}) {}
+
 export const AIErrorReason = Schema.Union([
  InvalidRequestError,
  UnsupportedOperationError,
@@ -145,6 +151,7 @@ export const AIErrorReason = Schema.Union([
  TransportError,
  InvalidProviderOutputError,
  UnknownProviderError,
+  TimeoutError,
 ]).pipe(Schema.toTaggedUnion("_tag"))
 export type AIErrorReason = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof AIErrorReason>

@@ -4,18 +4,18 @@ import { ContentBlockID, ToolCallID } from "./ids.js"
 import {
  Message,
  CompactionPart,
-  ProviderMetadata,
  ToolCallPart,
  ToolOutput,
  ToolResultPart,
  ToolResultValue,
  type ContentPart,
 } from "./messages.js"
+import { ProviderMetadata } from "./options.js"
 import { ProviderFailureClassification } from "./errors.js"
+import { Media } from "../media.js"

 export const FinishReason = LLM.FinishReason
 export type FinishReason = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof FinishReason>
-export { ProviderMetadata } from "./messages.js"

 /**
 * Token usage reported by an LLM provider.
@@ -91,6 +91,27 @@ export class Usage extends Schema.Class<Usage>("AI.Usage")({

 export type UsageInput = Usage | ConstructorParameters<typeof Usage>[0]

+/**
+ * Usage reported by media routes. Providers bill images, video, speech, and transcription in different units, so
+ * each response carries the unit it was actually metered in instead of forcing everything into tokens.
+ */
+export const MediaUsage = Schema.Union([
+  Schema.Struct({
+    type: Schema.Literal("tokens"),
+    input: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+    output: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+    total: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+    details: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)),
+  }),
+  Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.Literal("seconds"), seconds: Schema.Number }),
+  Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.Literal("characters"), characters: Schema.Number }),
+  Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.Literal("credits"), credits: Schema.Number }),
+  Schema.Struct({ type: Schema.Literal("compute"), seconds: Schema.Number }),
+])
+  .pipe(Schema.toTaggedUnion("type"))
+  .annotate({ identifier: "AI.MediaUsage" })
+export type MediaUsage = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof MediaUsage>
+
 /** A replacement context window, not an assistant message to append to prior history. */
 export class CompactionResponse extends Schema.Class<CompactionResponse>("LLM.CompactionResponse")({
  replacement: Schema.Array(Message),
@@ -263,6 +284,14 @@ export const Finish = Schema.Struct({
 }).annotate({ identifier: "LLM.Event.Finish" })
 export type Finish = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Finish>

+/** A generated media asset (image, audio, …) emitted by the model as first-class output rather than a tool result. */
+export const MediaEvent = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.tag("media"),
+  media: Media.AssetSchema,
+  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
+}).annotate({ identifier: "LLM.Event.Media" })
+export type MediaEvent = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof MediaEvent>
+
 export const ProviderErrorEvent = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.tag("provider-error"),
  message: Schema.String,
@@ -287,6 +316,7 @@ const llmEventTagged = Schema.Union([
  ToolCall,
  ToolResult,
  ToolError,
+  MediaEvent,
  StepFinish,
  Finish,
  ProviderErrorEvent,
@@ -332,6 +362,7 @@ export const LLMEvent = Object.assign(llmEventTagged, {
      output: input.output === undefined ? undefined : ToolOutput.make(input.output.structured, input.output.content),
    }),
  toolError: (input: WithID<ToolError, ToolCallID>) => ToolError.make({ ...input, id: toolCallID(input.id) }),
+  media: MediaEvent.make,
  stepFinish: (input: WithUsage<StepFinish>) =>
    StepFinish.make({
      ...input,
@@ -359,6 +390,7 @@ export const LLMEvent = Object.assign(llmEventTagged, {
    toolCall: llmEventTagged.guards["tool-call"],
    toolResult: llmEventTagged.guards["tool-result"],
    toolError: llmEventTagged.guards["tool-error"],
+    media: llmEventTagged.guards.media,
    stepFinish: llmEventTagged.guards["step-finish"],
    finish: llmEventTagged.guards.finish,
    providerError: llmEventTagged.guards["provider-error"],
@@ -634,6 +666,13 @@ const reduceResponseState = (state: ResponseState, event: LLMEvent): ResponseSta
      return reduceToolCall(next, event)
    case "tool-result":
      return appendContent(next, toolResultContent(event))
+    case "media":
+      return appendContent(
+        next,
+        event.providerMetadata === undefined
+          ? { type: "media", media: event.media }
+          : { type: "media", media: event.media, providerMetadata: event.providerMetadata },
+      )
    default:
      return next
  }
@@ -8,19 +8,16 @@ import {
  JsonSchema,
  LanguageModelSchema,
  type LanguageModel,
+  ProviderMetadata,
  ProviderOptions,
  ReasoningEffort,
 } from "./options.js"
 import { ProviderID } from "./ids.js"
+import { Media } from "../media.js"

 export const MessageRole = Schema.Literals(["system", "user", "assistant", "tool"])
 export type MessageRole = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof MessageRole>

-export const ProviderMetadata = Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)).annotate({
-  identifier: "LLM.ProviderMetadata",
-})
-export type ProviderMetadata = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ProviderMetadata>
-
 const systemPartSchema = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.Literal("text"),
  text: Schema.String,
@@ -50,8 +47,7 @@ export type TextPart = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof TextPart>

 export const MediaPart = Schema.Struct({
  type: Schema.Literal("media"),
-  mediaType: Schema.String,
-  data: Schema.Union([Schema.String, Schema.Uint8Array]),
+  media: Media.AssetSchema,
  filename: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
  cache: Schema.optional(CacheHint),
  metadata: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)),
@@ -255,6 +251,12 @@ export namespace Message {

  export const text = (value: string): ContentPart => ({ type: "text", text: value })

+  export const media = (asset: Media.Asset, options?: Omit<MediaPart, "type" | "media">): MediaPart => ({
+    type: "media",
+    media: asset,
+    ...options,
+  })
+
  export const content = (input: ContentInput) =>
    typeof input === "string" ? [text(input)] : Array.isArray(input) ? [...input] : [input]

@@ -39,6 +39,11 @@ const mergeStringRecords = (
 export const ProviderOptions = Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)
 export type ProviderOptions = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ProviderOptions>

+export const ProviderMetadata = Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)).annotate({
+  identifier: "LLM.ProviderMetadata",
+})
+export type ProviderMetadata = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof ProviderMetadata>
+
 export const mergeProviderOptions = (
  ...items: ReadonlyArray<ProviderOptions | undefined>
 ): ProviderOptions | undefined => mergeJsonRecords(...items)
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import { Context, Effect, Layer, Stream } from "effect"
+import { RequestExecutor } from "./route/executor.js"
+import type { AIError } from "./schema/index.js"
+import type { SpeechEvent, SpeechOptions, SpeechRequestFor, SpeechResponse } from "./speech.js"
+
+export interface Interface {
+  readonly generate: <Options extends SpeechOptions>(
+    request: SpeechRequestFor<Options>,
+  ) => Effect.Effect<SpeechResponse, AIError>
+  readonly stream: <Options extends SpeechOptions>(
+    request: SpeechRequestFor<Options>,
+  ) => Stream.Stream<SpeechEvent, AIError>
+}
+
+export class Service extends Context.Service<Service, Interface>()("@opencode/SpeechClient") {}
+
+export const generate = <Options extends SpeechOptions>(
+  request: SpeechRequestFor<Options>,
+): Effect.Effect<SpeechResponse, AIError, Service> =>
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const client = yield* Service
+    return yield* client.generate(request)
+  })
+
+export const stream = <Options extends SpeechOptions>(
+  request: SpeechRequestFor<Options>,
+): Stream.Stream<SpeechEvent, AIError, Service> =>
+  Stream.unwrap(
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const client = yield* Service
+      return client.stream(request)
+    }),
+  )
+
+export const layer: Layer.Layer<Service, never, RequestExecutor.Service> = Layer.effect(
+  Service,
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const executor = yield* RequestExecutor.Service
+    return Service.of({
+      generate: (request) => request.model.route.generate(request, executor.execute),
+      stream: (request) => request.model.route.stream(request, executor.execute),
+    })
+  }),
+)
+
+export const SpeechClient = {
+  Service,
+  layer,
+  generate,
+  stream,
+} as const
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+import { Effect, Schema, Stream } from "effect"
+import { Media } from "./media.js"
+import { MediaModel, composeRoute, tryRequest } from "./media-model.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "./route/media.js"
+import type { MediaProtocol } from "./route/media-protocol.js"
+import { AIError, HttpOptions, MediaUsage, ProviderMetadata } from "./schema/index.js"
+import { SpeechClient, Service } from "./speech-client.js"
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Model
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type SpeechOptions = Record<string, unknown>
+
+export type SpeechRoute<Options extends SpeechOptions = SpeechOptions> = MediaRoute.StreamRoute<
+  SpeechRequestFor<Options>,
+  SpeechEvent,
+  SpeechResponse
+>
+
+export class SpeechModel<Options extends SpeechOptions = SpeechOptions> extends MediaModel<
+  SpeechRoute<Options>,
+  Options
+> {
+  declare protected readonly _SpeechModel: void
+
+  static make<Options extends SpeechOptions = SpeechOptions>(input: MediaModel.Input<SpeechRoute<Options>>) {
+    return new SpeechModel<Options>(input)
+  }
+
+  /** Compose a streaming speech protocol with its canonical path into a model for one deployment. */
+  static fromRoute<Options extends SpeechOptions = SpeechOptions, Frame = unknown, State = unknown>(
+    route: SpeechModel.RouteInput<Options, Frame, State>,
+    input: MediaRoute.ModelInput,
+  ) {
+    return new SpeechModel<Options>({
+      id: input.id,
+      provider: route.provider,
+      http: input.http,
+      route: composeRoute(
+        (composition) => MediaRoute.stream({ ...composition, collect: collectResponse }),
+        route,
+        input,
+      ),
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+export namespace SpeechModel {
+  export type RouteInput<
+    Options extends SpeechOptions = SpeechOptions,
+    Frame = unknown,
+    State = unknown,
+  > = MediaModel.RouteInput<
+    MediaProtocol.Addressed<SpeechRequestFor<Options>>,
+    MediaProtocol.Streamed<SpeechRequestFor<Options>, SpeechEvent, Frame, State>
+  >
+}
+
+export const SpeechModelSchema = Schema.declare((value): value is SpeechModel => value instanceof SpeechModel, {
+  expected: "Speech.Model",
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Request
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Provider-native: a name on OpenAI and Gemini, a voice id on ElevenLabs and Cartesia; `{ id }` is an OpenAI custom voice. */
+export const SpeechVoice = Schema.Union([Schema.String, Schema.Struct({ id: Schema.String })]).annotate({
+  identifier: "Speech.Voice",
+})
+export type SpeechVoice = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof SpeechVoice>
+
+export type SpeechFormat = "mp3" | "wav" | "pcm" | "opus" | "aac" | "flac" | (string & {})
+
+/** Granularity is provider-native: characters on ElevenLabs, words on Cartesia. */
+export const SpeechTimestamp = Schema.Struct({
+  text: Schema.String,
+  startSeconds: Schema.Number,
+  endSeconds: Schema.Number,
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Speech.Timestamp" })
+export type SpeechTimestamp = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof SpeechTimestamp>
+
+export class SpeechRequest extends Schema.Class<SpeechRequest>("Speech.Request")({
+  model: SpeechModelSchema,
+  text: Schema.String,
+  voice: Schema.optional(SpeechVoice),
+  format: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  speed: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  language: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  instructions: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  timestamps: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
+  providerOptions: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)),
+  http: Schema.optional(HttpOptions),
+}) {
+  declare protected readonly _SpeechRequest: void
+}
+
+export type SpeechRequestFor<Options extends SpeechOptions = SpeechOptions> = Omit<
+  SpeechRequest,
+  "model" | "providerOptions"
+> & {
+  readonly model: SpeechModel<Options>
+  readonly providerOptions?: Options
+}
+
+export type SpeechModelOptions<Model> = Model extends SpeechModel<infer Options> ? Options : never
+
+export type SpeechRequestInput<Model extends SpeechModel = SpeechModel> = Omit<
+  ConstructorParameters<typeof SpeechRequest>[0],
+  "model" | "providerOptions" | "http" | "format"
+> & {
+  readonly model: Model
+  readonly format?: SpeechFormat
+  readonly providerOptions?: NoInfer<SpeechModelOptions<Model>>
+  readonly http?: HttpOptions.Input
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Response and events
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export class SpeechResponse extends Schema.Class<SpeechResponse>("Speech.Response")({
+  /** The complete audio. Headerless PCM carries `info.encoding`, `info.sampleRate`, and `info.channels`. */
+  audio: Media.AssetSchema,
+  timestamps: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(SpeechTimestamp)),
+  usage: Schema.optional(MediaUsage),
+  notices: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(Media.Notice)),
+  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
+}) {}
+
+export const SpeechAudioDeltaEvent = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.tag("audio-delta"),
+  chunk: Schema.Uint8Array,
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Speech.Event.AudioDelta" })
+
+export const SpeechTimestampsEvent = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.tag("timestamps"),
+  items: Schema.Array(SpeechTimestamp),
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Speech.Event.Timestamps" })
+
+/** `audio` is every `audio-delta` chunk concatenated, so the route holds the whole clip in memory until `finish`. */
+export const SpeechFinishEvent = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.tag("finish"),
+  audio: Media.AssetSchema,
+  usage: Schema.optional(MediaUsage),
+  notices: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(Media.Notice)),
+  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Speech.Event.Finish" })
+
+const speechEventTagged = Schema.Union([SpeechAudioDeltaEvent, SpeechTimestampsEvent, SpeechFinishEvent]).pipe(
+  Schema.toTaggedUnion("type"),
+)
+export const SpeechEvent = Object.assign(speechEventTagged, {
+  is: {
+    audioDelta: speechEventTagged.guards["audio-delta"],
+    timestamps: speechEventTagged.guards.timestamps,
+    finish: speechEventTagged.guards.finish,
+  },
+})
+export type SpeechEvent = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof speechEventTagged>
+
+const collectResponse = (events: ReadonlyArray<SpeechEvent>): Effect.Effect<SpeechResponse> => {
+  const finish = events.find(SpeechEvent.is.finish)
+  // Every speech protocol's `finish` emits the terminal event or fails, so a completed stream always has one.
+  if (finish === undefined) return Effect.die(new Error("The speech stream completed without a finish event"))
+  const timestamps = events.filter(SpeechEvent.is.timestamps).flatMap((event) => event.items)
+  return Effect.succeed(
+    new SpeechResponse({
+      audio: finish.audio,
+      timestamps: timestamps.length === 0 ? undefined : timestamps,
+      usage: finish.usage,
+      notices: finish.notices,
+      providerMetadata: finish.providerMetadata,
+    }),
+  )
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Request-shaped call API
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export function request<const Model extends SpeechModel>(
+  input: SpeechRequestInput<Model>,
+): SpeechRequestFor<SpeechModelOptions<Model>>
+export function request(input: SpeechRequest): SpeechRequest
+export function request(input: SpeechRequest | SpeechRequestInput) {
+  if (input instanceof SpeechRequest) return input
+  return new SpeechRequest({
+    ...input,
+    http: input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
+  })
+}
+
+const requestEffect = (input: SpeechRequest | SpeechRequestInput) => tryRequest(() => request(input))
+
+export function generate<const Model extends SpeechModel>(
+  input: SpeechRequestInput<Model>,
+): Effect.Effect<SpeechResponse, AIError, Service>
+export function generate(input: SpeechRequest): Effect.Effect<SpeechResponse, AIError, Service>
+export function generate(input: SpeechRequest | SpeechRequestInput) {
+  return requestEffect(input).pipe(Effect.flatMap((request) => SpeechClient.generate(request)))
+}
+
+export function stream<const Model extends SpeechModel>(
+  input: SpeechRequestInput<Model>,
+): Stream.Stream<SpeechEvent, AIError, Service>
+export function stream(input: SpeechRequest): Stream.Stream<SpeechEvent, AIError, Service>
+export function stream(input: SpeechRequest | SpeechRequestInput) {
+  return Stream.unwrap(requestEffect(input).pipe(Effect.map((request) => SpeechClient.stream(request))))
+}
+
+export const Speech = {
+  request,
+  generate,
+  stream,
+} as const
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+import { Context, Effect, Layer, Stream } from "effect"
+import { resultEvents, type AwaitOptions, type Generation } from "./generation.js"
+import { ProviderShared } from "./protocols/shared.js"
+import { RequestExecutor } from "./route/executor.js"
+import type { AIError } from "./schema/index.js"
+import {
+  responseEvents,
+  type TranscriptionEvent,
+  type TranscriptionModel,
+  type TranscriptionOptions,
+  type TranscriptionRequestFor,
+  type TranscriptionResponse,
+  type TranscriptionRoute,
+} from "./transcription.js"
+
+export interface Interface {
+  readonly generate: <Options extends TranscriptionOptions>(
+    request: TranscriptionRequestFor<Options>,
+    options?: AwaitOptions,
+  ) => Effect.Effect<TranscriptionResponse, AIError>
+  readonly stream: <Options extends TranscriptionOptions>(
+    request: TranscriptionRequestFor<Options>,
+    options?: AwaitOptions,
+  ) => Stream.Stream<TranscriptionEvent, AIError>
+  readonly start: <Options extends TranscriptionOptions>(
+    request: TranscriptionRequestFor<Options>,
+  ) => Effect.Effect<Generation<TranscriptionResponse>, AIError>
+  readonly resume: <Options extends TranscriptionOptions>(
+    model: TranscriptionModel<Options>,
+    token: unknown,
+  ) => Effect.Effect<Generation<TranscriptionResponse>, AIError>
+}
+
+export class Service extends Context.Service<Service, Interface>()("@opencode/TranscriptionClient") {}
+
+export const generate = <Options extends TranscriptionOptions>(
+  request: TranscriptionRequestFor<Options>,
+  options?: AwaitOptions,
+): Effect.Effect<TranscriptionResponse, AIError, Service> =>
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const client = yield* Service
+    return yield* client.generate(request, options)
+  })
+
+export const stream = <Options extends TranscriptionOptions>(
+  request: TranscriptionRequestFor<Options>,
+  options?: AwaitOptions,
+): Stream.Stream<TranscriptionEvent, AIError, Service> =>
+  Stream.unwrap(
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const client = yield* Service
+      return client.stream(request, options)
+    }),
+  )
+
+export const start = <Options extends TranscriptionOptions>(
+  request: TranscriptionRequestFor<Options>,
+): Effect.Effect<Generation<TranscriptionResponse>, AIError, Service> =>
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const client = yield* Service
+    return yield* client.start(request)
+  })
+
+export const resume = <Options extends TranscriptionOptions>(
+  model: TranscriptionModel<Options>,
+  token: unknown,
+): Effect.Effect<Generation<TranscriptionResponse>, AIError, Service> =>
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const client = yield* Service
+    return yield* client.resume(model, token)
+  })
+
+const notQueued = <Options extends TranscriptionOptions>(route: TranscriptionRoute<Options>, operation: string) =>
+  ProviderShared.unsupportedOperation({
+    operation: `transcription.${operation}`,
+    provider: route.provider,
+    route: route.id,
+    message: `${route.provider}/${route.id} is not a queued route; use Transcription.generate or Transcription.stream`,
+  })
+
+export const layer: Layer.Layer<Service, never, RequestExecutor.Service> = Layer.effect(
+  Service,
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const executor = yield* RequestExecutor.Service
+    const start = <Options extends TranscriptionOptions>(request: TranscriptionRequestFor<Options>) => {
+      const route = request.model.route
+      if (route.kind !== "queued") return Effect.fail(notQueued(route, "start"))
+      return route.start(request, executor.execute)
+    }
+    return Service.of({
+      start,
+      resume: (model, token) => {
+        const route = model.route
+        if (route.kind !== "queued") return Effect.fail(notQueued(route, "resume"))
+        return route.resume(model, token, executor.execute)
+      },
+      generate: (request, options) => {
+        const route = request.model.route
+        if (route.kind !== "queued") return route.generate(request, executor.execute)
+        return start(request).pipe(Effect.flatMap((generation) => generation.await(options)))
+      },
+      stream: (request, options) => {
+        const route = request.model.route
+        if (route.kind === "stream") return route.stream(request, executor.execute)
+        if (route.kind === "queued")
+          return Stream.unwrap(
+            start(request).pipe(Effect.map((generation) => resultEvents(generation, responseEvents, options))),
+          )
+        return Stream.fromIterableEffect(Effect.map(route.generate(request, executor.execute), responseEvents))
+      },
+    })
+  }),
+)
+
+export const TranscriptionClient = {
+  Service,
+  layer,
+  generate,
+  stream,
+  start,
+  resume,
+} as const
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+import { Effect, Schema, Stream } from "effect"
+import { Generation, ProgressEvent, QueuedEvent, type AwaitOptions } from "./generation.js"
+import { Media } from "./media.js"
+import { MediaModel, composeRoute, tryRequest } from "./media-model.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "./route/media.js"
+import type { MediaProtocol } from "./route/media-protocol.js"
+import { AIError, HttpOptions, MediaUsage, ProviderMetadata } from "./schema/index.js"
+import { TranscriptionClient, Service } from "./transcription-client.js"
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Model
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type TranscriptionOptions = Record<string, unknown>
+
+export type TranscriptionRoute<Options extends TranscriptionOptions = TranscriptionOptions> =
+  | MediaRoute.Route<TranscriptionRequestFor<Options>, TranscriptionResponse>
+  | MediaRoute.StreamRoute<TranscriptionRequestFor<Options>, TranscriptionEvent, TranscriptionResponse>
+  | MediaRoute.QueuedRoute<TranscriptionRequestFor<Options>, TranscriptionResponse>
+
+export class TranscriptionModel<Options extends TranscriptionOptions = TranscriptionOptions> extends MediaModel<
+  TranscriptionRoute<Options>,
+  Options
+> {
+  declare protected readonly _TranscriptionModel: void
+
+  static make<Options extends TranscriptionOptions = TranscriptionOptions>(
+    input: MediaModel.Input<TranscriptionRoute<Options>>,
+  ) {
+    return new TranscriptionModel<Options>(input)
+  }
+
+  /** The number of type arguments selects the kind: `<Options>`, `<Options, Frame, State>`, or `<Options, Token>`. */
+  static fromRoute<Options extends TranscriptionOptions>(
+    route: TranscriptionModel.InlineRouteInput<Options>,
+    input: MediaRoute.ModelInput,
+  ): TranscriptionModel<Options>
+  static fromRoute<Options extends TranscriptionOptions, Frame, State>(
+    route: TranscriptionModel.StreamRouteInput<Options, Frame, State>,
+    input: MediaRoute.ModelInput,
+  ): TranscriptionModel<Options>
+  static fromRoute<Options extends TranscriptionOptions, Token>(
+    route: TranscriptionModel.QueuedRouteInput<Options, Token>,
+    input: MediaRoute.ModelInput,
+  ): TranscriptionModel<Options>
+  static fromRoute<Options extends TranscriptionOptions, Frame, State, Token>(
+    route: TranscriptionModel.RouteInput<Options, Frame, State, Token>,
+    input: MediaRoute.ModelInput,
+  ) {
+    const composed: TranscriptionRoute<Options> = isStreamInput(route)
+      ? composeRoute((composition) => MediaRoute.stream({ ...composition, collect: collectResponse }), route, input)
+      : isQueuedInput(route)
+        ? composeRoute(MediaRoute.queued, route, input)
+        : composeRoute(MediaRoute.inline, route, input)
+    return new TranscriptionModel<Options>({
+      id: input.id,
+      provider: route.provider,
+      http: input.http,
+      route: composed,
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+export namespace TranscriptionModel {
+  export type InlineRouteInput<Options extends TranscriptionOptions = TranscriptionOptions> = MediaModel.RouteInput<
+    TranscriptionRequestFor<Options>,
+    MediaProtocol.Inline<TranscriptionRequestFor<Options>, TranscriptionResponse>
+  >
+
+  export type StreamRouteInput<
+    Options extends TranscriptionOptions = TranscriptionOptions,
+    Frame = unknown,
+    State = unknown,
+  > = MediaModel.RouteInput<
+    MediaProtocol.Addressed<TranscriptionRequestFor<Options>>,
+    MediaProtocol.Streamed<TranscriptionRequestFor<Options>, TranscriptionEvent, Frame, State>
+  >
+
+  export type QueuedRouteInput<
+    Options extends TranscriptionOptions = TranscriptionOptions,
+    Token = unknown,
+  > = MediaModel.RouteInput<
+    TranscriptionRequestFor<Options>,
+    MediaProtocol.Queued<TranscriptionRequestFor<Options>, TranscriptionResponse, Token>
+  >
+
+  export type RouteInput<
+    Options extends TranscriptionOptions = TranscriptionOptions,
+    Frame = unknown,
+    State = unknown,
+    Token = unknown,
+  > = InlineRouteInput<Options> | StreamRouteInput<Options, Frame, State> | QueuedRouteInput<Options, Token>
+}
+
+const isStreamInput = <Options extends TranscriptionOptions, Frame, State, Token>(
+  route: TranscriptionModel.RouteInput<Options, Frame, State, Token>,
+): route is TranscriptionModel.StreamRouteInput<Options, Frame, State> => route.protocol.kind === "stream"
+
+const isQueuedInput = <Options extends TranscriptionOptions, Frame, State, Token>(
+  route: TranscriptionModel.RouteInput<Options, Frame, State, Token>,
+): route is TranscriptionModel.QueuedRouteInput<Options, Token> => route.protocol.kind === "queued"
+
+export const TranscriptionModelSchema = Schema.declare(
+  (value): value is TranscriptionModel => value instanceof TranscriptionModel,
+  { expected: "Transcription.Model" },
+)
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Request
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const TranscriptionTimestamps = Schema.Literals(["none", "segment", "word"])
+export type TranscriptionTimestamps = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof TranscriptionTimestamps>
+
+export class TranscriptionRequest extends Schema.Class<TranscriptionRequest>("Transcription.Request")({
+  model: TranscriptionModelSchema,
+  audio: Media.AssetSchema,
+  language: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  prompt: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  /** Routes that cannot produce the requested granularity fail typed; routes may return more than asked. */
+  timestamps: Schema.optional(TranscriptionTimestamps),
+  diarize: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
+  speakers: Schema.optional(Schema.Int),
+  providerOptions: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)),
+  http: Schema.optional(HttpOptions),
+}) {
+  declare protected readonly _TranscriptionRequest: void
+}
+
+export type TranscriptionRequestFor<Options extends TranscriptionOptions = TranscriptionOptions> = Omit<
+  TranscriptionRequest,
+  "model" | "providerOptions"
+> & {
+  readonly model: TranscriptionModel<Options>
+  readonly providerOptions?: Options
+}
+
+export type TranscriptionModelOptions<Model> = Model extends TranscriptionModel<infer Options> ? Options : never
+
+export type TranscriptionRequestInput<Model extends TranscriptionModel = TranscriptionModel> = Omit<
+  ConstructorParameters<typeof TranscriptionRequest>[0],
+  "model" | "providerOptions" | "http"
+> & {
+  readonly model: Model
+  readonly providerOptions?: NoInfer<TranscriptionModelOptions<Model>>
+  readonly http?: HttpOptions.Input
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Response and events
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Speaker labels are provider-native (`A`, `0`, `spk:0`, or a known speaker name). */
+export const TranscriptionSegment = Schema.Struct({
+  text: Schema.String,
+  startSeconds: Schema.Number,
+  endSeconds: Schema.Number,
+  speaker: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Transcription.Segment" })
+export type TranscriptionSegment = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof TranscriptionSegment>
+
+export const TranscriptionWord = Schema.Struct({
+  text: Schema.String,
+  startSeconds: Schema.Number,
+  endSeconds: Schema.Number,
+  speaker: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  confidence: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Transcription.Word" })
+export type TranscriptionWord = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof TranscriptionWord>
+
+const transcriptFields = {
+  text: Schema.String,
+  segments: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(TranscriptionSegment)),
+  words: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(TranscriptionWord)),
+  /** Provider-native language as detected or echoed (`en`, `english`, `en_us`), lowercased but not normalized. */
+  language: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  durationSeconds: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  usage: Schema.optional(MediaUsage),
+  notices: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(Media.Notice)),
+  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
+}
+
+export class TranscriptionResponse extends Schema.Class<TranscriptionResponse>("Transcription.Response")(
+  transcriptFields,
+) {}
+
+export const TranscriptionTextDeltaEvent = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.tag("text-delta"),
+  delta: Schema.String,
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Transcription.Event.TextDelta" })
+
+export const TranscriptionSegmentEvent = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.tag("segment"),
+  segment: TranscriptionSegment,
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Transcription.Event.Segment" })
+
+export const TranscriptionFinishEvent = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.tag("finish"),
+  ...transcriptFields,
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Transcription.Event.Finish" })
+
+const transcriptionEventTagged = Schema.Union([
+  QueuedEvent,
+  ProgressEvent,
+  TranscriptionTextDeltaEvent,
+  TranscriptionSegmentEvent,
+  TranscriptionFinishEvent,
+]).pipe(Schema.toTaggedUnion("type"))
+export const TranscriptionEvent = Object.assign(transcriptionEventTagged, {
+  is: {
+    generationQueued: transcriptionEventTagged.guards["generation-queued"],
+    generationProgress: transcriptionEventTagged.guards["generation-progress"],
+    textDelta: transcriptionEventTagged.guards["text-delta"],
+    segment: transcriptionEventTagged.guards.segment,
+    finish: transcriptionEventTagged.guards.finish,
+  },
+})
+export type TranscriptionEvent = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof transcriptionEventTagged>
+
+export const responseEvents = (response: TranscriptionResponse): ReadonlyArray<TranscriptionEvent> => [
+  TranscriptionFinishEvent.make({ ...response }),
+]
+
+const collectResponse = (events: ReadonlyArray<TranscriptionEvent>): Effect.Effect<TranscriptionResponse> => {
+  const finish = events.find(TranscriptionEvent.is.finish)
+  // Every transcription protocol's `finish` emits the terminal event or fails, so a completed stream always has one.
+  if (finish === undefined) return Effect.die(new Error("The transcription stream completed without a finish event"))
+  const { type: _type, ...transcript } = finish
+  return Effect.succeed(new TranscriptionResponse(transcript))
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Request-shaped call API
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export function request<const Model extends TranscriptionModel>(
+  input: TranscriptionRequestInput<Model>,
+): TranscriptionRequestFor<TranscriptionModelOptions<Model>>
+export function request(input: TranscriptionRequest): TranscriptionRequest
+export function request(input: TranscriptionRequest | TranscriptionRequestInput) {
+  if (input instanceof TranscriptionRequest) return input
+  return new TranscriptionRequest({
+    ...input,
+    http: input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
+  })
+}
+
+const requestEffect = (input: TranscriptionRequest | TranscriptionRequestInput) => tryRequest(() => request(input))
+
+export function generate<const Model extends TranscriptionModel>(
+  input: TranscriptionRequestInput<Model>,
+  options?: AwaitOptions,
+): Effect.Effect<TranscriptionResponse, AIError, Service>
+export function generate(
+  input: TranscriptionRequest,
+  options?: AwaitOptions,
+): Effect.Effect<TranscriptionResponse, AIError, Service>
+export function generate(input: TranscriptionRequest | TranscriptionRequestInput, options?: AwaitOptions) {
+  return requestEffect(input).pipe(Effect.flatMap((request) => TranscriptionClient.generate(request, options)))
+}
+
+export function stream<const Model extends TranscriptionModel>(
+  input: TranscriptionRequestInput<Model>,
+  options?: AwaitOptions,
+): Stream.Stream<TranscriptionEvent, AIError, Service>
+export function stream(
+  input: TranscriptionRequest,
+  options?: AwaitOptions,
+): Stream.Stream<TranscriptionEvent, AIError, Service>
+export function stream(input: TranscriptionRequest | TranscriptionRequestInput, options?: AwaitOptions) {
+  return Stream.unwrap(requestEffect(input).pipe(Effect.map((request) => TranscriptionClient.stream(request, options))))
+}
+
+/** Inline and streaming routes fail with `UnsupportedOperation`. */
+export function start<const Model extends TranscriptionModel>(
+  input: TranscriptionRequestInput<Model>,
+): Effect.Effect<Generation<TranscriptionResponse>, AIError, Service>
+export function start(input: TranscriptionRequest): Effect.Effect<Generation<TranscriptionResponse>, AIError, Service>
+export function start(input: TranscriptionRequest | TranscriptionRequestInput) {
+  return requestEffect(input).pipe(Effect.flatMap((request) => TranscriptionClient.start(request)))
+}
+
+export const resume = <Options extends TranscriptionOptions>(
+  model: TranscriptionModel<Options>,
+  token: unknown,
+): Effect.Effect<Generation<TranscriptionResponse>, AIError, Service> => TranscriptionClient.resume(model, token)
+
+export const Transcription = {
+  request,
+  generate,
+  stream,
+  start,
+  resume,
+} as const
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+export const concatBytes = (chunks: ReadonlyArray<Uint8Array>) => {
+  if (chunks.length === 1) return chunks[0]
+  const bytes = new Uint8Array(chunks.reduce((total, chunk) => total + chunk.length, 0))
+  chunks.reduce((offset, chunk) => {
+    bytes.set(chunk, offset)
+    return offset + chunk.length
+  }, 0)
+  return bytes
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+const ascii = (bytes: Uint8Array, start: number, end: number) => String.fromCharCode(...bytes.subarray(start, end))
+
+const startsWith = (bytes: Uint8Array, prefix: ReadonlyArray<number>) =>
+  bytes.length >= prefix.length && prefix.every((value, index) => bytes[index] === value)
+
+/**
+ * Sniff a media type from leading magic bytes. Covers the containers media routes commonly return; anything else is
+ * `undefined` so callers can fall back to a provider-declared type or `application/octet-stream`.
+ */
+export const detectMediaType = (bytes: Uint8Array): string | undefined => {
+  if (startsWith(bytes, [0x89, 0x50, 0x4e, 0x47, 0x0d, 0x0a, 0x1a, 0x0a])) return "image/png"
+  if (startsWith(bytes, [0xff, 0xd8, 0xff])) return "image/jpeg"
+  if (startsWith(bytes, [0x47, 0x49, 0x46, 0x38])) return "image/gif"
+  if (bytes.length >= 12 && ascii(bytes, 0, 4) === "RIFF") {
+    const riffType = ascii(bytes, 8, 12)
+    if (riffType === "WEBP") return "image/webp"
+    if (riffType === "WAVE") return "audio/wav"
+  }
+  if (startsWith(bytes, [0x25, 0x50, 0x44, 0x46])) return "application/pdf"
+  if (bytes.length >= 12 && ascii(bytes, 4, 8) === "ftyp") return "video/mp4"
+  if (startsWith(bytes, [0x1a, 0x45, 0xdf, 0xa3])) return "video/webm"
+  if (startsWith(bytes, [0x49, 0x44, 0x33])) return "audio/mpeg"
+  // An 11-bit frame sync; layer bits `00` mark AAC ADTS, any other layer is MPEG audio.
+  if (bytes.length >= 2 && bytes[0] === 0xff && (bytes[1] & 0xe0) === 0xe0)
+    return (bytes[1] & 0x06) === 0 ? "audio/aac" : "audio/mpeg"
+  if (startsWith(bytes, [0x4f, 0x67, 0x67, 0x53])) return "audio/ogg"
+  if (startsWith(bytes, [0x66, 0x4c, 0x61, 0x43])) return "audio/flac"
+  return undefined
+}
+
+const EXTENSIONS: Readonly<Record<string, string>> = {
+  png: "image/png",
+  jpg: "image/jpeg",
+  jpeg: "image/jpeg",
+  gif: "image/gif",
+  webp: "image/webp",
+  pdf: "application/pdf",
+  mp4: "video/mp4",
+  webm: "video/webm",
+  mp3: "audio/mpeg",
+  m4a: "audio/mp4",
+  wav: "audio/wav",
+  ogg: "audio/ogg",
+  flac: "audio/flac",
+  aac: "audio/aac",
+  txt: "text/plain",
+  md: "text/markdown",
+  csv: "text/csv",
+}
+
+export const extensionMediaType = (path: string): string | undefined =>
+  EXTENSIONS[path.slice(path.lastIndexOf(".") + 1).toLowerCase()]
+
+const EXTENSION_ALIASES: Readonly<Record<string, string>> = {
+  "audio/mp3": "mp3",
+  "audio/m4a": "m4a",
+  "audio/x-m4a": "m4a",
+  "audio/webm": "webm",
+  "audio/wave": "wav",
+  "audio/x-wav": "wav",
+  "audio/x-flac": "flac",
+}
+
+export const mediaTypeExtension = (mediaType: string): string | undefined => {
+  const type = mediaType.split(";", 1)[0].trim().toLowerCase()
+  return EXTENSION_ALIASES[type] ?? Object.entries(EXTENSIONS).find(([, known]) => known === type)?.[0]
+}
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
+import { Media } from "../media.js"
 import { isRecord } from "./record.js"

 export const sanitizeSurrogates = <T>(value: T): T => {
  if (typeof value === "string") return value.toWellFormed() as T
  if (Array.isArray(value)) return value.map(sanitizeSurrogates) as T
-  if (value instanceof Uint8Array || value instanceof Error) return value
+  // Media assets carry binary or base64 payloads and a lazy byte cache; flattening them into a record would drop both.
+  if (value instanceof Uint8Array || value instanceof Error || value instanceof Media.Asset) return value
  if (isRecord(value))
    return Object.fromEntries(
      Object.entries(value).map(([key, entry]) => [key.toWellFormed(), sanitizeSurrogates(entry)]),
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+import { Context, Effect, Layer, Stream } from "effect"
+import { resultEvents, type AwaitOptions, type Generation } from "./generation.js"
+import { RequestExecutor } from "./route/executor.js"
+import type { AIError } from "./schema/index.js"
+import {
+  responseEvents,
+  type VideoEvent,
+  type VideoModel,
+  type VideoOptions,
+  type VideoRequestFor,
+  type VideoResponse,
+} from "./video.js"
+
+export interface Interface {
+  readonly start: <Options extends VideoOptions>(
+    request: VideoRequestFor<Options>,
+  ) => Effect.Effect<Generation<VideoResponse>, AIError>
+  readonly resume: <Options extends VideoOptions>(
+    model: VideoModel<Options>,
+    token: unknown,
+  ) => Effect.Effect<Generation<VideoResponse>, AIError>
+  readonly generate: <Options extends VideoOptions>(
+    request: VideoRequestFor<Options>,
+    options?: AwaitOptions,
+  ) => Effect.Effect<VideoResponse, AIError>
+  readonly stream: <Options extends VideoOptions>(
+    request: VideoRequestFor<Options>,
+    options?: AwaitOptions,
+  ) => Stream.Stream<VideoEvent, AIError>
+}
+
+export class Service extends Context.Service<Service, Interface>()("@opencode/VideoClient") {}
+
+export const start = <Options extends VideoOptions>(
+  request: VideoRequestFor<Options>,
+): Effect.Effect<Generation<VideoResponse>, AIError, Service> =>
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const client = yield* Service
+    return yield* client.start(request)
+  })
+
+export const resume = <Options extends VideoOptions>(
+  model: VideoModel<Options>,
+  token: unknown,
+): Effect.Effect<Generation<VideoResponse>, AIError, Service> =>
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const client = yield* Service
+    return yield* client.resume(model, token)
+  })
+
+export const generate = <Options extends VideoOptions>(
+  request: VideoRequestFor<Options>,
+  options?: AwaitOptions,
+): Effect.Effect<VideoResponse, AIError, Service> =>
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const client = yield* Service
+    return yield* client.generate(request, options)
+  })
+
+export const stream = <Options extends VideoOptions>(
+  request: VideoRequestFor<Options>,
+  options?: AwaitOptions,
+): Stream.Stream<VideoEvent, AIError, Service> =>
+  Stream.unwrap(
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const client = yield* Service
+      return client.stream(request, options)
+    }),
+  )
+
+export const layer: Layer.Layer<Service, never, RequestExecutor.Service> = Layer.effect(
+  Service,
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const executor = yield* RequestExecutor.Service
+    const start = <Options extends VideoOptions>(request: VideoRequestFor<Options>) =>
+      request.model.route.start(request, executor.execute)
+    return Service.of({
+      start,
+      resume: (model, token) => model.route.resume(model, token, executor.execute),
+      generate: (request, options) => start(request).pipe(Effect.flatMap((generation) => generation.await(options))),
+      stream: (request, options) =>
+        Stream.unwrap(
+          start(request).pipe(Effect.map((generation) => resultEvents(generation, responseEvents, options))),
+        ),
+    })
+  }),
+)
+
+export const VideoClient = {
+  Service,
+  layer,
+  start,
+  resume,
+  generate,
+  stream,
+} as const
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+import { Effect, Schema, Stream } from "effect"
+import { Generation, ProgressEvent, QueuedEvent, type AwaitOptions } from "./generation.js"
+import { Media } from "./media.js"
+import { MediaModel, composeRoute, tryRequest } from "./media-model.js"
+import { MediaRoute } from "./route/media.js"
+import type { MediaProtocol } from "./route/media-protocol.js"
+import { AIError, HttpOptions, MediaUsage, ProviderMetadata } from "./schema/index.js"
+import { VideoClient, Service } from "./video-client.js"
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Model
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type VideoOptions = Record<string, unknown>
+
+export type VideoRoute<Options extends VideoOptions = VideoOptions> = MediaRoute.QueuedRoute<
+  VideoRequestFor<Options>,
+  VideoResponse
+>
+
+export class VideoModel<Options extends VideoOptions = VideoOptions> extends MediaModel<VideoRoute<Options>, Options> {
+  declare protected readonly _VideoModel: void
+
+  static make<Options extends VideoOptions = VideoOptions>(input: MediaModel.Input<VideoRoute<Options>>) {
+    return new VideoModel<Options>(input)
+  }
+
+  /** Compose a queued video protocol with its canonical start path into a model for one deployment. */
+  static fromRoute<Options extends VideoOptions = VideoOptions, Token = unknown>(
+    route: VideoModel.RouteInput<Options, Token>,
+    input: MediaRoute.ModelInput,
+  ) {
+    return new VideoModel<Options>({
+      id: input.id,
+      provider: route.provider,
+      http: input.http,
+      route: composeRoute(MediaRoute.queued, route, input),
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+export namespace VideoModel {
+  export type RouteInput<Options extends VideoOptions = VideoOptions, Token = unknown> = MediaModel.RouteInput<
+    VideoRequestFor<Options>,
+    MediaProtocol.Queued<VideoRequestFor<Options>, VideoResponse, Token>
+  >
+}
+
+export const VideoModelSchema = Schema.declare((value): value is VideoModel => value instanceof VideoModel, {
+  expected: "Video.Model",
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Request
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type VideoAspectRatio = Media.AspectRatio
+export const VideoAspectRatio = Media.AspectRatio
+
+export type VideoResolution = "480p" | "720p" | "1080p" | "4k" | (string & {})
+
+/** Pinned frames. Routes that accept only a first frame fail typed when `last` is present. */
+export const VideoFrames = Schema.Struct({
+  first: Schema.optional(Media.AssetSchema),
+  last: Schema.optional(Media.AssetSchema),
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Video.Frames" })
+export type VideoFrames = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof VideoFrames>
+
+export class VideoRequest extends Schema.Class<VideoRequest>("Video.Request")({
+  model: VideoModelSchema,
+  prompt: Schema.String,
+  frames: Schema.optional(VideoFrames),
+  /** Style or subject references that guide the output without pinning a frame. */
+  references: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(Media.AssetSchema)),
+  /** Source video for edit or extension routes. */
+  video: Schema.optional(Media.AssetSchema),
+  durationSeconds: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  aspectRatio: Schema.optional(VideoAspectRatio),
+  resolution: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  /** Whether to generate an audio track; routes whose audio is always on fail typed on `false`. */
+  audio: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
+  n: Schema.optional(Schema.Int),
+  seed: Schema.optional(Schema.Number),
+  negativePrompt: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
+  providerOptions: Schema.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)),
+  http: Schema.optional(HttpOptions),
+}) {
+  declare protected readonly _VideoRequest: void
+}
+
+export type VideoRequestFor<Options extends VideoOptions = VideoOptions> = Omit<
+  VideoRequest,
+  "model" | "providerOptions"
+> & {
+  readonly model: VideoModel<Options>
+  readonly providerOptions?: Options
+}
+
+export type VideoModelOptions<Model> = Model extends VideoModel<infer Options> ? Options : never
+
+export type VideoRequestInput<Model extends VideoModel = VideoModel> = Omit<
+  ConstructorParameters<typeof VideoRequest>[0],
+  "model" | "providerOptions" | "http" | "resolution"
+> & {
+  readonly model: Model
+  readonly resolution?: VideoResolution
+  readonly providerOptions?: NoInfer<VideoModelOptions<Model>>
+  readonly http?: HttpOptions.Input
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Response and events
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export class VideoResponse extends Schema.Class<VideoResponse>("Video.Response")({
+  videos: Schema.Array(Media.AssetSchema),
+  usage: Schema.optional(MediaUsage),
+  notices: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(Media.Notice)),
+  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
+}) {
+  get video() {
+    return this.videos[0]
+  }
+}
+
+export const VideoOutputEvent = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.tag("video"),
+  index: Schema.Number,
+  video: Media.AssetSchema,
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Video.Event.Video" })
+
+export const VideoFinishEvent = Schema.Struct({
+  type: Schema.tag("finish"),
+  usage: Schema.optional(MediaUsage),
+  notices: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(Media.Notice)),
+  providerMetadata: Schema.optional(ProviderMetadata),
+}).annotate({ identifier: "Video.Event.Finish" })
+
+const videoEventTagged = Schema.Union([QueuedEvent, ProgressEvent, VideoOutputEvent, VideoFinishEvent]).pipe(
+  Schema.toTaggedUnion("type"),
+)
+export const VideoEvent = Object.assign(videoEventTagged, {
+  is: {
+    generationQueued: videoEventTagged.guards["generation-queued"],
+    generationProgress: videoEventTagged.guards["generation-progress"],
+    video: videoEventTagged.guards.video,
+    finish: videoEventTagged.guards.finish,
+  },
+})
+export type VideoEvent = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof videoEventTagged>
+
+/** A completed response expanded into the streaming event shape. */
+export const responseEvents = (response: VideoResponse): ReadonlyArray<VideoEvent> => [
+  ...response.videos.map((video, index) => VideoOutputEvent.make({ index, video })),
+  VideoFinishEvent.make({
+    usage: response.usage,
+    notices: response.notices,
+    providerMetadata: response.providerMetadata,
+  }),
+]
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Request-shaped call API
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export function request<const Model extends VideoModel>(
+  input: VideoRequestInput<Model>,
+): VideoRequestFor<VideoModelOptions<Model>>
+export function request(input: VideoRequest): VideoRequest
+export function request(input: VideoRequest | VideoRequestInput) {
+  if (input instanceof VideoRequest) return input
+  return new VideoRequest({
+    ...input,
+    http: input.http === undefined ? undefined : HttpOptions.make(input.http),
+  })
+}
+
+const requestEffect = (input: VideoRequest | VideoRequestInput) => tryRequest(() => request(input))
+
+export function start<const Model extends VideoModel>(
+  input: VideoRequestInput<Model>,
+): Effect.Effect<Generation<VideoResponse>, AIError, Service>
+export function start(input: VideoRequest): Effect.Effect<Generation<VideoResponse>, AIError, Service>
+export function start(input: VideoRequest | VideoRequestInput) {
+  return requestEffect(input).pipe(Effect.flatMap((request) => VideoClient.start(request)))
+}
+
+export function generate<const Model extends VideoModel>(
+  input: VideoRequestInput<Model>,
+  options?: AwaitOptions,
+): Effect.Effect<VideoResponse, AIError, Service>
+export function generate(input: VideoRequest, options?: AwaitOptions): Effect.Effect<VideoResponse, AIError, Service>
+export function generate(input: VideoRequest | VideoRequestInput, options?: AwaitOptions) {
+  return requestEffect(input).pipe(Effect.flatMap((request) => VideoClient.generate(request, options)))
+}
+
+/** Rebuild a generation handle from a persisted `Generation.token`, refreshing its status once. */
+export const resume = <Options extends VideoOptions>(
+  model: VideoModel<Options>,
+  token: unknown,
+): Effect.Effect<Generation<VideoResponse>, AIError, Service> => VideoClient.resume(model, token)
+
+export function stream<const Model extends VideoModel>(
+  input: VideoRequestInput<Model>,
+  options?: AwaitOptions,
+): Stream.Stream<VideoEvent, AIError, Service>
+export function stream(input: VideoRequest, options?: AwaitOptions): Stream.Stream<VideoEvent, AIError, Service>
+export function stream(input: VideoRequest | VideoRequestInput, options?: AwaitOptions) {
+  return Stream.unwrap(requestEffect(input).pipe(Effect.map((request) => VideoClient.stream(request, options))))
+}
+
+export const Video = {
+  request,
+  start,
+  generate,
+  resume,
+  stream,
+} as const
@@ -87,9 +87,9 @@ testEffect(fixedResponse("")).effect(
        prompt: "hello",
      })
      expect(LLMClient.canCompact(request)).toBe(false)
-      const error = yield* LLMClient.compact(
-        request as unknown as Parameters<typeof LLMClient.compact>[0],
-      ).pipe(Effect.flip)
+      const error = yield* LLMClient.compact(request as unknown as Parameters<typeof LLMClient.compact>[0]).pipe(
+        Effect.flip,
+      )
      expect(error.reason._tag).toBe("UnsupportedOperation")
      expect(error.message).toContain("does not support explicit compaction")
      if (error.reason._tag === "UnsupportedOperation") {
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import {
  LLM,
+  Media,
  Message,
  ToolCallPart,
  ToolDefinition,
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ export function continuationRequest(input: {

  if (features.has("user-text")) firstUser.push({ type: "text", text: "What is shown here?" })
  if (features.has("user-image"))
-    firstUser.push({ type: "media", mediaType: "image/png", data: input.image ?? "AAECAw==" })
+    firstUser.push({ type: "media", media: Media.base64(input.image ?? "AAECAw==", "image/png") })
  if (firstUser.length > 0) messages.push(Message.user(firstUser))

  if (features.has("assistant-reasoning"))
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More