fix(core): preserve background shell status (#43663)

packages/ai/test/fixtures/recordings/openai-responses-websocket/continues-a-tool-call-over-one-socket.json

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+{
+  "version": 1,
+  "metadata": {
+    "provider": "openai",
+    "protocol": "openai-responses",
+    "transport": "websocket",
+    "model": "gpt-5.5",
+    "tags": [
+      "prefix:openai-responses-websocket",
+      "provider:openai",
+      "protocol:openai-responses",
+      "transport:websocket",
+      "tool",
+      "continuation"
+    ],
+    "name": "openai-responses-websocket/continues-a-tool-call-over-one-socket",
+    "recordedAt": "2026-08-20T00:00:00.000Z"
+  },
+  "interactions": [
+    {
+      "transport": "websocket",
+      "connection": {
+        "sequence": 0,
+        "url": "wss://api.openai.com/v1/responses",
+        "protocols": [],
+        "close": {
+          "code": 1000,
+          "reason": ""
+        }
+      },
+      "events": [
+        {
+          "direction": "client",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.create\",\"model\":\"gpt-5.5\",\"input\":[{\"role\":\"system\",\"content\":\"Call get_weather once, then reply exactly: Paris is sunny.\"},{\"role\":\"user\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"input_text\",\"text\":\"What is the weather in Paris?\"}]}],\"tools\":[{\"type\":\"function\",\"name\":\"get_weather\",\"description\":\"Get current weather for a city.\",\"parameters\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"properties\":{\"city\":{\"type\":\"string\"}},\"required\":[\"city\"],\"additionalProperties\":false},\"strict\":false}],\"store\":false,\"max_output_tokens\":50,\"include\":[\"reasoning.encrypted_content\"],\"reasoning\":{\"effort\":\"medium\",\"summary\":\"auto\"},\"text\":{\"verbosity\":\"low\"}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.created\",\"response\":{\"id\":\"resp_ws_tool_1\"}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_item.added\",\"item\":{\"type\":\"function_call\",\"id\":\"fc_ws_weather\",\"call_id\":\"call_ws_weather\",\"name\":\"get_weather\",\"arguments\":\"\"}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.function_call_arguments.delta\",\"item_id\":\"fc_ws_weather\",\"delta\":\"{\\\"city\\\":\\\"Paris\\\"}\"}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_item.done\",\"item\":{\"type\":\"function_call\",\"id\":\"fc_ws_weather\",\"call_id\":\"call_ws_weather\",\"name\":\"get_weather\",\"arguments\":\"{\\\"city\\\":\\\"Paris\\\"}\"}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.completed\",\"response\":{\"id\":\"resp_ws_tool_1\"}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "client",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.create\",\"model\":\"gpt-5.5\",\"input\":[{\"type\":\"function_call_output\",\"call_id\":\"call_ws_weather\",\"output\":\"{\\\"temperature\\\":22,\\\"condition\\\":\\\"sunny\\\"}\"}],\"tools\":[{\"type\":\"function\",\"name\":\"get_weather\",\"description\":\"Get current weather for a city.\",\"parameters\":{\"type\":\"object\",\"properties\":{\"city\":{\"type\":\"string\"}},\"required\":[\"city\"],\"additionalProperties\":false},\"strict\":false}],\"store\":false,\"max_output_tokens\":50,\"previous_response_id\":\"resp_ws_tool_1\",\"include\":[\"reasoning.encrypted_content\"],\"reasoning\":{\"effort\":\"medium\",\"summary\":\"auto\"},\"text\":{\"verbosity\":\"low\"}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.created\",\"response\":{\"id\":\"resp_ws_tool_2\"}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_item.added\",\"item\":{\"type\":\"message\",\"id\":\"msg_ws_tool_2\",\"role\":\"assistant\",\"content\":[]}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_text.delta\",\"item_id\":\"msg_ws_tool_2\",\"delta\":\"Paris is sunny.\"}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_text.done\",\"item_id\":\"msg_ws_tool_2\",\"text\":\"Paris is sunny.\"}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_item.done\",\"item\":{\"type\":\"message\",\"id\":\"msg_ws_tool_2\",\"role\":\"assistant\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"output_text\",\"text\":\"Paris is sunny.\"}]}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.completed\",\"response\":{\"id\":\"resp_ws_tool_2\"}}"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ]
+}

packages/ai/test/fixtures/recordings/openai-responses-websocket/reconstructs-full-context-after-reconnect.json

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+{
+  "version": 1,
+  "metadata": {
+    "provider": "openai",
+    "protocol": "openai-responses",
+    "transport": "websocket",
+    "model": "gpt-5.5",
+    "tags": [
+      "prefix:openai-responses-websocket",
+      "provider:openai",
+      "protocol:openai-responses",
+      "transport:websocket",
+      "reconnect",
+      "full-context"
+    ],
+    "name": "openai-responses-websocket/reconstructs-full-context-after-reconnect",
+    "recordedAt": "2026-08-20T00:00:00.000Z"
+  },
+  "interactions": [
+    {
+      "transport": "websocket",
+      "connection": {
+        "sequence": 0,
+        "url": "wss://api.openai.com/v1/responses",
+        "protocols": [],
+        "close": {
+          "code": 1000,
+          "reason": ""
+        }
+      },
+      "events": [
+        {
+          "direction": "client",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.create\",\"model\":\"gpt-5.5\",\"input\":[{\"role\":\"system\",\"content\":\"Follow the user's exact reply instruction.\"},{\"role\":\"user\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"input_text\",\"text\":\"Reply exactly: Alpha.\"}]}],\"store\":false,\"max_output_tokens\":30,\"include\":[\"reasoning.encrypted_content\"],\"reasoning\":{\"effort\":\"medium\",\"summary\":\"auto\"},\"text\":{\"verbosity\":\"low\"}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.created\",\"response\":{\"id\":\"resp_ws_reconnect_1\"}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_item.added\",\"item\":{\"type\":\"message\",\"id\":\"msg_ws_reconnect_1\",\"role\":\"assistant\",\"content\":[]}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_text.delta\",\"item_id\":\"msg_ws_reconnect_1\",\"delta\":\"Alpha.\"}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_text.done\",\"item_id\":\"msg_ws_reconnect_1\",\"text\":\"Alpha.\"}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_item.done\",\"item\":{\"type\":\"message\",\"id\":\"msg_ws_reconnect_1\",\"role\":\"assistant\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"output_text\",\"text\":\"Alpha.\"}]}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.completed\",\"response\":{\"id\":\"resp_ws_reconnect_1\"}}"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "transport": "websocket",
+      "connection": {
+        "sequence": 1,
+        "url": "wss://api.openai.com/v1/responses",
+        "protocols": [],
+        "close": {
+          "code": 1000,
+          "reason": ""
+        }
+      },
+      "events": [
+        {
+          "direction": "client",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.create\",\"model\":\"gpt-5.5\",\"input\":[{\"role\":\"system\",\"content\":\"Follow the user's exact reply instruction.\"},{\"role\":\"user\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"input_text\",\"text\":\"Reply exactly: Alpha.\"}]},{\"type\":\"message\",\"id\":\"msg_ws_reconnect_1\",\"role\":\"assistant\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"output_text\",\"text\":\"Alpha.\"}]},{\"role\":\"user\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"input_text\",\"text\":\"Reply exactly: Beta.\"}]}],\"store\":false,\"max_output_tokens\":30,\"include\":[\"reasoning.encrypted_content\"],\"reasoning\":{\"effort\":\"medium\",\"summary\":\"auto\"},\"text\":{\"verbosity\":\"low\"}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.created\",\"response\":{\"id\":\"resp_ws_reconnect_2\"}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_item.added\",\"item\":{\"type\":\"message\",\"id\":\"msg_ws_reconnect_2\",\"role\":\"assistant\",\"content\":[]}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_text.delta\",\"item_id\":\"msg_ws_reconnect_2\",\"delta\":\"Beta.\"}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_text.done\",\"item_id\":\"msg_ws_reconnect_2\",\"text\":\"Beta.\"}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_item.done\",\"item\":{\"type\":\"message\",\"id\":\"msg_ws_reconnect_2\",\"role\":\"assistant\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"output_text\",\"text\":\"Beta.\"}]}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.completed\",\"response\":{\"id\":\"resp_ws_reconnect_2\"}}"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ]
+}

packages/ai/test/fixtures/recordings/openai-responses-websocket/recovers-from-explicit-continuation-rejection.json

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+{
+  "version": 1,
+  "metadata": {
+    "provider": "openai",
+    "protocol": "openai-responses",
+    "transport": "websocket",
+    "model": "gpt-5.5",
+    "tags": [
+      "prefix:openai-responses-websocket",
+      "provider:openai",
+      "protocol:openai-responses",
+      "transport:websocket",
+      "continuation",
+      "recovery"
+    ],
+    "name": "openai-responses-websocket/recovers-from-explicit-continuation-rejection",
+    "recordedAt": "2026-08-20T00:00:00.000Z"
+  },
+  "interactions": [
+    {
+      "transport": "websocket",
+      "connection": {
+        "sequence": 0,
+        "url": "wss://api.openai.com/v1/responses",
+        "protocols": [],
+        "close": {
+          "code": 1000,
+          "reason": ""
+        }
+      },
+      "events": [
+        {
+          "direction": "client",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.create\",\"model\":\"gpt-5.5\",\"input\":[{\"role\":\"system\",\"content\":\"Follow the user's exact reply instruction.\"},{\"role\":\"user\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"input_text\",\"text\":\"Reply exactly: Ready.\"}]}],\"store\":false,\"max_output_tokens\":30,\"include\":[\"reasoning.encrypted_content\"],\"reasoning\":{\"effort\":\"medium\",\"summary\":\"auto\"},\"text\":{\"verbosity\":\"low\"}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.created\",\"response\":{\"id\":\"resp_ws_rejection_1\"}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_item.added\",\"item\":{\"type\":\"message\",\"id\":\"msg_ws_rejection_1\",\"role\":\"assistant\",\"content\":[]}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_text.delta\",\"item_id\":\"msg_ws_rejection_1\",\"delta\":\"Ready.\"}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_text.done\",\"item_id\":\"msg_ws_rejection_1\",\"text\":\"Ready.\"}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_item.done\",\"item\":{\"type\":\"message\",\"id\":\"msg_ws_rejection_1\",\"role\":\"assistant\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"output_text\",\"text\":\"Ready.\"}]}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.completed\",\"response\":{\"id\":\"resp_ws_rejection_1\"}}"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "transport": "websocket",
+      "connection": {
+        "sequence": 1,
+        "url": "wss://api.openai.com/v1/responses",
+        "protocols": [],
+        "close": {
+          "code": 1000,
+          "reason": ""
+        }
+      },
+      "events": [
+        {
+          "direction": "client",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.create\",\"model\":\"gpt-5.5\",\"input\":[{\"role\":\"user\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"input_text\",\"text\":\"Reply exactly: Recovered.\"}]}],\"store\":false,\"max_output_tokens\":30,\"previous_response_id\":\"resp_ws_rejection_1\",\"include\":[\"reasoning.encrypted_content\"],\"reasoning\":{\"effort\":\"medium\",\"summary\":\"auto\"},\"text\":{\"verbosity\":\"low\"}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"error\",\"error\":{\"code\":\"previous_response_not_found\",\"message\":\"Previous response not found\"}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "client",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.create\",\"model\":\"gpt-5.5\",\"input\":[{\"role\":\"system\",\"content\":\"Follow the user's exact reply instruction.\"},{\"role\":\"user\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"input_text\",\"text\":\"Reply exactly: Ready.\"}]},{\"type\":\"message\",\"id\":\"msg_ws_rejection_1\",\"role\":\"assistant\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"output_text\",\"text\":\"Ready.\"}]},{\"role\":\"user\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"input_text\",\"text\":\"Reply exactly: Recovered.\"}]}],\"store\":false,\"max_output_tokens\":30,\"include\":[\"reasoning.encrypted_content\"],\"reasoning\":{\"effort\":\"medium\",\"summary\":\"auto\"},\"text\":{\"verbosity\":\"low\"}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.created\",\"response\":{\"id\":\"resp_ws_rejection_2\"}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_item.added\",\"item\":{\"type\":\"message\",\"id\":\"msg_ws_rejection_2\",\"role\":\"assistant\",\"content\":[]}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_text.delta\",\"item_id\":\"msg_ws_rejection_2\",\"delta\":\"Recovered.\"}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_text.done\",\"item_id\":\"msg_ws_rejection_2\",\"text\":\"Recovered.\"}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.output_item.done\",\"item\":{\"type\":\"message\",\"id\":\"msg_ws_rejection_2\",\"role\":\"assistant\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"output_text\",\"text\":\"Recovered.\"}]}}"
+        },
+        {
+          "direction": "server",
+          "kind": "text",
+          "body": "{\"type\":\"response.completed\",\"response\":{\"id\":\"resp_ws_rejection_2\"}}"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ]
+}

packages/ai/test/provider/openai-responses-websocket.recorded.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+import { describe, expect } from "bun:test"
+import { Effect, Stream } from "effect"
+import { Socket } from "effect/unstable/socket"
+import { LLM, LLMRequest, Message, ToolRuntime } from "../../src/index.js"
+import {
+  LLMClient,
+  WebSocketTransport,
+  type ChannelCheckpoint,
+  type ChannelObservation,
+  type WebSocketChannelExchange,
+  type WebSocketChannelExecutor,
+  type WebSocketConnection,
+} from "../../src/route.js"
+import { configure } from "../../src/providers/openai.js"
+import { decodeJson } from "../../src/protocols/shared.js"
+import { weatherRuntimeTool, weatherTool, weatherToolName } from "../recorded-scenarios.js"
+import { recordedTests } from "../recorded-test.js"
+
+const model = configure({ apiKey: process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY ?? "fixture" }).responses("gpt-5.5")
+const recorded = recordedTests({
+  prefix: "openai-responses-websocket",
+  provider: "openai",
+  protocol: "openai-responses",
+  requires: ["OPENAI_API_KEY"],
+  tags: ["transport:websocket"],
+  metadata: { transport: "websocket", model: model.id },
+})
+
+const observationFrame = (observation: ChannelObservation) => {
+  if (observation.type === "frame" || observation.type === "completed" || observation.type === "incomplete")
+    return Effect.succeed(observation.frame)
+  return Effect.fail(observation.error)
+}
+
+const terminal = (observation: ChannelObservation) => observation.type !== "frame"
+
+// This deliberately models only sequential test traffic. Core owns production connection pooling and recovery.
+const makeChannel = Effect.gen(function* () {
+  const constructor = yield* Socket.WebSocketConstructor
+  let connection: WebSocketConnection | undefined
+  let checkpoint: ChannelCheckpoint | undefined
+  let pending: ChannelCheckpoint | undefined
+  let opens = 0
+  const sent: unknown[] = []
+
+  const close = Effect.suspend(() => {
+    const current = connection
+    connection = undefined
+    return current ? current.close : Effect.void
+  })
+  yield* Effect.addFinalizer(() => close)
+
+  const executor: WebSocketChannelExecutor = {
+    execute: (exchange: WebSocketChannelExchange) =>
+      Effect.gen(function* () {
+        if (!connection) {
+          connection = yield* WebSocketTransport.open(exchange.connect).pipe(
+            Effect.provideService(Socket.WebSocketConstructor, constructor),
+          )
+          opens += 1
+        }
+        const current = connection
+        const create = yield* exchange.driver.create(checkpoint)
+        if (create.mode === "full") checkpoint = undefined
+        pending = undefined
+        sent.push(decodeJson(create.message))
+        yield* current.sendText(create.message)
+        const decoder = new TextDecoder()
+        return {
+          frames: current.messages.pipe(
+            Stream.map((message) => WebSocketTransport.messageText(message, decoder)),
+            Stream.mapEffect((frame) => exchange.driver.observe(create, frame)),
+            Stream.tap((observation) =>
+              Effect.sync(() => {
+                if (!terminal(observation)) return
+                pending = observation.type === "completed" ? observation.checkpoint : undefined
+                if (observation.type !== "completed") checkpoint = undefined
+              }),
+            ),
+            Stream.takeUntil(terminal),
+            Stream.mapEffect(observationFrame),
+          ),
+          complete: Effect.sync(() => {
+            checkpoint = pending
+            pending = undefined
+          }),
+        }
+      }),
+  }
+
+  return {
+    executor,
+    sent,
+    opens: () => opens,
+    reconnect: (preserveCheckpoint = false) =>
+      close.pipe(
+        Effect.andThen(
+          Effect.sync(() => {
+            pending = undefined
+            if (!preserveCheckpoint) checkpoint = undefined
+          }),
+        ),
+      ),
+  }
+})
+
+describe("OpenAI Responses WebSocket recorded", () => {
+  recorded.effect.with("continues a tool call over one socket", { tags: ["tool", "continuation"] }, () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const channel = yield* makeChannel
+      const request = LLM.request({
+        id: "recorded_openai_responses_websocket_tool",
+        model,
+        system: "Call get_weather once, then reply exactly: Paris is sunny.",
+        prompt: "What is the weather in Paris?",
+        tools: [weatherTool],
+        generation: { maxTokens: 50 },
+        cache: "none",
+      })
+      const first = yield* LLMClient.generate(request, { webSocket: channel.executor })
+      const call = first.toolCalls[0]
+      if (!call) yield* Effect.die("Expected get_weather tool call")
+      const result = yield* ToolRuntime.dispatch({ [weatherToolName]: weatherRuntimeTool }, call)
+      const second = yield* LLMClient.generate(
+        LLMRequest.update(request, {
+          messages: [
+            ...request.messages,
+            first.message,
+            Message.tool({ id: call.id, name: call.name, result: result.result }),
+          ],
+        }),
+        { webSocket: channel.executor },
+      )
+
+      expect(second.text).toBe("Paris is sunny.")
+      expect(channel.opens()).toBe(1)
+      expect(channel.sent).toHaveLength(2)
+      expect(channel.sent[1]).toMatchObject({
+        previous_response_id: expect.any(String),
+        input: [{ type: "function_call_output", call_id: call.id, output: expect.any(String) }],
+      })
+    }),
+  )
+
+  recorded.effect.with("reconstructs full context after reconnect", { tags: ["reconnect", "full-context"] }, () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const channel = yield* makeChannel
+      const request = LLM.request({
+        id: "recorded_openai_responses_websocket_reconnect",
+        model,
+        system: "Follow the user's exact reply instruction.",
+        prompt: "Reply exactly: Alpha.",
+        generation: { maxTokens: 30 },
+        cache: "none",
+      })
+      const first = yield* LLMClient.generate(request, { webSocket: channel.executor })
+      yield* channel.reconnect()
+      const second = yield* LLMClient.generate(
+        LLMRequest.update(request, {
+          messages: [...request.messages, first.message, Message.user("Reply exactly: Beta.")],
+        }),
+        { webSocket: channel.executor },
+      )
+
+      expect(first.text).toBe("Alpha.")
+      expect(second.text).toBe("Beta.")
+      expect(channel.opens()).toBe(2)
+      expect(channel.sent[1]).not.toHaveProperty("previous_response_id")
+      expect(channel.sent[1]).toMatchObject({
+        input: [
+          { role: "system", content: "Follow the user's exact reply instruction." },
+          { role: "user", content: [{ type: "input_text", text: "Reply exactly: Alpha." }] },
+          { role: "assistant", content: [{ type: "output_text", text: "Alpha." }] },
+          { role: "user", content: [{ type: "input_text", text: "Reply exactly: Beta." }] },
+        ],
+      })
+    }),
+  )
+
+  recorded.effect.with("recovers from explicit continuation rejection", { tags: ["continuation", "recovery"] }, () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const channel = yield* makeChannel
+      const request = LLM.request({
+        id: "recorded_openai_responses_websocket_rejection",
+        model,
+        system: "Follow the user's exact reply instruction.",
+        prompt: "Reply exactly: Ready.",
+        generation: { maxTokens: 30 },
+        cache: "none",
+      })
+      const first = yield* LLMClient.generate(request, { webSocket: channel.executor })
+      const continuation = LLMRequest.update(request, {
+        messages: [...request.messages, first.message, Message.user("Reply exactly: Recovered.")],
+      })
+      yield* channel.reconnect(true)
+      const rejected = yield* LLMClient.generate(continuation, { webSocket: channel.executor }).pipe(Effect.flip)
+      const recovered = yield* LLMClient.generate(continuation, { webSocket: channel.executor })
+
+      expect(rejected).toMatchObject({
+        reason: { _tag: "Transport", delivery: "rejected", recovery: "retry-full" },
+      })
+      expect(recovered.text).toBe("Recovered.")
+      expect(channel.opens()).toBe(2)
+      expect(channel.sent[1]).toHaveProperty("previous_response_id", expect.any(String))
+      expect(channel.sent[2]).not.toHaveProperty("previous_response_id")
+      expect(channel.sent[2]).toMatchObject({
+        input: [
+          { role: "system", content: "Follow the user's exact reply instruction." },
+          { role: "user", content: [{ type: "input_text", text: "Reply exactly: Ready." }] },
+          { role: "assistant", content: [{ type: "output_text", text: "Ready." }] },
+          { role: "user", content: [{ type: "input_text", text: "Reply exactly: Recovered." }] },
+        ],
+      })
+    }),
+  )
+})

packages/ai/test/recorded-test.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import { HttpRecorder } from "@opencode-ai/http-recorder"
+import { NodeSocket } from "@effect/platform-node"
 import { Layer } from "effect"
+import { Socket } from "effect/unstable/socket"
 import * as path from "node:path"
 import { fileURLToPath } from "node:url"
 import { LLMClient, RequestExecutor } from "../src/route.js"
@@ -16,7 +18,7 @@ import {
 const __dirname = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url))
 const FIXTURES_DIR = path.resolve(__dirname, "fixtures", "recordings")
 
-type RecordedEnv = RequestExecutorService | LLMClientService | ImageClientService
+type RecordedEnv = RequestExecutorService | LLMClientService | ImageClientService | Socket.WebSocketConstructor
 
 type RecordedTestsOptions = RecordedGroupOptions & {
   readonly options?: HttpRecorder.RecorderOptions
@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ export const recordedTests = (options: RecordedTestsOptions) =>
         ...metadata,
       }
       if (recording) {
-        if (process.env.CI !== undefined) throw new Error("Unset CI before recording HTTP cassettes")
+        if (process.env.CI !== undefined) throw new Error("Unset CI before recording cassettes")
         HttpRecorder.removeCassetteSync(cassette, { directory: FIXTURES_DIR })
       }
       const requestExecutor = RequestExecutor.layer.pipe(
@@ -81,10 +83,16 @@ export const recordedTests = (options: RecordedTestsOptions) =>
           }),
         ),
       )
+      const webSocket = HttpRecorder.layerWebSocketConstructor(cassette, {
+        ...recorderOptions,
+        directory: FIXTURES_DIR,
+        metadata: recorderMetadata,
+      }).pipe(Layer.provide(NodeSocket.layerWebSocketConstructorWS))
       return Layer.mergeAll(
         requestExecutor,
         LLMClient.layer.pipe(Layer.provide(requestExecutor)),
         ImageClient.layer.pipe(Layer.provide(requestExecutor)),
+        webSocket,
       )
     },
   })

packages/core/src/mcp/index.ts

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { McpEvent } from "@opencode-ai/schema/mcp-event"
 import { Command } from "@opencode-ai/schema/command"
 import { createHash } from "node:crypto"
 import { isDeepStrictEqual } from "node:util"
-import { Cause, Context, Deferred, Effect, Exit, FiberSet, Layer, Schema, Scope, Stream, Types } from "effect"
+import { Cause, Context, Effect, Exit, FiberSet, Latch, Layer, Schema, Scope, Stream, Types } from "effect"
 import { makeLocationNode } from "@opencode-ai/util/effect/app-node"
 import { Credential } from "../credential.js"
 import { Bus } from "../bus.js"
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ export class ToolCallError extends Schema.TaggedError<ToolCallError>()("MCP.Tool
 type ServerEntry = {
   readonly config: Mcp.ServerConfig
   status: Status
-  readonly startup: Deferred.Deferred<void>
+  readonly startup: Latch.Latch
   scope?: Scope.Closeable
   client?: MCPClient.Connection
   tools?: ReadonlyArray<Tool>
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ export const layer = (options?: Options) =>
               : { status: "failed", error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error) }
           yield* Effect.logWarning("mcp connect failed", { server: name, status: entry.status })
           yield* bus.publish(McpEvent.StatusChanged, { server: name }).pipe(Effect.ignore)
-        }).pipe(Effect.ensuring(Deferred.succeed(entry.startup, undefined)))
+        }).pipe(Effect.ensuring(entry.startup.open))
 
       const stopServer = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (name: ServerName, entry: ServerEntry) {
         const scope = entry.scope
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ export const layer = (options?: Options) =>
         const entry: ServerEntry = {
           config: serverConfig,
           status: { status: "pending" },
-          startup: Deferred.makeUnsafe<void>(),
+          startup: Latch.makeUnsafe(),
         }
         entries.set(name, entry)
         yield* Effect.gen(function* () {
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ export const layer = (options?: Options) =>
           yield* startServer(name, entry)
         }).pipe(
           // Settle startup even when registration fails or replacement is interrupted, so readers cannot hang.
-          Effect.ensuring(Effect.sync(() => Deferred.doneUnsafe(entry.startup, Exit.void))),
+          Effect.ensuring(entry.startup.open),
         )
       })
 
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ export const layer = (options?: Options) =>
             entries.set(name, {
               config: server,
               status: { status: "pending" },
-              startup: Deferred.makeUnsafe<void>(),
+              startup: Latch.makeUnsafe(),
             })
           }
           yield* Effect.forEach(entries, ([name, entry]) => register(name, entry), { discard: true })
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ export const layer = (options?: Options) =>
           for (const [name, entry] of entries) {
             if (entry.config.disabled) {
               entry.status = { status: "disabled" }
-              Deferred.doneUnsafe(entry.startup, Exit.void)
+              entry.startup.openUnsafe()
               yield* bus.publish(McpEvent.StatusChanged, { server: name }).pipe(Effect.ignore)
               continue
             }
@@ -685,7 +685,7 @@ export const layer = (options?: Options) =>
 
       // Suspend so each await sees current entries; a bare Map iterator is exhausted after one run.
       const whenAllReady = Effect.suspend(() =>
-        Effect.forEach(Array.from(entries.values()), (entry) => Deferred.await(entry.startup), {
+        Effect.forEach(Array.from(entries.values()), (entry) => entry.startup.await, {
           concurrency: "unbounded",
           discard: true,
         }),
@@ -734,7 +734,7 @@ export const layer = (options?: Options) =>
         }),
         callTool: Effect.fn("MCP.callTool")(function* (input) {
           const target = yield* requireServer(input.server)
-          yield* Deferred.await(target.entry.startup)
+          yield* target.entry.startup.await
           if (!target.entry.client)
             return yield* new ToolCallError({
               server: target.name,
@@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ export const layer = (options?: Options) =>
         }),
         prompt: Effect.fn("MCP.prompt")(function* (input) {
           const target = yield* requireServer(input.server)
-          yield* Deferred.await(target.entry.startup)
+          yield* target.entry.startup.await
           if (!target.entry.client) return undefined
           const result = yield* target.entry.client
             .prompt({ name: input.name, args: input.args })
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ export const layer = (options?: Options) =>
         }),
         readResource: Effect.fn("MCP.readResource")(function* (input) {
           const target = yield* requireServer(input.server)
-          yield* Deferred.await(target.entry.startup)
+          yield* target.entry.startup.await
           if (!target.entry.client) return undefined
           const result = yield* target.entry.client
             .readResource({ uri: input.uri })

packages/core/src/plugin/supervisor.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ export { Service, type Interface } from "./supervisor-service.js"
 
 import type { Plugin as PluginDefinition } from "@opencode-ai/plugin/effect/plugin"
 import { Event } from "@opencode-ai/schema/config"
-import { Cause, Deferred, Effect, Layer, Schema, Stream } from "effect"
+import { Cause, Effect, Latch, Layer, Schema, Stream } from "effect"
 import path from "path"
 import { pathToFileURL } from "url"
 import { ConfigPluginSource } from "../config/plugin/source.js"
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ export const layer = Layer.effect(
     const sdk = yield* SdkPlugins.Service
     const sources = yield* ConfigPluginSource.Service
     const bus = yield* Bus.Service
-    const ready = { current: yield* Deferred.make<void>() }
+    const ready = yield* Latch.make()
     let observed = 0
 
     const activate = Effect.fn("PluginSupervisor.activate")(function* () {
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ export const layer = Layer.effect(
       Stream.mapEffect(() =>
         Effect.gen(function* () {
           observed++
-          if (yield* Deferred.isDone(ready.current)) ready.current = yield* Deferred.make<void>()
+          yield* ready.close
           return observed
         }),
       ),
@@ -176,12 +176,12 @@ export const layer = Layer.effect(
       Stream.runForEach((target) =>
         Effect.gen(function* () {
           yield* activate()
-          if (observed === target) yield* Deferred.succeed(ready.current, undefined)
+          if (observed === target) yield* ready.open
         }).pipe(Effect.catchCause((cause) => Effect.logError("failed to reload plugins", { cause }))),
       ),
       Effect.forkScoped({ startImmediately: true }),
     )
-    return Service.of({ flush: Effect.suspend(() => Deferred.await(ready.current)) })
+    return Service.of({ flush: ready.await })
   }),
 )
 

packages/core/src/session/compaction.ts

@@ -116,8 +116,19 @@ export interface Interface extends State.Transformable<Draft> {
 
 export class Service extends Context.Service<Service, Interface>()("@opencode/SessionCompaction") {}
 
-const truncate = (value: string) =>
-  value.length <= TOOL_OUTPUT_MAX_CHARS ? value : `${value.slice(0, TOOL_OUTPUT_MAX_CHARS)}\n[truncated]`
+export const truncateToolOutput = (value: string) => {
+  if (value.length <= TOOL_OUTPUT_MAX_CHARS) return value
+  let end = 0
+  for (let count = 0; count < TOOL_OUTPUT_MAX_CHARS && end < value.length; count++) {
+    const code = value.charCodeAt(end)
+    end +=
+      code >= 0xd800 && code <= 0xdbff && value.charCodeAt(end + 1) >= 0xdc00 && value.charCodeAt(end + 1) <= 0xdfff
+        ? 2
+        : 1
+  }
+  if (end === value.length) return value
+  return `${value.slice(0, end)}\n[truncated]`
+}
 
 export const serializeToolContent = (content: SessionMessage.ToolStateCompleted["content"]) =>
   content
@@ -146,7 +157,7 @@ const serialize = (message: SessionMessage.Info) => {
         if (part.state.status === "completed")
           return [
             `[Assistant tool call]: ${part.name}(${input})`,
-            `[Tool result]: ${truncate(serializeToolContent(part.state.content))}`,
+            `[Tool result]: ${truncateToolOutput(serializeToolContent(part.state.content))}`,
           ]
         if (part.state.status === "error")
           return [`[Assistant tool call]: ${part.name}(${input})`, `[Tool error]: ${part.state.error.message}`]
@@ -157,7 +168,8 @@ const serialize = (message: SessionMessage.Info) => {
   if (message.type === "system") return `[System update]: ${message.text}`
   if (message.type === "synthetic") return `[Synthetic context]: ${message.text}`
   if (message.type === "skill") return `[Skill activated: ${message.name}]\n${message.text}`
-  if (message.type === "shell") return `[Shell]: ${message.command}\n${truncate(message.output?.output ?? "")}`
+  if (message.type === "shell")
+    return `[Shell]: ${message.command}\n${truncateToolOutput(message.output?.output ?? "")}`
   return ""
 }
 

packages/core/src/session/runner/llm.ts

@@ -89,7 +89,15 @@ const classifyToolExits = (
     .flatMap((cause) => {
       if (Cause.hasInterrupts(cause)) return []
       const reasons = cause.reasons.flatMap(
-        (reason): Array<Cause.Reason<never>> => (Cause.isFailReason(reason) ? [] : [reason]),
+        (reason): Array<Cause.Reason<never>> =>
+          Cause.isFailReason(reason)
+            ? isDecline(reason.error)
+              ? []
+              : // A typed failure here broke the ExecuteError contract (the per-fiber
+                // `catchTag("Tool.Error")` consumes honest ones). Surfacing it as a defect
+                // keeps it from being dropped, which would leave its call unsettled forever.
+                [Cause.makeDieReason(reason.error)]
+            : [reason],
       )
       return reasons.length > 0 ? [Cause.fromReasons(reasons)] : []
     })

packages/core/src/shell.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 export * as Shell from "./shell.js"
 
 import path from "path"
-import { Context, Deferred, Duration, Effect, Fiber, Layer, Schema, Schedule, Stream } from "effect"
+import { Context, Deferred, Duration, Effect, Fiber, Latch, Layer, Schema, Schedule, Stream } from "effect"
 import { ChildProcess } from "effect/unstable/process"
 import { produce } from "immer"
 import { Shell } from "@opencode-ai/schema/shell"
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ const layer = () =>
               sessions.set(id, session)
 
               const stream = createWriteStream(file)
-              const outputDone = Deferred.makeUnsafe<void>()
+              const outputDone = Latch.makeUnsafe()
               const pump = handle.all.pipe(
                 Stream.runForEach((chunk: Uint8Array) =>
                   Effect.sync(() => {
@@ -304,8 +304,8 @@ const layer = () =>
                         stream.end(() => resolve())
                       }),
                   )
-                  yield* Deferred.succeed(outputDone, undefined)
-                }).pipe(Effect.catch(() => Deferred.succeed(outputDone, undefined))),
+                  yield* outputDone.open
+                }).pipe(Effect.catch(() => outputDone.open)),
               )
               yield* Effect.promise(
                 () =>
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ const layer = () =>
                     draft.time.completed = Date.now()
                   })
                   yield* beforeWait
-                  yield* Deferred.await(outputDone)
+                  yield* outputDone.await
                   // Resolve waiters with the terminal Info before any retention eviction, so an evicted
                   // session still reports success rather than the removal NotFoundError. This runs before
                   // the timeout-fiber interrupt below, which on the timeout path would otherwise cancel

packages/core/src/tool/plugin/shell.ts

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ export * as ShellTool from "./shell.js"
 
 import path from "path"
 import { ToolFailure } from "@opencode-ai/ai"
-import type { Content } from "@opencode-ai/schema/tool"
 import type { Context as PluginContext } from "@opencode-ai/plugin/effect/plugin"
 import { Deferred, Effect, Schema, Scope } from "effect"
 import { Config } from "../../config.js"
@@ -72,10 +71,27 @@ const Output = Schema.Struct({
 
 type Output = typeof Output.Type
 
-const modelOutput = (output: Output): string | undefined => {
-  if (output.status === "running") return BACKGROUND_INSTRUCTION
-  if (output.timeout) return "Command timed out before completion."
-  return `Command exited with code ${output.exit}.`
+const resultMessages = (output: Output) => {
+  const notice = (() => {
+    if (output.status === "running") return BACKGROUND_INSTRUCTION
+    if (output.timeout) return "Command timed out before completion."
+    if (output.exit !== undefined) return `Command exited with code ${output.exit}.`
+  })()
+  return [output.output, ...(notice ? [notice] : [])]
+}
+
+const toolResult = (output: Output) => {
+  return {
+    output,
+    content: resultMessages(output).map((text) => ({ type: "text" as const, text })),
+    metadata: {
+      status: output.status,
+      truncated: output.truncated,
+      ...(output.exit !== undefined ? { exit: output.exit } : {}),
+      ...(output.shellID !== undefined ? { shellID: output.shellID } : {}),
+      ...(output.timeout !== undefined ? { timeout: output.timeout } : {}),
+    },
+  }
 }
 
 export const Plugin = {
@@ -92,32 +108,50 @@ export const Plugin = {
     const notifyWhenDone = Effect.fn("ShellTool.notifyWhenDone")(function* (
       sessionID: SessionSchema.ID,
       id: string,
+      shellID: string,
       command: string,
+      settled: Deferred.Deferred<Output>,
     ) {
       yield* runtime.job.wait({ id: id }).pipe(
-        Effect.flatMap((result) => {
-          const state =
-            result.info?.status === "completed"
-              ? "completed"
-              : result.info?.status === "error"
-                ? "error"
-                : result.info?.status === "cancelled"
-                  ? "cancelled"
-                  : undefined
-          if (state === undefined) return Effect.void
-          const text =
-            state === "completed"
-              ? (result.info!.output ?? "")
+        Effect.flatMap((result) =>
+          Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const info = result.info
+            if (!info) return
+            const state =
+              info.status === "completed"
+                ? "completed"
+                : info.status === "error"
+                  ? "error"
+                  : info.status === "cancelled"
+                    ? "cancelled"
+                    : undefined
+            if (state === undefined) return
+            const output = state === "completed" ? yield* Deferred.await(settled) : undefined
+            const text = output
+              ? resultMessages(output).join("\n\n")
               : state === "error"
-                ? (result.info!.error ?? "Command failed")
+                ? (info.error ?? "Command failed")
                 : "Command cancelled"
-          return runtime.session.synthetic({
-            sessionID,
-            text: `<shell id="${id}" state="${state}" command="${command}">\n${text}\n</shell>`,
-            description: command,
-            metadata: { source: "shell", jobID: id, state },
-          })
-        }),
+            yield* runtime.session.synthetic({
+              sessionID,
+              text: `<shell id="${id}" state="${state}" command="${command}">\n${text}\n</shell>`,
+              description: command,
+              metadata: {
+                source: "shell",
+                jobID: id,
+                shellID,
+                state,
+                ...(output
+                  ? {
+                      truncated: output.truncated,
+                      ...(output.exit !== undefined ? { exit: output.exit } : {}),
+                      ...(output.timeout !== undefined ? { timeout: output.timeout } : {}),
+                    }
+                  : {}),
+              },
+            })
+          }),
+        ),
         Effect.forkIn(scope, { startImmediately: true }),
       )
     })
@@ -268,7 +302,7 @@ export const Plugin = {
 
               if (input.background === true) {
                 yield* runtime.job.background(job.id)
-                yield* notifyWhenDone(context.sessionID, context.id, info.command)
+                yield* notifyWhenDone(context.sessionID, context.id, info.id, info.command, settled)
                 return {
                   output: BACKGROUND_STARTED,
                   shellID: info.id,
@@ -282,7 +316,7 @@ export const Plugin = {
                 .pipe(Effect.onInterrupt(() => runtime.job.cancel(job.id).pipe(Effect.ignore)))
               if (result?.type === "backgrounded") {
                 yield* shell.timeout(info.id, 0)
-                yield* notifyWhenDone(context.sessionID, context.id, info.command)
+                yield* notifyWhenDone(context.sessionID, context.id, info.id, info.command, settled)
                 return {
                   output: BACKGROUND_STARTED,
                   shellID: info.id,
@@ -296,22 +330,7 @@ export const Plugin = {
 
               return yield* Deferred.await(settled)
             }).pipe(
-              Effect.map((output) => {
-                const content: Array<Content> = [{ type: "text", text: output.output }]
-                const model = modelOutput(output)
-                if (model) content.push({ type: "text", text: model })
-                return {
-                  output,
-                  content,
-                  metadata: {
-                    status: output.status,
-                    truncated: output.truncated,
-                    ...("exit" in output && output.exit !== undefined ? { exit: output.exit } : {}),
-                    ...("shellID" in output && output.shellID !== undefined ? { shellID: output.shellID } : {}),
-                    ...("timeout" in output && output.timeout !== undefined ? { timeout: output.timeout } : {}),
-                  },
-                }
-              }),
+              Effect.map(toolResult),
               Effect.mapError(
                 (error) => new ToolFailure({ message: `Unable to execute command: ${input.command}`, error }),
               ),

packages/core/src/tool/runtime.ts

@@ -13,7 +13,20 @@ export const definition = (tool: Tool.Info<any, any>): ToolDefinition => ({
 export const execute = (tool: Tool.Info<any, any>, input: unknown, context: Tool.Context) =>
   Effect.gen(function* () {
     const decoded = yield* decodeInput(tool.input, input)
-    const result = yield* tool.execute(decoded, context)
+    // Tool implementations declare `Tool.Error` but plugins can fail with anything at
+    // runtime. A foreign typed failure would slip past every `catchTag("Tool.Error")`
+    // downstream and leave its call permanently unsettled, so the declared contract is
+    // enforced here at the untrusted boundary. Declines tunnel through as defects and
+    // interrupts are not errors; neither is touched.
+    const result = yield* tool.execute(decoded, context).pipe(
+      Effect.mapError((error: unknown) =>
+        error instanceof Tool.Error
+          ? error
+          : new Tool.Error({
+              message: error instanceof globalThis.Error ? error.message : String(error),
+            }),
+      ),
+    )
     if (tool.output === undefined) {
       if ("output" in result) return yield* Effect.die("Tool result declared output without an output schema")
       return {

packages/core/test/session-compaction.test.ts

@@ -110,6 +110,13 @@ test("compaction describes tool media without embedding base64", () => {
   expect(serialized).not.toContain(base64)
 })
 
+test("compaction truncation does not split surrogate pairs", () => {
+  const prefix = "a".repeat(1_999)
+
+  expect(SessionCompaction.truncateToolOutput(`${prefix}😀suffix`)).toBe(`${prefix}😀\n[truncated]`)
+  expect(SessionCompaction.truncateToolOutput("😀".repeat(2_000))).toBe("😀".repeat(2_000))
+})
+
 test("compaction prompt requires the checkpoint headings in order", () => {
   const prompt = SessionCompaction.buildPrompt({ context: ["Conversation history"] })
   expect(prompt.match(/^#{2,3} .+$/gm)).toEqual([

packages/core/test/tool-execute.test.ts

@@ -94,6 +94,24 @@ test("declared outputs cannot bypass validation and raw outputs stay JSON-compat
   )
 })
 
+test("foreign typed failures settle as Tool.Error at the untrusted boundary", async () => {
+  class ForeignFailure extends Schema.TaggedError<ForeignFailure>()("Plugin.ForeignFailure", {
+    message: Schema.String,
+  }) {}
+  const lying: Info = {
+    name: "lying",
+    description: "Fails with a non-Tool.Error typed failure",
+    input: Schema.Struct({}),
+    execute: () => new ForeignFailure({ message: "transport died" }) as never,
+  }
+
+  const exit = await Effect.runPromiseExit(execute(lying, {}, context))
+  expect(exit._tag).toBe("Failure")
+  const error = exit._tag === "Failure" ? exit.cause.reasons.find((reason) => "error" in reason)?.error : undefined
+  expect(error).toBeInstanceOf(Tool.Error)
+  expect((error as Tool.Error).message).toBe("transport died")
+})
+
 test("execute supports callable namespace tools", async () => {
   const callable: Info = {
     name: "admin",

packages/core/test/tool-shell.test.ts

@@ -760,10 +760,52 @@ describe("ShellTool", () => {
             expect((yield* shell.list()).map((info) => info.id)).toContain(id)
             expect((yield* shell.wait(id)).status).toBe("timeout")
             expect((yield* Fiber.join(admitted)).valueOrUndefined?.data.item.payload).toMatchObject({
+              text: expect.stringContaining("Command timed out before completion."),
               description: idleCommand,
               metadata: {
                 source: "shell",
+                shellID,
                 state: "completed",
+                timeout: true,
+                truncated: false,
+              },
+            })
+          }),
+        )
+      },
+      (tmp) => Effect.promise(() => tmp[Symbol.asyncDispose]().then(() => undefined)),
+    ),
+  )
+
+  it.live("preserves a background command's non-zero exit", () =>
+    Effect.acquireUseRelease(
+      Effect.promise(() => tmpdir()),
+      (tmp) => {
+        reset()
+        return withSession(tmp.path, (registry) =>
+          Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const bus = yield* Bus.Service
+            const admitted = yield* bus.subscribe(SessionEvent.InboxEnqueued).pipe(
+              Stream.filter((event) => event.data.sessionID === sessionID && event.data.item.type === "synthetic"),
+              Stream.runHead,
+              Effect.forkScoped({ startImmediately: true }),
+            )
+            const settled = yield* executeTool(
+              registry,
+              call({ command: bodyExitCommand, background: true }, "call-background-nonzero"),
+            )
+            const shellID = settled.metadata?.shellID
+            expect(typeof shellID).toBe("string")
+            expect((yield* Fiber.join(admitted)).valueOrUndefined?.data.item.payload).toMatchObject({
+              text: expect.stringContaining("Command exited with code 7."),
+              description: bodyExitCommand,
+              metadata: {
+                source: "shell",
+                jobID: "call-background-nonzero",
+                shellID,
+                state: "completed",
+                exit: 7,
+                truncated: false,
               },
             })
           }),

packages/http-recorder/src/websocket/recorder.ts

@@ -31,8 +31,11 @@ interface PendingRecordings {
 }
 type Frame = string | Uint8Array
 
-const normalizeProtocols = (protocols?: string | Array<string>): Array<string> =>
-  protocols === undefined ? [] : typeof protocols === "string" ? [protocols] : [...protocols]
+const normalizeProtocols = (protocols: unknown): Array<string> => {
+  if (typeof protocols === "string") return [protocols]
+  if (Array.isArray(protocols)) return protocols.filter((protocol): protocol is string => typeof protocol === "string")
+  return []
+}
 const frameFromWebSocketData = async (data: unknown): Promise<Frame> => {
   if (typeof data === "string") return data
   if (data instanceof Blob) return new Uint8Array(await data.arrayBuffer())
@@ -371,7 +374,7 @@ const makeRecordingWebSocketConstructor = (
   return (url, protocols) => {
     const sequence = nextSequence++
     const requestedProtocols = normalizeProtocols(protocols)
-    const native = upstream(url, requestedProtocols)
+    const native = Reflect.apply(upstream, undefined, [url, protocols])
     const events: WebSocketEvent[] = []
     let opened = false
     let failed = false

packages/http-recorder/test/websocket.test.ts

@@ -80,6 +80,38 @@ describe("WebSocket", () => {
     ])
   })
 
+  test("constructor recording forwards handshake options", async () => {
+    using directory = tempDirectory("http-recorder-websocket-constructor-")
+    let received: unknown
+    const recorder = HttpRecorder.layerWebSocketConstructor("websocket/constructor-options", {
+      directory: directory.path,
+    }).pipe(
+      Layer.provide(
+        Layer.succeed(Socket.WebSocketConstructor, (url, options) => {
+          received = options
+          // oxlint-disable-next-line typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-type-assertion -- the fixture implements the WebSocket surface used by the recorder.
+          return new EchoWebSocket(url) as unknown as globalThis.WebSocket
+        }),
+      ),
+    )
+
+    await Effect.runPromise(
+      Effect.gen(function* () {
+        const constructor = yield* Socket.WebSocketConstructor
+        const options = { headers: { authorization: "Bearer fixture" } }
+        const socket = Reflect.apply(constructor, undefined, ["wss://echo.example.test/options", options])
+        yield* Effect.callback<void>((resume) => {
+          socket.addEventListener("open", () => {
+            socket.close()
+            resume(Effect.void)
+          })
+        })
+      }).pipe(Effect.scoped, Effect.provide(recorder)),
+    )
+
+    expect(received).toEqual({ headers: { authorization: "Bearer fixture" } })
+  })
+
   test("constructor replay validates dynamic URLs and protocols without opening a live socket", async () => {
     using directory = tempDirectory("http-recorder-websocket-constructor-")
     await seedCassetteDirectory(directory.path, "websocket/constructor", [

packages/server/src/process.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ export * as ServerProcess from "./process"
 import { NodeHttpServer } from "@effect/platform-node"
 import { SessionRestart } from "@opencode-ai/core/session/execution/restart"
 import { hasPtyConnectTicketURL } from "@opencode-ai/protocol/groups/pty"
-import { Cause, Context, Deferred, Effect, Exit, Layer, Option, Ref, Scope } from "effect"
+import { Cause, Context, Effect, Exit, Latch, Layer, Option, Ref, Scope } from "effect"
 import { HttpMiddleware, HttpRouter, HttpServer, HttpServerRequest, HttpServerResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
 import { createServer } from "node:http"
 import { ServerAuth } from "./auth"
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ export const start = Effect.fn("ServerProcess.start")(function* <E, R>(
   if (!password) return yield* Effect.fail(new Error("Missing server password"))
   const hostname = options.hostname ?? "127.0.0.1"
   const port = Option.fromNullishOr(options.port)
-  const shutdown = yield* Deferred.make<void>()
+  const shutdown = yield* Latch.make()
   const status = yield* Status.make()
   const bound = yield* listen({ hostname, port })
   const application = yield* Ref.make(Option.none<App>())
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ export const start = Effect.fn("ServerProcess.start")(function* <E, R>(
     )
     .pipe(withoutParentSpan)
   if (lifecycle)
-    yield* lifecycle.onListen(bound.http.address, Deferred.succeed(shutdown, undefined).pipe(Effect.asVoid)).pipe(
+    yield* lifecycle.onListen(bound.http.address, shutdown.open.pipe(Effect.asVoid)).pipe(
       Effect.flatMap((cleanup) =>
         Effect.addFinalizer(() => Scope.close(bound.scope, Exit.void).pipe(Effect.andThen(cleanup))),
       ),
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ export const start = Effect.fn("ServerProcess.start")(function* <E, R>(
     const app = Context.get(context, HttpRouter.HttpRouter).asHttpEffect()
     yield* Ref.set(application, Option.some(transform ? transform(app) : app))
     yield* status.ready
-    return { address: bound.http.address, shutdown: Deferred.await(shutdown) }
+    return { address: bound.http.address, shutdown: shutdown.await }
   }).pipe(
     Effect.catchCause((cause) => {
       if (!lifecycle || Cause.hasInterruptsOnly(cause)) return Effect.failCause(cause)
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ export const start = Effect.fn("ServerProcess.start")(function* <E, R>(
     }),
   )
   if (!lifecycle) return yield* boot
-  return yield* Effect.raceFirst(boot, Deferred.await(shutdown).pipe(Effect.andThen(Effect.interrupt)))
+  return yield* Effect.raceFirst(boot, shutdown.await.pipe(Effect.andThen(Effect.interrupt)))
 })
 
 function listen(options: { readonly hostname: string; readonly port: Option.Option<number> }) {

packages/tui/src/app.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { render, useRenderer, useTerminalDimensions } from "@opentui/solid"
 import { registerOpencodeSpinner } from "./component/register-spinner"
-import { Deferred, Effect } from "effect"
+import { Effect, Latch } from "effect"
 import { Service, type Endpoint } from "@opencode-ai/client/effect/service"
 import { OpenCode, type SessionInfo } from "@opencode-ai/client"
 import { Global } from "@opencode-ai/util/global"
@@ -274,13 +274,13 @@ export const run = Effect.fn("Tui.run")(function* (input: TuiInput) {
             .forEach((result) => log("error", "Failed to dispose TUI resource", { error: result.reason }))
         }),
       )
-      const shutdown = yield* Deferred.make<unknown>()
+      const shutdown = yield* Latch.make()
       const onSighup = () => destroyRenderer(renderer)
       yield* Effect.acquireRelease(
         Effect.sync(() => process.on("SIGHUP", onSighup)),
         () => Effect.sync(() => process.off("SIGHUP", onSighup)),
       )
-      renderer.once("destroy", () => Deferred.doneUnsafe(shutdown, Effect.void))
+      renderer.once("destroy", () => shutdown.openUnsafe())
       yield* Effect.tryPromise(async () => {
         // Prewarm palette before ThemeProvider mounts so `system` theme avoids a first-paint fallback flash.
         void renderer.getPalette({ size: 16 }).catch(() => undefined)
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ export const run = Effect.fn("Tui.run")(function* (input: TuiInput) {
           renderer.requestRender()
         }
       })
-      yield* Deferred.await(shutdown)
+      yield* shutdown.await
       return { epilogue: exit.epilogue, reason: exit.reason }
     }),
   )

packages/tui/src/routes/session/index.tsx

@@ -121,7 +121,14 @@ const TRANSCRIPT_BACKFILL_CHUNK = 60
 type PendingAction = "steer" | "queue" | "cancel"
 
 const context = createContext<{
+  /** Content width: terminal width minus vertical tabs, sidebar, and padding. */
   width: number
+  /**
+   * Shared reactive terminal size. Transcript-row components must read this
+   * instead of calling useTerminalDimensions(), which registers one renderer
+   * resize listener per mounted component and grows with transcript length.
+   */
+  terminal: { width: number; height: number }
   sessionID: string
   thinkingMode: () => ThinkingMode
   showThinking: () => boolean
@@ -1124,12 +1131,25 @@ export function Session(props: { verticalTabsWidth: number }) {
     ),
   )
 
+  // Memoized per axis so width readers do not re-run on height-only resizes
+  // (dimensions() is one object signal with identity equality) and vice versa.
+  const terminalWidth = createMemo(() => dimensions().width)
+  const terminalHeight = createMemo(() => dimensions().height)
+
   return (
     <context.Provider
       value={{
         get width() {
           return contentWidth()
         },
+        terminal: {
+          get width() {
+            return terminalWidth()
+          },
+          get height() {
+            return terminalHeight()
+          },
+        },
         sessionID: route.sessionID,
         thinkingMode,
         showThinking,
@@ -1805,7 +1825,6 @@ function AssistantFooter(props: { message: SessionMessageAssistant }) {
   const ctx = use()
   const data = useData()
   const local = useLocal()
-  const dimensions = useTerminalDimensions()
   const theme = useTheme("elevated")
   const model = createMemo(
     () =>
@@ -1829,10 +1848,10 @@ function AssistantFooter(props: { message: SessionMessageAssistant }) {
           <span style={{ fg: props.message.error ? theme.text.subdued : local.agent.color(props.message.agent) }}>
             {Locale.titlecase(props.message.agent)}
           </span>
-          <Show when={dimensions().width >= 28}>
+          <Show when={ctx.terminal.width >= 28}>
             <span style={{ fg: theme.text.subdued }}> · {model()}</span>
           </Show>
-          <Show when={duration() && (dimensions().width < 28 || dimensions().width >= 36)}>
+          <Show when={duration() && (ctx.terminal.width < 28 || ctx.terminal.width >= 36)}>
             <span style={{ fg: theme.text.subdued }}> · {Locale.duration(duration())}</span>
           </Show>
           <Show when={interrupted()}>
@@ -2521,9 +2540,8 @@ function ToolImages(props: { parts: readonly SessionMessageAssistantTool[] }) {
 function SessionImages(props: { images: readonly { uri: string }[]; paddingLeft?: number }) {
   const ctx = use()
   const dialog = useDialog()
-  const dimensions = useTerminalDimensions()
   const images = createMemo(() => (ctx.config.session?.image_preview ? props.images : []))
-  const height = createMemo(() => Math.max(4, Math.min(8, Math.floor(dimensions().height / 4))))
+  const height = createMemo(() => Math.max(4, Math.min(8, Math.floor(ctx.terminal.height / 4))))
   const visible = createMemo(() => images().slice(0, 3))
 
   return (