fix(codemode): derive empty tool inputs from the encoded schema

chore: upgrade Effect to rc.117
test(ai): align empty tool expectations with V2 Gemini schemas
2026-09-27 19:17:36 +00:00 · 2026-09-27 10:05:39 -03:00 · 2026-09-27 10:05:04 -03:00 · 2026-09-27 10:05:04 -03:00 · 2026-09-27 09:56:40 -03:00 · 2026-09-27 09:56:40 -03:00
105 changed files with 1841 additions and 1616 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+"@opencode/core": patch
+---
+
+Correct directory page headings when the read offset is zero.
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
        "zod": "catalog:",
      },
      "peerDependencies": {
-        "effect": "4.0.0-rc.112",
+        "effect": "4.0.0-rc.117",
        "solid-js": ">=1.9.0",
      },
      "optionalPeers": [
@@ -405,6 +405,7 @@
        "@types/node": "catalog:",
        "@types/which": "3.0.4",
        "drizzle-kit": "catalog:",
+        "fast-check": "catalog:",
      },
    },
    "packages/desktop": {
@@ -513,7 +514,7 @@
      "name": "@opencode/http-recorder",
      "version": "2.0.18",
      "dependencies": {
-        "@effect/platform-node-shared": "4.0.0-rc.112",
+        "@effect/platform-node-shared": "4.0.0-rc.117",
      },
      "devDependencies": {
        "@effect/platform-node": "catalog:",
@@ -1105,10 +1106,10 @@
  "catalog": {
    "@cloudflare/workers-types": "4.20251008.0",
    "@corvu/drawer": "0.2.4",
-    "@effect/opentelemetry": "4.0.0-rc.112",
-    "@effect/platform-node": "4.0.0-rc.112",
-    "@effect/platform-node-shared": "4.0.0-rc.112",
-    "@effect/sql-sqlite-bun": "4.0.0-rc.112",
+    "@effect/opentelemetry": "4.0.0-rc.117",
+    "@effect/platform-node": "4.0.0-rc.117",
+    "@effect/platform-node-shared": "4.0.0-rc.117",
+    "@effect/sql-sqlite-bun": "4.0.0-rc.117",
    "@hono/standard-validator": "0.2.0",
    "@hono/zod-validator": "0.4.2",
    "@kobalte/core": "0.13.13",
@@ -1148,7 +1149,8 @@
    "dompurify": "3.4.14",
    "drizzle-kit": "1.0.0-rc.5-ab785fc",
    "drizzle-orm": "1.0.0-rc.5-169397b",
-    "effect": "4.0.0-rc.112",
+    "effect": "4.0.0-rc.117",
+    "fast-check": "4.9.0",
    "fuzzysort": "3.1.0",
    "get-east-asian-width": "1.6.0",
    "hono": "4.10.7",
@@ -1680,13 +1682,13 @@

    "@drizzle-team/brocli": ["@drizzle-team/brocli@0.12.0", "", {}, "sha512-mlUE+rZ8CatQekLhnaiN91Iemdd+e2gFKooGlnRB3oPTL3VghLfX24dx7HrzMNeC1JrIB/0kpsfyty3f5HNfxQ=="],

-    "@effect/opentelemetry": ["@effect/opentelemetry@4.0.0-rc.112", "", { "peerDependencies": { "@opentelemetry/api": ">=1.9.0 <2.0.0", "@opentelemetry/api-logs": ">=0.203.0 <0.300.0", "@opentelemetry/resources": ">=2.0.0 <3.0.0", "@opentelemetry/sdk-logs": ">=0.203.0 <0.300.0", "@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics": ">=2.0.0 <3.0.0", "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": ">=2.0.0 <3.0.0", "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node": ">=2.0.0 <3.0.0", "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-web": ">=2.0.0 <3.0.0", "@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions": ">=1.33.0 <2.0.0", "effect": "^4.0.0-rc.112" }, "optionalPeers": ["@opentelemetry/api", "@opentelemetry/api-logs", "@opentelemetry/resources", "@opentelemetry/sdk-logs", "@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics", "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base", "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node", "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-web"] }, "sha512-OTRv1DxTHUmnakgJ6XVM8wVgF1KgZH4UXnOemwSLUwUjXO+RCikzF8oR/rlVmOGq81KtQzj1URM4M4nchlQOuQ=="],
+    "@effect/opentelemetry": ["@effect/opentelemetry@4.0.0-rc.117", "", { "peerDependencies": { "@opentelemetry/api": ">=1.9.0 <2.0.0", "@opentelemetry/api-logs": ">=0.203.0 <0.300.0", "@opentelemetry/resources": ">=2.0.0 <3.0.0", "@opentelemetry/sdk-logs": ">=0.203.0 <0.300.0", "@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics": ">=2.0.0 <3.0.0", "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": ">=2.0.0 <3.0.0", "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node": ">=2.0.0 <3.0.0", "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-web": ">=2.0.0 <3.0.0", "@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions": ">=1.33.0 <2.0.0", "effect": "^4.0.0-rc.117" }, "optionalPeers": ["@opentelemetry/api", "@opentelemetry/api-logs", "@opentelemetry/resources", "@opentelemetry/sdk-logs", "@opentelemetry/sdk-metrics", "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base", "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node", "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-web"] }, "sha512-IWAn2rU/RZLStkXfcdF1nGxcKQ7kbHct7N98T/5yOmSYiXvD8ZIxsGZhuAcRPPjc0NbNU2Ay8DZLPesyhJhUgA=="],

-    "@effect/platform-node": ["@effect/platform-node@4.0.0-rc.112", "", { "dependencies": { "@effect/platform-node-shared": "^4.0.0-rc.112", "mime": "^4.1.0", "undici": "^8.10.0" }, "peerDependencies": { "effect": "^4.0.0-rc.112", "redis": ">=5.0.0 <7.0.0" } }, "sha512-/BMAcdNGQQskLmI0Zoa95KfTZkr9HV9N4NSxaSrusG6GeW6Ulp9KvZ+Rlaiw8lnOt43CXjFLdfll5/k5rxL4hQ=="],
+    "@effect/platform-node": ["@effect/platform-node@4.0.0-rc.117", "", { "dependencies": { "@effect/platform-node-shared": "^4.0.0-rc.117", "undici": "^8.10.2" }, "peerDependencies": { "effect": "^4.0.0-rc.117", "redis": ">=5.0.0 <7.0.0" } }, "sha512-WbPcvQDkqXFnCeG6LohJ9eVNapCDhZbCpezhYKxm0IsZEk7swakRh7RkC1t2CXzd3hGmszTv2k9e/pXyZuL+wQ=="],

-    "@effect/platform-node-shared": ["@effect/platform-node-shared@4.0.0-rc.112", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/ws": "^8.18.1", "ws": "^8.21.3" }, "peerDependencies": { "effect": "^4.0.0-rc.112" } }, "sha512-ttjz0xKamFN7vL8pNDYVwddJLjZvqKePc05djlz2VcdaKbLsnYbtMnL1rbOfHgEnIUSHGh7FkjaN4DM1Ov81sQ=="],
+    "@effect/platform-node-shared": ["@effect/platform-node-shared@4.0.0-rc.117", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/ws": "^8.18.1", "ws": "^8.21.3" }, "peerDependencies": { "effect": "^4.0.0-rc.117" } }, "sha512-GyRkEfLBG49MwJe+/XDPiXYcQ44RA9p2z0AurlsWhR1cd1PqOUMEZU1pORL+/R5hR8aH6ZuqoJYD8lAc6h+wlA=="],

-    "@effect/sql-sqlite-bun": ["@effect/sql-sqlite-bun@4.0.0-rc.112", "", { "peerDependencies": { "effect": "^4.0.0-rc.112" } }, "sha512-EqR8pWZo3VzedRvP6qo5HcfqNmFvSa+sQLWQl3oBMx2KY1FCc8NYjep79wYjNkW0qABnffrPUXCMTOncd1A+5g=="],
+    "@effect/sql-sqlite-bun": ["@effect/sql-sqlite-bun@4.0.0-rc.117", "", { "peerDependencies": { "effect": "^4.0.0-rc.117" } }, "sha512-UjgkEmR+s5Rc870sDsDzu/8AA5KQqcBeq5qgH6AFe5OYfv3GCMfoQTkIvnl+Q3M5KaZosYgwwEy9uij/J2HOJw=="],

    "@electron-internal/extract-zip": ["@electron-internal/extract-zip@1.0.5", "", {}, "sha512-+bqFCP98pLI0Tt0XQo1TmlXtwjWchISndDOxCkEcIuUgXWpBnLyRI+2DU+mesvnMMX6L1XDqYNA0lXNDHd/yiA=="],

@@ -2020,18 +2022,6 @@

    "@motionone/utils": ["@motionone/utils@10.18.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@motionone/types": "^10.17.1", "hey-listen": "^1.0.8", "tslib": "^2.3.1" } }, "sha512-3XVF7sgyTSI2KWvTf6uLlBJ5iAgRgmvp3bpuOiQJvInd4nZ19ET8lX5unn30SlmRH7hXbBbH+Gxd0m0klJ3Xtw=="],

-    "@msgpackr-extract/msgpackr-extract-darwin-arm64": ["@msgpackr-extract/msgpackr-extract-darwin-arm64@3.0.4", "", { "os": "darwin", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-LCkGo6JDfaBhgST7UpPWgNgLINpcpabaHfyz5OBx75nUYxBsaEPxjnyNjWpeb/xBup/682QnBfRBy2/LvPutZQ=="],
-
-    "@msgpackr-extract/msgpackr-extract-darwin-x64": ["@msgpackr-extract/msgpackr-extract-darwin-x64@3.0.4", "", { "os": "darwin", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-zExlW9zUJKZH/tOtVMttwjKa4Xm/3KcNjnE3dPN92uCktwavMxpgCA3MoJK/DOnTWsQgo224OaST27/mPNAf+w=="],
-
-    "@msgpackr-extract/msgpackr-extract-linux-arm": ["@msgpackr-extract/msgpackr-extract-linux-arm@3.0.4", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "arm" }, "sha512-Tg3yX65f5GbtXLkrYEHE5oibZG9epyYWas7FogTTEJeDEF9JlXJzKgXaNhT3UXlTOeA+AfZpYZYZ0uPj7Cfquw=="],
-
-    "@msgpackr-extract/msgpackr-extract-linux-arm64": ["@msgpackr-extract/msgpackr-extract-linux-arm64@3.0.4", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-dgX0P/9wGPJeHFBG+ZmhgE6bmtMt7NP5CRBGyyktpopdk/mW4POnrpQsSLtKI1dwpc+pPLuXHDh6vvskyQE/sw=="],
-
-    "@msgpackr-extract/msgpackr-extract-linux-x64": ["@msgpackr-extract/msgpackr-extract-linux-x64@3.0.4", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-8TNXMEjJc3QEy7R/x1INhgiU+XakDAFUzBhaz7+Rbrs8NH5UQeHQxxmzsSBJGyV6I1jW79undiQm8tOI+D+8FQ=="],
-
-    "@msgpackr-extract/msgpackr-extract-win32-x64": ["@msgpackr-extract/msgpackr-extract-win32-x64@3.0.4", "", { "os": "win32", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-CmCXPQrkbwExx3j946/PtHWHbYJiCRBRDl4BlkRQcJB/YOwQxJRTpoo7aTsortjgoJ1x7opzTSxn7C+ASSLVjQ=="],
-
    "@napi-rs/lzma-linux-x64-gnu": ["@napi-rs/lzma-linux-x64-gnu@1.5.1", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-oTXEIha4SsuXdTA4Iyskj0kpdx2yVXdhd75c2v3xGrHFfVMsbhTPZU/nMPL4sWKo4pBHm3aucLaqGlF696dTyQ=="],

    "@napi-rs/wasm-runtime": ["@napi-rs/wasm-runtime@1.2.3", "", { "dependencies": { "@tybys/wasm-util": "^0.10.3" }, "peerDependencies": { "@emnapi/core": "^1.7.1 || ^2.0.0-alpha.4", "@emnapi/runtime": "^1.7.1 || ^2.0.0-alpha.4" } }, "sha512-UMduMbqO5s5zF2NkNacMT/yK5Y5QiKvWr2+50bzIIxFDwVJ2h49b+oyjaCGPhJxd2/gC2x39EHv/gHVuu36x2Q=="],
@@ -3866,7 +3856,7 @@

    "editorconfig": ["editorconfig@1.0.7", "", { "dependencies": { "@one-ini/wasm": "0.1.1", "commander": "^10.0.0", "minimatch": "^9.0.1", "semver": "^7.5.3" }, "bin": { "editorconfig": "bin/editorconfig" } }, "sha512-e0GOtq/aTQhVdNyDU9e02+wz9oDDM+SIOQxWME2QRjzRX5yyLAuHDE+0aE8vHb9XRC8XD37eO2u57+F09JqFhw=="],

-    "effect": ["effect@4.0.0-rc.112", "", { "dependencies": { "fast-check": "^4.9.0", "msgpackr": "^2.0.5" } }, "sha512-wXxwuh1Ywnv4cPRM3Wfa0vDwuOHnZ1TsTgHJkG9XgzND6inhBH9n1vBxhg3iIXOia/OrpmvVmd3lrD4vq6bF3A=="],
+    "effect": ["effect@4.0.0-rc.117", "", {}, "sha512-UUyi9QiOW4nySFIBM3KnYbNMd9EZliOdKfBcyLD0mPMPheO2fkuXS5y0opjWc9oqzlJxPQICEGm8gGw3kh9j/w=="],

    "ejs": ["ejs@3.1.10", "", { "dependencies": { "jake": "^10.8.5" }, "bin": { "ejs": "bin/cli.js" } }, "sha512-UeJmFfOrAQS8OJWPZ4qtgHyWExa088/MtK5UEyoJGFH67cDEXkZSviOiKRCZ4Xij0zxI3JECgYs3oKx+AizQBA=="],

@@ -4704,7 +4694,7 @@

    "micromatch": ["micromatch@4.0.8", "", { "dependencies": { "braces": "^3.0.3", "picomatch": "^2.3.1" } }, "sha512-PXwfBhYu0hBCPw8Dn0E+WDYb7af3dSLVWKi3HGv84IdF4TyFoC0ysxFd0Goxw7nSv4T/PzEJQxsYsEiFCKo2BA=="],

-    "mime": ["mime@4.1.0", "", { "bin": { "mime": "bin/cli.js" } }, "sha512-X5ju04+cAzsojXKes0B/S4tcYtFAJ6tTMuSPBEn9CPGlrWr8Fiw7qYeLT0XyH80HSoAoqWCaz+MWKh22P7G1cw=="],
+    "mime": ["mime@3.0.0", "", { "bin": { "mime": "cli.js" } }, "sha512-jSCU7/VB1loIWBZe14aEYHU/+1UMEHoaO7qxCOVJOw9GgH72VAWppxNcjU+x9a2k3GSIBXNKxXQFqRvvZ7vr3A=="],

    "mime-db": ["mime-db@1.54.0", "", {}, "sha512-aU5EJuIN2WDemCcAp2vFBfp/m4EAhWJnUNSSw0ixs7/kXbd6Pg64EmwJkNdFhB8aWt1sH2CTXrLxo/iAGV3oPQ=="],

@@ -4752,10 +4742,6 @@

    "ms": ["ms@2.1.3", "", {}, "sha512-6FlzubTLZG3J2a/NVCAleEhjzq5oxgHyaCU9yYXvcLsvoVaHJq/s5xXI6/XXP6tz7R9xAOtHnSO/tXtF3WRTlA=="],

-    "msgpackr": ["msgpackr@2.0.5", "", { "optionalDependencies": { "msgpackr-extract": "^3.0.4" } }, "sha512-cef05H/dSYpLpqp3sj/qyZh5vhUYCalnaLO7j1yOmpsR0y/XwLVtK7r5gn+U/F7CTEfMowcGhlUQJDLcLf7jcA=="],
-
-    "msgpackr-extract": ["msgpackr-extract@3.0.4", "", { "dependencies": { "node-gyp-build-optional-packages": "5.2.2" }, "optionalDependencies": { "@msgpackr-extract/msgpackr-extract-darwin-arm64": "3.0.4", "@msgpackr-extract/msgpackr-extract-darwin-x64": "3.0.4", "@msgpackr-extract/msgpackr-extract-linux-arm": "3.0.4", "@msgpackr-extract/msgpackr-extract-linux-arm64": "3.0.4", "@msgpackr-extract/msgpackr-extract-linux-x64": "3.0.4", "@msgpackr-extract/msgpackr-extract-win32-x64": "3.0.4" }, "bin": { "download-msgpackr-prebuilds": "bin/download-prebuilds.js" } }, "sha512-4kmO/MdyUIkLIvTPr8VHLil4AtoKIoniWPIEk5+CDy0xnWC84azhSFmuJ7PxZdsYtiP5kEeQsORAVIeMgxT+Hw=="],
-
    "muggle-string": ["muggle-string@0.4.1", "", {}, "sha512-VNTrAak/KhO2i8dqqnqnAHOa3cYBwXEZe9h+D5h/1ZqFSTEFHdM65lR7RoIqq3tBBYavsOXV84NoHXZ0AkPyqQ=="],

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@@ -4798,8 +4784,6 @@

    "node-gyp-build": ["node-gyp-build@4.8.4", "", { "bin": { "node-gyp-build": "bin.js", "node-gyp-build-optional": "optional.js", "node-gyp-build-test": "build-test.js" } }, "sha512-LA4ZjwlnUblHVgq0oBF3Jl/6h/Nvs5fzBLwdEF4nuxnFdsfajde4WfxtJr3CaiH+F6ewcIB/q4jQ4UzPyid+CQ=="],

-    "node-gyp-build-optional-packages": ["node-gyp-build-optional-packages@5.2.2", "", { "dependencies": { "detect-libc": "^2.0.1" }, "bin": { "node-gyp-build-optional-packages": "bin.js", "node-gyp-build-optional-packages-optional": "optional.js", "node-gyp-build-optional-packages-test": "build-test.js" } }, "sha512-s+w+rBWnpTMwSFbaE0UXsRlg7hU4FjekKU4eyAih5T8nJuNZT1nNsskXpxmeqSK9UzkBl6UgRlnKc8hz8IEqOw=="],
-
    "node-html-parser": ["node-html-parser@7.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "css-select": "^5.1.0", "he": "1.2.0" } }, "sha512-iJo8b2uYGT40Y8BTyy5ufL6IVbN8rbm/1QK2xffXU/1a/v3AAa0d1YAoqBNYqaS4R/HajkWIpIfdE6KcyFh1AQ=="],

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@@ -5596,7 +5580,7 @@

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+    "undici": ["undici@8.10.2", "", {}, "sha512-/y4/bH9YNU5hi9NIrpOuvGXFcxrj3CMrV+/AYpowAYTpHn8gX/XPFjNy766FPoYY0miQhdW977JFWKGNhBdwyQ=="],

    "undici-types": ["undici-types@7.16.0", "", {}, "sha512-Zz+aZWSj8LE6zoxD+xrjh4VfkIG8Ya6LvYkZqtUQGJPZjYl53ypCaUwWqo7eI0x66KBGeRo+mlBEkMSeSZ38Nw=="],

@@ -6048,8 +6032,6 @@

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-    "@cloudflare/kv-asset-handler/mime": ["mime@3.0.0", "", { "bin": { "mime": "cli.js" } }, "sha512-jSCU7/VB1loIWBZe14aEYHU/+1UMEHoaO7qxCOVJOw9GgH72VAWppxNcjU+x9a2k3GSIBXNKxXQFqRvvZ7vr3A=="],
-
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    "@cloudflare/vite-plugin/ws": ["ws@8.18.0", "", { "peerDependencies": { "bufferutil": "^4.0.1", "utf-8-validate": ">=5.0.2" }, "optionalPeers": ["bufferutil", "utf-8-validate"] }, "sha512-8VbfWfHLbbwu3+N6OKsOMpBdT4kXPDDB9cJk2bJ6mh9ucxdlnNvH1e+roYkKmN9Nxw2yjz7VzeO9oOz2zJ04Pw=="],
@@ -6650,6 +6632,8 @@

    "tw-to-css/tailwindcss": ["tailwindcss@3.3.2", "", { "dependencies": { "@alloc/quick-lru": "^5.2.0", "arg": "^5.0.2", "chokidar": "^3.5.3", "didyoumean": "^1.2.2", "dlv": "^1.1.3", "fast-glob": "^3.2.12", "glob-parent": "^6.0.2", "is-glob": "^4.0.3", "jiti": "^1.18.2", "lilconfig": "^2.1.0", "micromatch": "^4.0.5", "normalize-path": "^3.0.0", "object-hash": "^3.0.0", "picocolors": "^1.0.0", "postcss": "^8.4.23", "postcss-import": "^15.1.0", "postcss-js": "^4.0.1", "postcss-load-config": "^4.0.1", "postcss-nested": "^6.0.1", "postcss-selector-parser": "^6.0.11", "postcss-value-parser": "^4.2.0", "resolve": "^1.22.2", "sucrase": "^3.32.0" }, "bin": { "tailwind": "lib/cli.js", "tailwindcss": "lib/cli.js" } }, "sha512-9jPkMiIBXvPc2KywkraqsUfbfj+dHDb+JPWtSJa9MLFdrPyazI7q6WX2sUrm7R9eVR7qqv3Pas7EvQFzxKnI6w=="],

+    "unifont/undici": ["undici@8.10.0", "", {}, "sha512-HvltHd7avK13QIw/oLe4qoOLyoVSoafqJ2jYOrtMRBkbYT31eiBQ8O0ehRKZiEZCMEyLFQNIADpgCWC5fALvYQ=="],
+
    "unplugin/acorn": ["acorn@8.18.0", "", { "bin": { "acorn": "bin/acorn" } }, "sha512-lGq+9yr1/GuAWaVYIHRjvvySG5/4VfKIvC8EWxStPdcDh/Ka7FG3twP6v4d5BkravUilhIAsG4Qj83t02LWUPQ=="],

    "unused-filename/escape-string-regexp": ["escape-string-regexp@5.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-/veY75JbMK4j1yjvuUxuVsiS/hr/4iHs9FTT6cgTexxdE0Ly/glccBAkloH/DofkjRbZU3bnoj38mOmhkZ0lHw=="],
@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@
      "packages/stats/*"
    ],
    "catalog": {
-      "@effect/opentelemetry": "4.0.0-rc.112",
-      "@effect/platform-node": "4.0.0-rc.112",
-      "@effect/platform-node-shared": "4.0.0-rc.112",
-      "@effect/sql-sqlite-bun": "4.0.0-rc.112",
+      "@effect/opentelemetry": "4.0.0-rc.117",
+      "@effect/platform-node": "4.0.0-rc.117",
+      "@effect/platform-node-shared": "4.0.0-rc.117",
+      "@effect/sql-sqlite-bun": "4.0.0-rc.117",
      "@npmcli/arborist": "9.4.0",
      "@types/bun": "1.4.0",
      "@types/cross-spawn": "6.0.6",
@@ -79,7 +79,8 @@
      "dompurify": "3.4.14",
      "drizzle-kit": "1.0.0-rc.5-ab785fc",
      "drizzle-orm": "1.0.0-rc.5-169397b",
-      "effect": "4.0.0-rc.112",
+      "effect": "4.0.0-rc.117",
+      "fast-check": "4.9.0",
      "ai": "6.0.168",
      "cross-spawn": "7.0.6",
      "hono": "4.10.7",
@@ -98,11 +98,11 @@ When a provider supports multiple physical transports, selection remains executi

 Media does not fit the SSE-frames-to-event-state-machine LLM route. `MediaRoute.inline(...)` / `queued(...)` / `stream(...)` (`src/route/media.ts`) compose a `MediaProtocol` kind with `Endpoint` and `Auth` and own the transport plumbing: `http` option merging, URL/query rendering, auth headers, JSON vs multipart encoding, and handing the response back to the protocol. `MediaProtocol.inline` (`src/route/media-protocol.ts`) is `body.from(request)` plus `response.decode(response, context)`; each protocol declares `const route = MediaProtocol.identity({ id, name, provider })` once and decodes through `route.decodeJson` / `route.text` / `route.decodeStarted` so decode failures retain the raw body and HTTP context, raising `route.unsupported(operation, message)` for requests it cannot lower, and passes `route` as the first argument to `MediaProtocol.inline` / `queued` / `stream`. `Generation` (`src/generation.ts`) is the provider-neutral handle for a queued generation over a `GenerationRoute` (`status`, `result`, `cancel`). Image protocol files follow the same section order as LLM protocols and declare unsupported common fields once through the protocol's `unsupported` list.

-`MediaProtocol.queued` is the submit-then-poll kind every video route uses: `start` (body + decode into `{ token, snapshot }`), `status`, `result`, and optional `cancel` (with `activeOnly` when the provider's cancel endpoint deletes finished work, as Runway's does: the route refreshes status first and skips terminal generations), each addressed by a route-owned `token` whose `Schema.Codec` makes it serializable. `MediaRoute.inline` and `MediaRoute.queued` compose the two kinds with `Endpoint` and `Auth`; the queued route decodes the token once at the boundary (`start` output or `resume` input) and closes over it in a token-free `GenerationRoute` (`status`/`result`/`cancel` are plain Effects), so `Generation` never sees the token's shape and only carries the encoded JSON for persistence. Polls reuse the route's auth and deployment headers plus the request's `http` overlay after `start`, and resolve relative paths against the route base URL (provider-issued absolute URLs such as fal's `status_url` pass through). `result` is always its own GET even when the provider returns output inside the status document, so `Generation.await` behaves the same after `start` and after `resume`. `PollContext.auth` carries only what `Auth` added or changed so protocols can hand download credentials to output assets as transient `Media.Asset.headers` (Veo) — never part of `source` or JSON. Status strings map through a per-protocol `STATUS` table via `MediaProtocol.status`; terminal generations without output fail through `output.ended` / `output.contentPolicy` with the provider document on `reason.body`; a `failed` generation maps the provider's error code through a per-protocol `FAILURE` table via `MediaProtocol.failure` so rejected inputs are not reported as retryable `ProviderInternal`. `GenerationAwaitOptions` (`AwaitOptions` in `src/generation.ts`, `{ poll?: Poll }`) is the one options type for `await`, `events`, `Video.generate`, and `Video.stream`.
+`MediaProtocol.queued` is the submit-then-poll kind every video route uses: `start` (body + decode into `{ token, snapshot }`), `status`, `result`, and optional `cancel` (with `activeOnly` when the provider's cancel endpoint deletes finished work, as Runway's does: the route refreshes status first and skips terminal generations), each addressed by a route-owned `token` whose `Schema.Codec` makes it serializable. `MediaRoute.inline` and `MediaRoute.queued` compose the two kinds with `Endpoint` and `Auth`; the queued route decodes the token once at the boundary (`start` output or `resume` input) and closes over it in a token-free `GenerationRoute` (`status`/`result`/`cancel` are plain Effects), so `Generation` never sees the token's shape and only carries the encoded JSON for persistence. Polls reuse the route's auth and deployment headers plus the request's `http` overlay after `start`, and resolve relative paths against the route base URL (provider-issued absolute URLs such as fal's `status_url` pass through). `result` is always its own GET even when the provider returns output inside the status document, so `Generation.await` behaves the same after `start` and after `resume`. `PollContext.auth` carries only what `Auth` added or changed so protocols can hand download credentials to output assets as transient `Media.Asset.headers` (Veo) — never part of `source` or JSON. Status strings map through a per-protocol `STATUS` table via `MediaProtocol.status`; terminal generations without output fail through `output.ended` / `output.contentPolicy` with the provider document on `reason.body`. `GenerationAwaitOptions` (`AwaitOptions` in `src/generation.ts`, `{ poll?: Poll }`) is the one options type for `await`, `events`, `Video.generate`, and `Video.stream`.

 `MediaProtocol.stream` is the incremental kind every speech route uses, with the same discipline as LLM protocols. `MediaRoute.stream` submits the caller's request as `MediaProtocol.Addressed<Request>` (`{ ...request, mode }`, `mode: "generate" | "stream"`), so one provider stays one protocol: `body.from`, the endpoint path, and `frames` read `request.mode` to pick the body, path, and framing. `frames(bytes, context)` returns frames — `Framing.sse`, `Framing.lines`, `Framing.document` (a single-document response shaped like a streamed record), or the raw `bytes` for chunked audio. `initial()` is fresh per-response parser state; `step` folds each frame into it and emits modality events; `finish(state, context)` runs once after the last frame with the request, body, and observed `http` (header-only usage lives there) and emits exactly one terminal event or fails with `route.incomplete()`. Keep parser state to real accumulators and derive anything the request or body determines in `finish`. `generate` runs the same stream and folds it with the modality's `collect`. Request-derived URL parameters go on the body's `query` (array values repeat the parameter), applied before route and caller `http.query`. Decode frames with `route.decodeFrame` and raise stream-time failures with `route.frameError` (the frame stays on `reason.body`); protocols never thread HTTP context, because the route fills `reason.http` on stream errors that lack it. Speech protocols share `protocols/utils/speech-stream.ts` for deltas, timestamps, voice ids, PCM and container descriptions, and the terminal asset.

-Every modality route is the inline | stream | queued union (transcription uses all three: OpenAI and Gemini stream, Deepgram and ElevenLabs are inline, AssemblyAI is queued), every client is `MediaClient.make(Service, { modality, responseEvents })` (`src/media-client.ts`), which dispatches on the route's `kind`, and every model composes through `composeRoute`. fal queue protocols come from `protocols/utils/fal-queue.ts`, bodies are `json`, `multipart`, or `binary` (a raw upload), and a queued protocol that must upload media before submitting implements `start.prepare` (`MediaProtocol.Prepare`; AssemblyAI `/v2/upload`).
+Every modality route is the inline | stream | queued union (transcription uses all three: OpenAI and Gemini stream, Deepgram is inline, AssemblyAI is queued), every client is `MediaClient.make(Service, { modality, responseEvents })` (`src/media-client.ts`), which dispatches on the route's `kind`, and every model composes through `composeRoute`. fal queue protocols come from `protocols/utils/fal-queue.ts`, bodies are `json`, `multipart`, or `binary` (a raw upload), and a queued protocol that must upload media before submitting implements `start.prepare` (`MediaProtocol.Prepare`; AssemblyAI `/v2/upload`).

 ### URL Construction

@@ -752,10 +752,7 @@ const events = Video.stream({ model: Runway.configure({ apiKey }).video("gen4.5"

 Status polls, result fetches, cancels, and asset downloads all run through the same request executor with the route's
 auth. `Generation.await` and `Generation.events` fail with a
-`Timeout` reason when `poll.timeout` (default 10 minutes) elapses. Status polls and result fetches retry transient
-failures (rate limits, provider 5xx, network errors) with backoff that honors `retry-after`, always within
-`poll.timeout`; submits and cancels never retry. Interrupting a wait (or aborting its `signal`) does not cancel the
-provider job, which keeps running and billing: call `cancel()` to stop it. Failed,
+`Timeout` reason when `poll.timeout` (default 10 minutes) elapses. Failed,
 cancelled, and expired generations fail typed with the provider's terminal document on `reason.body`; moderation
 outcomes (Veo `raiMediaFilteredReasons`, xAI `respect_moderation`, Runway `SAFETY.*` codes) surface as `notices` when
 a video is still returned and as a `ContentPolicy` reason when nothing is.
@@ -776,9 +773,7 @@ Provider notes:
 The promise client exposes the same surface: `ai.video.start(...)` resolves to a handle with `await`, `events`,
 `result`, `refresh`, `cancel`, and `token`; `ai.video.generate`, `ai.video.resume(model, token)`, and
 `ai.video.stream` mirror the Effect API. The handle's `status` and `progress` are a snapshot from when it was
-created; `refresh()` resolves to a new handle. Every promise method and stream accepts `{ signal }`: like `fetch`,
-aborting rejects the Promise or throws from the `for await` loop with `signal.reason` (an `AbortError` `DOMException`
-unless `abort(reason)` passed one), while `break` stops a stream without throwing.
+created; `refresh()` resolves to a new handle.

 ```ts
 import { ai } from "@opencode/ai/promise"
@@ -876,12 +871,11 @@ for await (const event of ai.speech.stream({ model, text: "Hello from OpenCode."
 ## Transcription

 Transcription (speech-to-text) is the one modality whose providers use every route kind: OpenAI and Gemini stream,
-Deepgram and ElevenLabs answer inline, and AssemblyAI is queued. `Transcription.generate` and `Transcription.stream`
-work on all of them; `Transcription.start` / `resume` return a `Generation` on queued routes and fail with
-`UnsupportedOperation` elsewhere. Models come from `.transcription(...)` selectors on the `OpenAI`, `Google`,
-`Deepgram`, `ElevenLabs`, and `AssemblyAI` facades. Common fields (`language`, `prompt`,
-`timestamps: "none" | "segment" | "word"`, `diarize`, `speakers`) lower natively or fail with a typed `AIError` before
-any network call; a route may return more than asked.
+Deepgram answers inline, and AssemblyAI is queued. `Transcription.generate` and `Transcription.stream` work on all of
+them; `Transcription.start` / `resume` return a `Generation` on queued routes and fail with `UnsupportedOperation`
+elsewhere. Models come from `.transcription(...)` selectors on the `OpenAI`, `Google`, `Deepgram`, and `AssemblyAI`
+facades. Common fields (`language`, `prompt`, `timestamps: "none" | "segment" | "word"`, `diarize`, `speakers`) lower
+natively or fail with a typed `AIError` before any network call; a route may return more than asked.

 ```ts
 import { Console, Effect, Stream } from "effect"
@@ -893,7 +887,7 @@ const openai = OpenAI.configure({ apiKey: process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY })
 const program = Effect.gen(function* () {
  const audio = yield* Media.file("./call.mp3")

-  // Speaker-labelled segments; labels are provider-native strings ("A", "0", "spk:0", "speaker_0").
+  // Speaker-labelled segments; labels are provider-native strings ("A", "0", "spk:0").
  const response = yield* Transcription.generate({
    model: Deepgram.configure({ apiKey }).transcription("nova-3"),
    audio,
@@ -903,7 +897,7 @@ const program = Effect.gen(function* () {
  response.text // "Hello from OpenCode."
  response.segments // [{ text, startSeconds, endSeconds, speaker: "0" }]
  response.words // [{ text, startSeconds, endSeconds, speaker, confidence }]
-  response.language // the provider's own value, lowercased ("en", "eng", "english", "en_us")
+  response.language // the provider's own value, lowercased ("en", "english", "en_us")

  // Text deltas as the model transcribes, then one finish carrying the whole transcript.
  yield* Transcription.stream({ model: openai.transcription("gpt-4o-mini-transcribe"), audio }).pipe(
@@ -927,12 +921,7 @@ Provider notes:
 - **OpenAI** takes inline audio only; `diarize` needs `gpt-4o-transcribe-diarize`, timestamps need `whisper-1`, and `whisper-1` does not stream.
 - **Gemini** needs a transcribe model (`gemini-3.5-transcribe`); `prompt` and `speakers` fail typed.
 - **Deepgram** detects the language unless `language` is set; vocabulary goes in `providerOptions.keyterm`.
- **ElevenLabs** (`scribe_v2`) uploads inline audio as the multipart `file` and sends a URL as `source_url`. Words
-  always carry timestamps, and segments are speaker turns, so `diarize`, `timestamps: "segment"`, or `speakers` turns
-  on diarization. `speakers` is an upper bound (`num_speakers`); `prompt` fails typed (vocabulary goes in
-  `providerOptions.keyterms`), as do webhook delivery and per-channel output (`use_multi_channel` without
-  `multichannel_output_style: "combined"`).
- **AssemblyAI** uploads inline audio before submitting and treats `speakers` as the exact speaker count.
+- **AssemblyAI** uploads inline audio before submitting and is the only route that accepts `speakers`.

 The promise client mirrors the Effect API:

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # Media generation in `@opencode/ai` — public API direction

-Status: phases 1–4 implemented (through Image queued routes and partial images); phase 5 proposal.
+Status: phases 1–4 implemented (through Image queued routes and partial images; ElevenLabs Scribe transcription
+pending); phase 5 proposal.

 ## Goal

@@ -270,8 +271,8 @@ Deferred: `Speech.session(...)` — input-streaming TTS where text arrives incre
 #### Transcription (STT)

 Shipped as the second half of phase 3 (`src/transcription.ts`, `src/transcription-client.ts`, protocols
-`openai-transcription`, `google-transcription`, `deepgram-transcription`, `elevenlabs-transcription`,
-`assemblyai-transcription`; new `AssemblyAI` facade).
+`openai-transcription`, `google-transcription`, `deepgram-transcription`, `assemblyai-transcription`; new `AssemblyAI`
+facade).

 ```ts
 const request = Transcription.request({
@@ -280,7 +281,7 @@ const request = Transcription.request({
  language: "en",                                  // provider-native passthrough
  timestamps: "segment",                           // none | segment | word
  diarize: true,
-  speakers: 2,                                     // speaker count (AssemblyAI exact, ElevenLabs maximum)
+  speakers: 2,                                     // exact speaker count (AssemblyAI only)
  providerOptions: { known_speaker_names: ["agent"] },
 })

@@ -308,23 +309,17 @@ upload); `packages/ai/AGENTS.md` (Media Routes) describes both.
 Settled rules:

 - **Timestamps.** A granularity the selected route or model cannot produce fails as `UnsupportedOperation`
-  (`media.timestamps`), following Speech; a route that returns more than asked (Deepgram, ElevenLabs, and AssemblyAI
-  always return words) is not stripped. Segments always carry start and end times: Gemini times each transcription part from its
+  (`media.timestamps`), following Speech; a route that returns more than asked (Deepgram and AssemblyAI always return
+  words) is not stripped. Segments always carry start and end times: Gemini times each transcription part from its
  word offsets, so segment timestamps and diarization also request word offsets there.
 - **Diarization.** `diarize` means segments (and words, where the provider labels them) carry `speaker`. Labels are
-  provider-native strings — OpenAI `A` or a known speaker name, Deepgram `0`, Gemini `spk:0`, AssemblyAI `A`,
-  ElevenLabs `speaker_0` — with no cross-provider speaker model. `speakers` is the number of speakers to label:
-  AssemblyAI (`speakers_expected`) treats it as an exact constraint rather than a hint, and ElevenLabs
-  (`num_speakers`) as the maximum. Both turn on diarization for it; the other routes reject it.
- **Segments from words.** ElevenLabs returns only a token list (`word`, `spacing`, `audio_event`), so its segments
-  are speaker turns: consecutive words and spacing with one `speaker_id`, text joined from the provider's own spacing
-  tokens. `words` drops spacing and audio events. Segments therefore need diarization, which `timestamps: "segment"`
-  turns on, as AssemblyAI's utterances need speaker labels.
+  provider-native strings — OpenAI `A` or a known speaker name, Deepgram `0`, Gemini `spk:0`, AssemblyAI `A` — with no
+  cross-provider speaker model. `speakers` is the exact number of speakers to label, which AssemblyAI (`speakers_expected`, the only route that
+  accepts it) treats as a constraint rather than a hint.
 - **Language** is passed through (`language`, OpenAI `gpt-transcribe` `languages[]`, Gemini `languageCodes`,
-  AssemblyAI and ElevenLabs `language_code`). `response.language` is the provider's own value, lowercased but not
-  normalized: an ISO code on most routes (AssemblyAI's detection returns `en`, ElevenLabs ISO 639-3 `eng`), `english`
-  from whisper-1. Deepgram and AssemblyAI assume English unless asked to detect, so a missing `language` enables their
-  detection.
+  AssemblyAI `language_code`). `response.language` is the provider's own value, lowercased but not normalized: an
+  ISO code on most routes (AssemblyAI's detection returns `en`), `english` from whisper-1. Deepgram and AssemblyAI
+  assume English unless asked to detect, so a missing `language` enables their detection.
 - **Gemini** requires a transcribe model; other model ids fail with `UnsupportedOperation` before the call, because
  general models ignore `audioTranscriptionConfig` and answer conversationally. Streamed chunks carry whole speaker
  turns (one part per turn), which join with a space.
@@ -337,12 +332,11 @@ Settled rules:
 | OpenAI | stream (`stream: true` in `stream` mode; `whisper-1` ignores `stream`, so it emits only `finish`) | multipart `file` (inline only) | `whisper-1` (`verbose_json`); diarize model: `segment` | `gpt-4o-transcribe-diarize` (`diarized_json`) | `speakers`; `prompt` on the diarize model | `tokens` or `seconds` |
 | Gemini | stream (`generateContent` / `streamGenerateContent`) | `inlineData` or Gemini Files `fileData` | `audioTranscriptionConfig.wordTimestamp` | `audioTranscriptionConfig.diarization` | `prompt`, `speakers` | `tokens` |
 | Deepgram | inline | raw body, or JSON `{ url }` | words always; `segment` → `utterances` | `diarize_model=latest` + `utterances` | `prompt`, `speakers` | `seconds` (`metadata.duration`) |
-| ElevenLabs | inline | multipart `file`, or `source_url` | words always; `segment` → `diarize` (speaker turns) | `diarize` | `prompt`; `webhook`, per-channel `use_multi_channel` | `seconds` (`audio_duration_secs`) |
 | AssemblyAI | queued (upload → submit → poll) | `/v2/upload` then `audio_url`, or a URL | words always; `segment` → `speaker_labels` | `speaker_labels` | — | `seconds` (`audio_duration`) |

 Deferred: `Transcription.session(...)` — realtime STT over WebSocket (Deepgram live, AssemblyAI streaming, ElevenLabs
 realtime, OpenAI realtime transcription) — is the same future scoped `session` shape as input-streaming TTS and ships
-with the realtime work in phase 5.
+with the realtime work in phase 5. ElevenLabs Scribe is not implemented yet.

 ### `Generation` — shared async execution

@@ -367,10 +361,6 @@ Poll = { interval?: Duration; timeout?: Duration }

 `Generation` is not video-specific. Image routes on BFL, fal, Replicate, and Stability `upscale()` are queued; `Image.start` exists for them. A route declares itself `inline` or `queued`; `generate` on a queued route is `start` then `await`.

-Status polls and result reads retry transient failures (rate limits, provider 5xx, and transport errors, classified by the same `isRetryable` the Session runner uses) inside `MediaRoute.queued`. Only the HTTP exchange retries, never the decoded document: a terminal `failed` generation also surfaces as `ProviderInternal` and must not be re-read. Gaps grow exponentially from 1s with jitter, up to 30s each, honoring a provider `retry-after` up to that cap, for at most 8 retries. `await`, `events`, and `Video.stream` cut retries off at `poll.timeout` and fail with `Timeout`, so retries never extend the caller's deadline; a direct `result()` or `resume` read is bounded by the retry cap alone. `start` and `cancel` never retry: a repeated submit can start and bill a second job. The policy is internal; there is no option for it.
-
-Interrupting `await`, `events`, or `Video.stream` (or aborting the promise API's `signal`) stops waiting only. The provider job keeps running and billing; call `cancel()` explicitly to stop it.
-
 ### Usage

 ```ts
@@ -412,7 +402,7 @@ for await (const event of ai.llm.stream(request)) { … }
 await ai.dispose()
 ```

-Streams become `AsyncIterable` via `Stream.toAsyncIterable`. `AIError` is thrown as-is. Aborting an `AbortSignal` interrupts the work and, like `fetch`, rejects the Promise or throws from the stream with `signal.reason` instead of ending the stream as if complete. Nothing in `src/*` except this entrypoint knows about promises.
+Streams become `AsyncIterable` via `Stream.toAsyncIterable`. `AIError` is thrown as-is. `AbortSignal` maps to interruption. Nothing in `src/*` except this entrypoint knows about promises.

 ### Providers

@@ -424,7 +414,7 @@ implemented):
 | `OpenAI` | responses (default), chat | Images API (stream) | *Sora skipped (decision 8)* | ✓ | ✓ | |
 | `Google` | Gemini | Gemini-native | Veo | Gemini TTS | `gemini-3.5-transcribe` | |
 | `XAI` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | | |
-| `ElevenLabs` | | | | ✓ | Scribe | *soundEffect, music (phase 5)* |
+| `ElevenLabs` | | | | ✓ | *Scribe (pending)* | *soundEffect, music (phase 5)* |
 | `Cartesia` | | | | ✓ | | |
 | `Deepgram` | | | | Aura | ✓ | |
 | `Fal` | | ✓ (queued) | ✓ | | | |
@@ -477,7 +467,7 @@ Foundation + Image ship together as the reference implementation, serially. Vide

 1. **Foundation** — per-modality selectors, `Media`, `Generation`, `Poll`, `Usage` union, `MediaProtocol` kinds, `@opencode/ai/promise` with `llm` + `image`. Port the five existing image protocols onto it. Unify `MediaPart` and add the `media` LLM event (fixes Gemini image output being dropped).
 2. **Video** — ✅ Veo, xAI, fal, Runway shipped (`MediaProtocol.queued`, `Video.start/generate/resume/stream`, promise `ai.video`). Deferred: `Video.complete` (webhooks), Luma, Kling, MiniMax, Replicate.
-3. **Speech + Transcription** — ✅ Speech: OpenAI, Gemini TTS, ElevenLabs, Cartesia, Deepgram shipped (`MediaProtocol.stream`, `Speech.generate/stream`, promise `ai.speech`). ✅ Transcription: OpenAI, Gemini, Deepgram, ElevenLabs Scribe, AssemblyAI shipped across all three route kinds (`Transcription.generate/stream/start/resume`, promise `ai.transcription`). Deferred: `Speech.session` and `Transcription.session` (WebSocket streaming).
+3. **Speech + Transcription** — ✅ Speech: OpenAI, Gemini TTS, ElevenLabs, Cartesia, Deepgram shipped (`MediaProtocol.stream`, `Speech.generate/stream`, promise `ai.speech`). ✅ Transcription: OpenAI, Gemini, Deepgram, AssemblyAI shipped across all three route kinds (`Transcription.generate/stream/start/resume`, promise `ai.transcription`). Pending: ElevenLabs Scribe. Deferred: `Speech.session` and `Transcription.session` (WebSocket streaming).
 4. **Image queued routes and partials** — ✅ BFL, fal, Replicate, and Stability creative upscale queued; Stability generate inline; OpenAI `partial_images` streaming (`image-partial` restored). Imagen dropped: shut down on the Gemini API and discontinued on Vertex (2026-06-30). Deferred: Stability's synchronous edit and fast/conservative upscale endpoints.
 5. **Later** — ElevenLabs music/SFX, Lyria, `Speech.session` / `Transcription.session`, realtime.

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import { OpenAI } from "@opencode/ai/providers"
 * hover imports and local values to see how the public API is typed.
 */

-const apiKey = Config.redacted("OPENAI_API_KEY")
+const apiKey = Config.Redacted("OPENAI_API_KEY")

 // 1. Configure a provider. The configured facade records provider identity,
 // deployment options, authentication, and defaults. Per-modality selectors pick
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ const readEnvFile = Effect.fn("RecordingEnv.readFile")(function* () {
 })

 const readConfigString = (provider: ConfigProvider.ConfigProvider, name: string) =>
-  Config.string(name)
+  Config.String(name)
    .parse(provider)
    .pipe(
      Effect.match({
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ export class Generation<Response> {
    return settled.pipe(
      // Non-completed terminal states also go through `result` so the route can surface its provider failure body.
      Effect.flatMap((generation) => generation.result()),
-      Effect.timeoutOrElse({ duration: timeout, orElse: () => timeoutError(this.id, timeout) }),
+      Effect.timeoutOrElse({ duration: timeout, orElse: () => this.timeoutError(timeout) }),
    )
  }

@@ -123,7 +123,20 @@ export class Generation<Response> {
      Clock.currentTimeMillis.pipe(
        Effect.map((start) => {
          const deadline = start + Duration.toMillis(timeout)
-          const refresh = within(this.refresh(), this.id, timeout, deadline)
+          // Fail before polling once the deadline has passed: a fast status request could otherwise win the zero-budget
+          // race and schedule another zero-delay poll.
+          const refresh = Clock.currentTimeMillis.pipe(
+            Effect.flatMap((now) =>
+              now >= deadline
+                ? this.timeoutError(timeout)
+                : this.refresh().pipe(
+                    Effect.timeoutOrElse({
+                      duration: Duration.millis(deadline - now),
+                      orElse: () => this.timeoutError(timeout),
+                    }),
+                  ),
+            ),
+          )
          const schedule = this.schedule(options?.poll).pipe(
            Schedule.modifyDelay((meta) =>
              Effect.succeed(Duration.min(meta.duration, Duration.millis(Math.max(0, deadline - meta.now)))),
@@ -144,6 +157,15 @@ export class Generation<Response> {
    return { type: "generation-progress", id: this.id, progress: this.progress }
  }

+  private timeoutError(timeout: Duration.Duration) {
+    return new AIError({
+      reason: new TimeoutError({
+        message: `Generation ${this.id} did not finish within ${Duration.format(timeout)}`,
+        timeoutMs: Duration.toMillis(timeout),
+      }),
+    })
+  }
+
  private poll(poll: Poll | undefined) {
    return this.refresh().pipe(
      Effect.repeat({ schedule: this.schedule(poll), until: (generation) => generation.terminal }),
@@ -155,53 +177,12 @@ export class Generation<Response> {
  }
 }

-/** `events` followed by the expanded result, with the result fetch bounded by the same `poll.timeout` deadline. */
 export const resultEvents = <Response, A>(
  generation: Generation<Response>,
  expand: (response: Response) => ReadonlyArray<A>,
  options?: AwaitOptions,
-): Stream.Stream<Observation | A, AIError> => {
-  const timeout = Duration.fromInputUnsafe(options?.poll?.timeout ?? DEFAULT_POLL_TIMEOUT)
-  return Stream.unwrap(
-    Clock.currentTimeMillis.pipe(
-      Effect.map((start) =>
-        generation.events(options).pipe(
-          Stream.filter((event): event is Observation => event.type !== "generation-finished"),
-          Stream.concat(
-            Stream.fromIterableEffect(
-              within(generation.result(), generation.id, timeout, start + Duration.toMillis(timeout)).pipe(
-                Effect.map(expand),
-              ),
-            ),
-          ),
-        ),
-      ),
-    ),
+): Stream.Stream<Observation | A, AIError> =>
+  generation.events(options).pipe(
+    Stream.filter((event): event is Observation => event.type !== "generation-finished"),
+    Stream.concat(Stream.fromIterableEffect(Effect.map(generation.result(), expand))),
  )
-}
-
-/**
- * Run `effect` within the time left until `deadline`. Fails before starting once the deadline has passed: a fast
- * request could otherwise win the zero-budget race and schedule another zero-delay poll.
- */
-const within = <A>(effect: Effect.Effect<A, AIError>, id: string, timeout: Duration.Duration, deadline: number) =>
-  Clock.currentTimeMillis.pipe(
-    Effect.flatMap((now) =>
-      now >= deadline
-        ? Effect.fail(timeoutError(id, timeout))
-        : effect.pipe(
-            Effect.timeoutOrElse({
-              duration: Duration.millis(deadline - now),
-              orElse: () => Effect.fail(timeoutError(id, timeout)),
-            }),
-          ),
-    ),
-  )
-
-const timeoutError = (id: string, timeout: Duration.Duration) =>
-  new AIError({
-    reason: new TimeoutError({
-      message: `Generation ${id} did not finish within ${Duration.format(timeout)}`,
-      timeoutMs: Duration.toMillis(timeout),
-    }),
-  })
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ export { ImageClient } from "./image-client.js"
 export { Auth } from "./route/auth.js"
 export { Provider } from "./provider.js"
 export { ProviderPackage } from "./provider-package.js"
-export { isContextOverflow, isContextOverflowFailure, isRetryable } from "./provider-error.js"
+export { isContextOverflow, isContextOverflowFailure } from "./provider-error.js"
 export type {
  RouteLanguageModelInput,
  RouteRoutedLanguageModelInput,
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ export type GenerationHandle<Response> = Snapshot & {
  /** Serializable JSON; pass it back to `resume` from another process. */
  readonly token: unknown
  readonly await: (options?: AwaitOptions & RunOptions) => Promise<Response>
-  /** Status observations until the first terminal one, polling like `await`; abort throws `signal.reason`. */
+  /** Status observations until the first terminal one, polling like `await`; abort ends iteration without throwing. */
  readonly events: (options?: AwaitOptions & RunOptions) => AsyncIterable<Event>
  /** The result without polling; fails when the generation has not completed. */
  readonly result: (options?: RunOptions) => Promise<Response>
@@ -50,16 +50,15 @@ export type GenerationHandle<Response> = Snapshot & {
  readonly cancel: (options?: RunOptions) => Promise<void>
 }

-// Fails with `signal.reason` so aborted calls reject and aborted streams throw like `fetch`: an `AbortError` by default.
 const abortEffect = (signal: AbortSignal | undefined) =>
  signal === undefined
    ? Effect.never
-    : Effect.callback<never, unknown>((resume) => {
+    : Effect.callback<void>((resume) => {
        if (signal.aborted) {
-          resume(Effect.fail(signal.reason))
+          resume(Effect.void)
          return
        }
-        const onAbort = () => resume(Effect.fail(signal.reason))
+        const onAbort = () => resume(Effect.void)
        signal.addEventListener("abort", onAbort, { once: true })
        return Effect.sync(() => signal.removeEventListener("abort", onAbort))
      })
@@ -69,14 +68,14 @@ export const make = (options: Options = {}) => {

  /** Run any package Effect (for example `LLMClient.compact(...)`) inside this runtime. */
  const run = <A, E>(effect: Effect.Effect<A, E, Services>, options?: RunOptions) =>
-    runtime.runPromise(Effect.raceFirst(effect, abortEffect(options?.signal)))
+    runtime.runPromise(effect, { signal: options?.signal })

  const iterate = <A, E>(stream: Stream.Stream<A, E, Services>, options?: RunOptions): AsyncIterable<A> =>
    Stream.toAsyncIterable(
      Stream.unwrap(
        runtime.contextEffect.pipe(
          Effect.map(
-            (context): Stream.Stream<A, unknown> =>
+            (context): Stream.Stream<A, E> =>
              stream.pipe(Stream.interruptWhen(abortEffect(options?.signal)), Stream.provideContext(context)),
          ),
        ),
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import { mergeJsonRecords, type OpenString } from "../schema/index.js"
 import { TranscriptionModel, TranscriptionResponse, type TranscriptionRequestFor } from "../transcription.js"
 import { ProviderShared } from "./shared.js"
 import { MediaInput } from "./utils/media-input.js"
-import { SpeakerTurns } from "./utils/speaker-turns.js"

 const route = MediaProtocol.identity({ id: "deepgram-transcription", name: "Deepgram", provider: "deepgram" })
 export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://api.deepgram.com"
@@ -116,6 +115,16 @@ const speaker = (value: number | undefined) => (value === undefined ? undefined

 const wordText = (word: typeof Word.Type) => word.punctuated_word ?? word.word

+// Utterances split on pauses, not speakers: the v2 diarizer labels a whole utterance with one speaker even when its
+// words change speaker, so segments split each utterance at speaker changes.
+const speakerTurns = (words: ReadonlyArray<typeof Word.Type>) =>
+  words.reduce<Array<Array<typeof Word.Type>>>((turns, word) => {
+    const last = turns.at(-1)
+    if (last === undefined || last[0].speaker !== word.speaker) return [...turns, [word]]
+    last.push(word)
+    return turns
+  }, [])
+
 const decodeResponse = Effect.fn("DeepgramTranscription.decodeResponse")(function* (
  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
 ) {
@@ -127,8 +136,6 @@ const decodeResponse = Effect.fn("DeepgramTranscription.decodeResponse")(functio
  const requestID = output.value.metadata?.request_id
  return new TranscriptionResponse({
    text: alternative.transcript,
-    // Utterances split on pauses, not speakers: the v2 diarizer labels a whole utterance with one speaker even when
-    // its words change speaker, so segments split each utterance at speaker changes.
    segments: output.value.results.utterances?.flatMap((utterance) =>
      utterance.words === undefined || utterance.words.length === 0
        ? [
@@ -139,7 +146,7 @@ const decodeResponse = Effect.fn("DeepgramTranscription.decodeResponse")(functio
              speaker: speaker(utterance.speaker),
            },
          ]
-        : SpeakerTurns.group(utterance.words, (word) => word.speaker).map((turn) => ({
+        : speakerTurns(utterance.words).map((turn) => ({
            text: turn.map(wordText).join(" "),
            startSeconds: turn[0].start,
            endSeconds: turn[turn.length - 1].end,
@@ -1,211 +0,0 @@
-import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
-import type { HttpClientResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
-import { MediaProtocol } from "../route/media-protocol.js"
-import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
-import { mergeJsonRecords, type OpenString } from "../schema/index.js"
-import { TranscriptionModel, TranscriptionResponse, type TranscriptionRequestFor } from "../transcription.js"
-import { mediaTypeExtension } from "../utils/media-type.js"
-import { ProviderShared, optionalNull } from "./shared.js"
-import { MediaInput } from "./utils/media-input.js"
-import { SpeakerTurns } from "./utils/speaker-turns.js"
-
-const route = MediaProtocol.identity({
-  id: "elevenlabs-transcription",
-  name: "ElevenLabs Transcription",
-  provider: "elevenlabs",
-})
-export const DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://api.elevenlabs.io"
-export const PATH = "/v1/speech-to-text"
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// 1. Public model input
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export type ElevenLabsTranscriptionOptions = {
-  readonly tag_audio_events?: boolean
-  readonly timestamps_granularity?: OpenString<"none" | "word" | "character">
-  readonly diarization_threshold?: number
-  readonly file_format?: OpenString<"pcm_s16le_16" | "other">
-  readonly temperature?: number
-  readonly seed?: number
-  readonly keyterms?: ReadonlyArray<string>
-  readonly no_verbatim?: boolean
-  readonly detect_speaker_roles?: boolean
-  readonly use_speaker_library?: boolean
-  readonly entity_detection?: string | ReadonlyArray<string>
-  readonly entity_redaction?: string | ReadonlyArray<string>
-  readonly entity_redaction_mode?: OpenString<"redacted" | "entity_type" | "enumerated_entity_type">
-} & Record<string, unknown>
-
-export type Request = TranscriptionRequestFor<ElevenLabsTranscriptionOptions>
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// 2. Response schema
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/** `type` is `word`, `spacing` (the whitespace between words), or `audio_event` (`(laughter)`). */
-const Token = Schema.Struct({
-  text: Schema.String,
-  type: Schema.String,
-  start: optionalNull(Schema.Number),
-  end: optionalNull(Schema.Number),
-  speaker_id: optionalNull(Schema.String),
-  logprob: optionalNull(Schema.Number),
-})
-type Token = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Token>
-
-const Transcript = Schema.Struct({
-  language_code: optionalNull(Schema.String),
-  text: Schema.String,
-  words: optionalNull(Schema.Array(Token)),
-  transcription_id: optionalNull(Schema.String),
-  audio_duration_secs: optionalNull(Schema.Number),
-})
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// 5. Request body construction
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/** Speaker turns are the only segments ElevenLabs can produce, and `num_speakers` only applies to diarization. */
-const diarizes = (request: Request) =>
-  request.diarize === true || request.timestamps === "segment" || request.speakers !== undefined
-
-const RESERVED_FORM_FIELDS = new Set([
-  "file",
-  "cloud_storage_url",
-  "source_url",
-  "model_id",
-  "language_code",
-  "diarize",
-  "num_speakers",
-])
-
-const validate = (request: Request, overlay: Record<string, unknown>) => {
-  // Webhook requests return 202 with no transcript; the result arrives at a configured webhook instead.
-  if (overlay.webhook === true)
-    return Effect.fail(route.unsupported("transcription.webhook", `${route.name} does not deliver to webhooks`))
-  // Separate multichannel output replaces the transcript with one transcript per channel.
-  if (overlay.use_multi_channel === true && overlay.multichannel_output_style !== "combined")
-    return Effect.fail(
-      route.unsupported(
-        "transcription.multichannel",
-        `${route.name} returns a single transcript; set multichannel_output_style: "combined" to merge channels`,
-      ),
-    )
-  if (overlay.timestamps_granularity === "none" && (request.timestamps === "word" || diarizes(request)))
-    return Effect.fail(
-      route.unsupported(
-        "media.timestamps",
-        `${route.name} cannot return word timestamps or speaker turns with timestamps_granularity: "none"`,
-      ),
-    )
-  return Effect.void
-}
-
-const fromRequest = Effect.fn("ElevenLabsTranscription.fromRequest")(function* (request: Request) {
-  const overlay = mergeJsonRecords(request.providerOptions, request.http?.body) ?? {}
-  yield* validate(request, overlay)
-  const form = new FormData()
-  const url = ProviderShared.mediaUrl(request.audio)
-  if (url === undefined) {
-    const extension = mediaTypeExtension(request.audio.mediaType)
-    const audio = yield* MediaInput.inlineBytes(route.id, request.audio)
-    form.append(
-      "file",
-      MediaInput.blob(audio, request.audio.mediaType),
-      extension === undefined ? "audio" : `audio.${extension}`,
-    )
-  }
-  MediaInput.appendFields(
-    form,
-    {
-      model_id: request.model.id,
-      // `cloud_storage_url` is deprecated in favor of `source_url`, which accepts any hosted audio or video URL.
-      source_url: url,
-      language_code: request.language,
-      diarize: diarizes(request) ? true : undefined,
-      num_speakers: request.speakers,
-    },
-    { overlay, reserved: RESERVED_FORM_FIELDS, repeatArrays: "key" },
-  )
-  return MediaProtocol.multipart(form)
-})
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// 6. Response decoding
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-const decodeTranscript = route.decodeJson(Transcript)
-
-type TimedWord = Token & { readonly start: number; readonly end: number }
-
-const isTimedWord = (token: Token): token is TimedWord =>
-  token.type === "word" && typeof token.start === "number" && typeof token.end === "number"
-
-/** Turn text keeps the provider's own spacing tokens, so languages written without spaces are not re-spaced. */
-const speakerTurns = (tokens: ReadonlyArray<Token>) =>
-  SpeakerTurns.group(
-    tokens.filter((token) => token.type === "word" || token.type === "spacing"),
-    (token) => token.speaker_id,
-  ).flatMap((turn) => {
-    const words = turn.filter(isTimedWord)
-    if (words.length === 0) return []
-    return [
-      {
-        text: turn
-          .map((token) => token.text)
-          .join("")
-          .trim(),
-        startSeconds: words[0].start,
-        endSeconds: words[words.length - 1].end,
-        speaker: turn[0].speaker_id ?? undefined,
-      },
-    ]
-  })
-
-const decodeResponse = Effect.fn("ElevenLabsTranscription.decodeResponse")(function* (
-  response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse,
-  context: MediaProtocol.DecodeContext<Request>,
-) {
-  const output = yield* decodeTranscript(response)
-  const transcript = output.value
-  const tokens = transcript.words ?? []
-  const duration = transcript.audio_duration_secs ?? undefined
-  const transcriptionID = transcript.transcription_id ?? undefined
-  return new TranscriptionResponse({
-    text: transcript.text,
-    segments: diarizes(context.request) ? speakerTurns(tokens) : undefined,
-    words: tokens.filter(isTimedWord).map((word) => ({
-      text: word.text,
-      startSeconds: word.start,
-      endSeconds: word.end,
-      speaker: word.speaker_id ?? undefined,
-      confidence: typeof word.logprob === "number" ? Math.exp(word.logprob) : undefined,
-    })),
-    language: transcript.language_code?.toLowerCase(),
-    durationSeconds: duration,
-    usage: duration === undefined ? undefined : { type: "seconds", seconds: duration },
-    providerMetadata: transcriptionID === undefined ? undefined : { elevenlabs: { transcriptionId: transcriptionID } },
-  })
-})
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// 7. Protocol and route
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export const protocol = MediaProtocol.inline<Request, TranscriptionResponse>(route, {
-  unsupported: ["prompt"],
-  body: { from: fromRequest },
-  response: { decode: decodeResponse },
-})
-
-export const model = (input: MediaRoute.ModelInput) =>
-  TranscriptionModel.fromRoute<ElevenLabsTranscriptionOptions>(
-    { protocol, baseURL: DEFAULT_BASE_URL, path: PATH },
-    input,
-  )
-
-export const ElevenLabsTranscription = {
-  protocol,
-  model,
-} as const
@@ -36,9 +36,7 @@ const StartResponse = Schema.Struct({ name: Schema.String })

 const Operation = Schema.Struct({
  done: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
-  error: Schema.optional(
-    Schema.Struct({ code: Schema.optional(Schema.Number), message: Schema.optional(Schema.String) }),
-  ),
+  error: Schema.optional(Schema.Struct({ message: Schema.optional(Schema.String) })),
  response: Schema.optional(
    Schema.Struct({
      generateVideoResponse: Schema.optional(
@@ -62,16 +60,6 @@ const Operation = Schema.Struct({
  metadata: Schema.optional(Schema.Unknown),
 })

-// Operation errors are `google.rpc.Status`; unlisted codes (INTERNAL, UNAVAILABLE, ...) are provider-side.
-const FAILURE = {
-  3: "InvalidRequest", // INVALID_ARGUMENT
-  7: "Authentication", // PERMISSION_DENIED
-  8: "RateLimit", // RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED
-  9: "InvalidRequest", // FAILED_PRECONDITION
-  11: "InvalidRequest", // OUT_OF_RANGE
-  16: "Authentication", // UNAUTHENTICATED
-} as const satisfies Record<number, MediaProtocol.Failure>
-
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // 5. Request body construction
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -166,7 +154,6 @@ const decodeResult = Effect.fn("GoogleVideo.decodeResult")(function* (
    return yield* output.ended(
      "failed",
      `${route.name} operation failed${operation.error?.message === undefined ? "" : `: ${operation.error.message}`}`,
-      MediaProtocol.failure(FAILURE, operation.error?.code),
    )
  const generated = operation.response?.generateVideoResponse
  // Downloads require the same API key as the poll; the asset carries it transiently and follows the redirect.
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ const fromRequest = Effect.fn("OpenAITranscription.fromRequest")(function* (requ
    {
      overlay: mergeJsonRecords(request.providerOptions, request.http?.body),
      reserved: RESERVED_FORM_FIELDS,
-      repeatArrays: "key[]",
+      repeatArrays: true,
    },
  )
  return MediaProtocol.multipart(form)
@@ -137,12 +137,7 @@ const decodeResult = Effect.fn("RunwayVideo.decodeResult")(function* (
    const message = `${route.name} task failed${code === undefined ? "" : ` (${code})`}${task.failure ? `: ${task.failure}` : ""}`
    // Runway failure codes are dotted paths; every moderation outcome carries a SAFETY segment.
    if (code !== undefined && /(^|\.)SAFETY(\.|$)/.test(code)) return yield* output.contentPolicy(message)
-    // ASSET.INVALID rejects the caller's input media; Runway documents it as not retryable.
-    return yield* output.ended(
-      "failed",
-      message,
-      code !== undefined && /^ASSET\.INVALID(\.|$)/.test(code) ? "InvalidRequest" : "ProviderInternal",
-    )
+    return yield* output.ended("failed", message)
  }
  if (status === "cancelled")
    return yield* output.ended("cancelled", `${route.name} task ${context.token.taskID} was cancelled`)
@@ -71,9 +71,8 @@ export const imageOutput = (
 }

 /**
- * Append multipart text fields: strings as-is, other values as JSON, or scalar arrays as one part per item with
- * `repeatArrays`, named `key[]` or `key`. `overlay` keys in `reserved` are dropped so `http.body` cannot replace
- * route-owned fields.
+ * Append multipart text fields: strings as-is, other values as JSON, or arrays as repeated `key[]` parts with
+ * `repeatArrays`. `overlay` keys in `reserved` are dropped so `http.body` cannot replace route-owned fields.
 */
 export const appendFields = (
  form: FormData,
@@ -81,13 +80,13 @@ export const appendFields = (
  options: {
    readonly overlay?: Record<string, unknown>
    readonly reserved: ReadonlySet<string>
-    readonly repeatArrays?: "key[]" | "key"
+    readonly repeatArrays?: true
  },
 ) => {
  const overlay = Object.entries(options.overlay ?? {}).filter(([key]) => !options.reserved.has(key))
  Object.entries(mergeJsonRecords(fields, Object.fromEntries(overlay)) ?? {}).forEach(([key, value]) => {
-    if (Array.isArray(value) && value.every(isScalar) && options.repeatArrays !== undefined)
-      return value.forEach((item) => form.append(options.repeatArrays === "key[]" ? `${key}[]` : key, String(item)))
+    if (Array.isArray(value) && options.repeatArrays)
+      return value.forEach((item) => form.append(`${key}[]`, String(item)))
    form.append(key, typeof value === "string" ? value : encodeJson(value))
  })
 }
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-/** Split an ordered token list into runs of consecutive tokens with the same speaker. */
-export const group = <Item>(items: ReadonlyArray<Item>, speaker: (item: Item) => unknown) =>
-  items.reduce<Array<Array<Item>>>((turns, item) => {
-    const last = turns.at(-1)
-    if (last === undefined || speaker(last[0]) !== speaker(item)) return [...turns, [item]]
-    last.push(item)
-    return turns
-  }, [])
-
-export * as SpeakerTurns from "./speaker-turns.js"
@@ -65,13 +65,6 @@ const STATUS = {
  expired: "expired",
 } as const satisfies Record<string, Status>

-// Documented video error codes; `service_unavailable`, `internal_error`, and unknown codes are provider-side.
-const FAILURE = {
-  invalid_argument: "InvalidRequest",
-  failed_precondition: "InvalidRequest",
-  permission_denied: "Authentication",
-} as const satisfies Record<string, MediaProtocol.Failure>
-
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // 5. Request body construction
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -150,7 +143,6 @@ const decodeResult = Effect.fn("XAIVideo.decodeResult")(function* (
    return yield* output.ended(
      "failed",
      `${route.name} generation failed${code === undefined ? "" : ` (${code})`}${message === undefined ? "" : `: ${message}`}`,
-      MediaProtocol.failure(FAILURE, code),
    )
  }
  if (status !== "completed")
@@ -58,47 +58,6 @@ export const isContextOverflowFailure = (failure: unknown) =>
    ? failure.reason._tag === "InvalidRequest" && failure.reason.classification === "context-overflow"
    : Schema.is(ProviderErrorEvent)(failure) && failure.classification === "context-overflow"

-/**
- * Whether a failed call may succeed when sent again: rate limits, provider-side failures, transport failures that did
- * not deliver an accepted write, and unrecognized failures. Callers decide which calls are safe to repeat.
- */
-export const isRetryable = (error: AIError) => {
-  const override = error.reason.http?.headers["x-should-retry"]
-  if (override === "true") return true
-  if (override === "false") return false
-  switch (error.reason._tag) {
-    case "RateLimit":
-    case "ProviderInternal":
-      return true
-    // A WebSocket acknowledgment marks delivery accepted before model output may exist.
-    // Read failures can still recover; the caller chooses retry versus continuation from durable output.
-    case "Transport":
-      return (
-        error.reason.delivery !== "rejected" &&
-        (error.reason.delivery !== "accepted" || error.reason.operation === "read")
-      )
-    case "InvalidProviderOutput":
-      return error.reason.classification === "incomplete-stream"
-    // Unrecognized failures retry: classification records affirmative
-    // deterministic evidence, and transient failures are exactly the ones
-    // that arrive in shapes no classifier anticipates.
-    case "UnknownProvider":
-      return true
-    case "Authentication":
-    case "QuotaExceeded":
-    case "ContentPolicy":
-    case "InvalidRequest":
-    case "UnsupportedOperation":
-    case "NoRoute":
-    case "Timeout":
-      return false
-    default: {
-      const exhaustive: never = error.reason
-      return exhaustive
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 const decodeJson = Schema.decodeUnknownOption(Schema.fromJsonString(Schema.Unknown))
 // OpenCode Zen reports account caps as typed 429/402 errors that are not throttles.
 const QUOTA_CODES = new Set([
@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ import type { ProviderAuthOption } from "../route/auth-options.js"
 import { MediaRoute } from "../route/media.js"
 import { type HttpOptions, ProviderID, type ModelID } from "../schema/index.js"
 import { ElevenLabsSpeech } from "../protocols/elevenlabs-speech.js"
-import { ElevenLabsTranscription } from "../protocols/elevenlabs-transcription.js"

 export type { ElevenLabsOutputFormat, ElevenLabsSpeechOptions } from "../protocols/elevenlabs-speech.js"
-export type { ElevenLabsTranscriptionOptions } from "../protocols/elevenlabs-transcription.js"

 export const id = ProviderID.make("elevenlabs")

@@ -26,15 +24,12 @@ const auth = (options: ProviderAuthOption<"optional">) => {
 export const configure = (input: Config = {}) => {
  const media = MediaRoute.deployment(input, auth(input))
  const speech = (modelID: string | ModelID) => ElevenLabsSpeech.model({ ...media, id: modelID })
-  const transcription = (modelID: string | ModelID) => ElevenLabsTranscription.model({ ...media, id: modelID })
  return {
    id,
    speech,
-    transcription,
    configure,
  }
 }

 export const provider = configure()
 export const speech = provider.speech
-export const transcription = provider.transcription
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ export const optional = (secret: Secret | undefined, source = "optional value")
 export const config = (name: string) =>
  credential(
    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const secret = yield* Config.option(Config.redacted(name))
+      const secret = yield* Config.option(Config.Redacted(name))
      if (Option.isSome(secret) && Redacted.value(secret.value) !== "") return secret.value
      return yield* Effect.fail(new MissingCredentialError(name, `${name} is not set`))
    }),
@@ -5,14 +5,12 @@ import { Media } from "../media.js"
 import type { AuthInput } from "./auth.js"
 import {
  AIError,
-  AuthenticationError,
  ContentPolicyError,
  HttpContext,
  InvalidProviderOutputError,
  InvalidRequestError,
  ProviderID,
  ProviderInternalError,
-  RateLimitError,
  UnsupportedOperationError,
 } from "../schema/index.js"

@@ -190,16 +188,6 @@ export const stream = <Request, Event, Frame, State>(
 // Response helpers
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

-/** Reasons a provider can report for a `failed` generation; anything it does not classify is `ProviderInternal`. */
-const FAILURES = {
-  InvalidRequest: InvalidRequestError,
-  Authentication: AuthenticationError,
-  RateLimit: RateLimitError,
-  ProviderInternal: ProviderInternalError,
-}
-
-export type Failure = keyof typeof FAILURES
-
 const context = (response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse) =>
  new HttpContext({ url: response.request.url, status: response.status, headers: response.headers })

@@ -211,10 +199,9 @@ export const identity = (input: { readonly id: string; readonly name: string; re

  /**
   * Read a text body while retaining the original payload and HTTP context on every downstream error. `invalid` is a
-   * malformed provider document; `ended` is a generation that reached a terminal status without output (`failed`
-   * carries the provider's classification, defaulting to `ProviderInternal`; `cancelled`/`expired` mean the result
-   * will never exist); `pending` is a `result()` read before the generation finished, which is caller misuse;
-   * `contentPolicy` is a moderated result.
+   * malformed provider document; `ended` is a generation that reached a terminal status without output (`failed` is
+   * provider-side, `cancelled`/`expired` mean the result will never exist); `pending` is a `result()` read before the
+   * generation finished, which is caller misuse; `contentPolicy` is a moderated result.
   */
  const text = Effect.fn("MediaProtocol.text")(function* (response: HttpClientResponse.HttpClientResponse) {
    const http = context(response)
@@ -236,15 +223,11 @@ export const identity = (input: { readonly id: string; readonly name: string; re
      http,
      invalid: (message: string, cause?: unknown) =>
        new AIError({ reason: new InvalidProviderOutputError({ route: input.id, message, body, http, cause }) }),
-      ended: (
-        status: Exclude<Status, "queued" | "running" | "completed">,
-        message: string,
-        failure: Failure = "ProviderInternal",
-      ) =>
+      ended: (status: Exclude<Status, "queued" | "running" | "completed">, message: string) =>
        new AIError({
          reason:
            status === "failed"
-              ? new FAILURES[failure]({ message, body, http })
+              ? new ProviderInternalError({ message, body, http })
              : new InvalidRequestError({ message, body, http }),
        }),
      pending: (id: string) =>
@@ -320,10 +303,6 @@ export const status = <Table extends Record<string, Status>>(
  return Effect.succeed(table[raw])
 }

-/** Map a provider error code through the protocol's table; missing or unmapped codes are `ProviderInternal`. */
-export const failure = (table: Readonly<Record<string, Failure>>, code: string | number | undefined): Failure =>
-  code !== undefined && Object.hasOwn(table, code) ? table[code] : "ProviderInternal"
-
 /** A `url` asset whose provider-declared retention window starts now. */
 export const expiringUrl = (url: string, retention: Duration.Duration, options?: Parameters<typeof Media.url>[1]) =>
  Clock.currentTimeMillis.pipe(
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Duration, Effect, Schedule, Schema, Stream } from "effect"
+import { Effect, Schema, Stream } from "effect"
 import { Headers, HttpClientRequest, type HttpClientResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
 import { Auth, type AuthInput } from "./auth.js"
 import { Endpoint } from "./endpoint.js"
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import { RequestExecutor } from "./executor.js"
 import { MediaProtocol } from "./media-protocol.js"
 import { Generation, isTerminal } from "../generation.js"
 import type { Media } from "../media.js"
-import { isRetryable } from "../provider-error.js"
 import {
  AIError,
  AIErrorReason,
@@ -138,32 +137,6 @@ export const inline = <Request extends MediaRequest, Response>(
  }
 }

-const READ_RETRY_MAX_DELAY = Duration.seconds(30)
-
-/**
- * Status and result reads retry transient failures; `start` and `cancel` never do. Gaps grow exponentially from 1s,
- * jittered, up to 30s each, for at most 8 retries (about two minutes when every attempt fails), so a direct
- * `Generation.result()` stays bounded; `await` and `events` also cut retries off at `poll.timeout`. A provider
- * `retryAfterMs` raises the gap, still capped at 30s.
- */
-const READ_RETRY = Schedule.max([
-  Schedule.min([Schedule.exponential("1 second"), Schedule.spaced(READ_RETRY_MAX_DELAY)]),
-  Schedule.recurs(8),
-]).pipe(
-  Schedule.jittered,
-  Schedule.setInputType<AIError>(),
-  Schedule.modifyDelay(({ input, duration }) =>
-    Effect.succeed(
-      Duration.min(
-        input.reason._tag === "RateLimit" || input.reason._tag === "ProviderInternal"
-          ? Duration.max(duration, Duration.millis(input.reason.retryAfterMs ?? 0))
-          : duration,
-        READ_RETRY_MAX_DELAY,
-      ),
-    ),
-  ),
-)
-
 /**
 * Compose a queued media protocol the same way, adding `start`/`resume` handles whose polls reuse the route's auth,
 * deployment headers, and (for `start`) the request's `http` overlay. The token is decoded once at the boundary and
@@ -181,8 +154,6 @@ export const queued = <Request extends MediaRequest, Response, Token>(
  const generationRoute = (token: Token, http: HttpOptions | undefined, execute: Execute) => {
    const materialize = (asset: Media.Asset) =>
      asset.materialize().pipe(Effect.provideService(RequestExecutorService, { execute }))
-    // Only the GET exchange retries: a decoded terminal failure (`output.ended`) can be a `ProviderInternal` too, and
-    // re-reading it would spin until the caller's deadline.
    const poll = <A>(operation: {
      readonly path: (token: Token) => string
      readonly decode: (
@@ -190,10 +161,9 @@ export const queued = <Request extends MediaRequest, Response, Token>(
        context: MediaProtocol.PollContext<Token>,
      ) => Effect.Effect<A, AIError>
    }) =>
-      transport.call("GET", operation.path(token), http, execute).pipe(
-        Effect.retry({ schedule: READ_RETRY, while: isRetryable }),
-        Effect.flatMap((sent) => operation.decode(sent.response, { token, auth: sent.auth, materialize })),
-      )
+      transport
+        .call("GET", operation.path(token), http, execute)
+        .pipe(Effect.flatMap((sent) => operation.decode(sent.response, { token, auth: sent.auth, materialize })))
    const status = poll(protocol.status)
    const cancel = protocol.cancel
    const send =
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import type {
  ToolOutput as ToolOutputType,
 } from "./schema/index.js"
 import { ToolDefinition, ToolFailure, ToolOutput } from "./schema/index.js"
+import { isRecord } from "./utils/record.js"

 /**
 * Schema constraint for tool parameters / success values: no decoding or
@@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ export function make(config: TypedToolConfig | DynamicToolConfig): AnyTool {
    _definition: new ToolDefinition({
      name: "",
      description: config.description,
-      inputSchema: toJsonSchema(config.parameters),
+      inputSchema: toInputJsonSchema(config.parameters),
      outputSchema: toJsonSchema(config.success),
    }),
  }
@@ -230,8 +231,33 @@ export const toDefinitions = (tools: Tools): ReadonlyArray<ToolDefinitionClass>
      }),
  )

+const toInputJsonSchema = (schema: Schema.Top): JsonSchema.JsonSchema => {
+  // Effect represents Struct({}) as any non-null value; tool parameters must
+  // instead describe an object. Inline named empty inputs so providers such as
+  // Gemini can recognize a no-argument tool, while retaining schema annotations.
+  if (
+    schema.ast._tag !== "Objects" ||
+    schema.ast.propertySignatures.length !== 0 ||
+    schema.ast.indexSignatures.length !== 0 ||
+    schema.ast.encoding !== undefined ||
+    schema.ast.checks !== undefined
+  )
+    return toJsonSchema(schema)
+
+  const json = Schema.toJsonSchemaDocument(schema, {
+    onExcessProperty: "error",
+    referencePolicy: () => undefined,
+  }).schema
+  if (isRecord(json.not) && json.not.type === "null" && Object.keys(json.not).length === 1) {
+    const normalized: JsonSchema.JsonSchema = { type: "object", properties: {}, additionalProperties: false, ...json }
+    delete normalized.not
+    return normalized
+  }
+  return toJsonSchema(schema)
+}
+
 const toJsonSchema = (schema: Schema.Top): JsonSchema.JsonSchema => {
-  const document = Schema.toJsonSchemaDocument(schema)
+  const document = Schema.toJsonSchemaDocument(schema, { onExcessProperty: "error" })
  if (Object.keys(document.definitions).length === 0) return document.schema
  return { ...document.schema, $defs: document.definitions }
 }
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ export type TranscriptionRequestInput<Model extends TranscriptionModel = Transcr
 // Response and events
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

-/** Speaker labels are provider-native (`A`, `0`, `spk:0`, `speaker_0`, or a known speaker name). */
+/** Speaker labels are provider-native (`A`, `0`, `spk:0`, or a known speaker name). */
 export const TranscriptionSegment = Schema.Struct({
  text: Schema.String,
  startSeconds: Schema.Number,
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ type LanguageModel = {
 declare const auth: Auth.Definition
 declare const optionalAuthModel: LanguageModelFactory<BaseOptions, "optional", LanguageModel>
 declare const requiredAuthModel: LanguageModelFactory<BaseOptions, "required", LanguageModel>
-const configApiKey = Config.redacted("OPENAI_API_KEY")
+const configApiKey = Config.Redacted("OPENAI_API_KEY")

 OpenAIChat.route.model({ id: "gpt-4.1-mini" })

@@ -197,11 +197,6 @@ describe("public exports", () => {
    expect(Google.configure({ apiKey: "fixture" }).transcription("gemini-3.5-transcribe").route.kind).toBe("stream")
    expect(Deepgram.configure({ apiKey: "fixture" }).transcription("nova-3").route.kind).toBe("inline")
    expect(AssemblyAI.configure({ apiKey: "fixture" }).transcription("universal-3-5-pro").route.kind).toBe("queued")
-    expect(ElevenLabs.configure({ apiKey: "fixture" }).transcription("scribe_v2").route.id).toBe(
-      "elevenlabs-transcription",
-    )
-    expect(ElevenLabs.configure({ apiKey: "fixture" }).transcription("scribe_v2").route.kind).toBe("inline")
-    expect(ElevenLabs.provider.transcription).toBe(ElevenLabs.transcription)
  })

  test("protocol barrels expose supported low-level routes", () => {
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "version": 1,
-  "metadata": {
-    "tags": [
-      "prefix:elevenlabs-transcription",
-      "provider:elevenlabs",
-      "protocol:elevenlabs-transcription"
-    ],
-    "name": "elevenlabs-transcription/groups-diarized-words-into-speaker-turns",
-    "recordedAt": "2026-09-27T09:35:28.265Z"
-  },
-  "interactions": [
-    {
-      "transport": "http",
-      "request": {
-        "method": "POST",
-        "url": "https://api.elevenlabs.io/v1/speech-to-text",
-        "headers": {
-          "content-type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary356bdc14864a477dbacbfcf60d1ecceb"
-        },
-        "body": "--BOUNDARY\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name=\"file\"; filename=\"audio.mp3\"\r\nContent-Type: audio/mpeg\r\n\r\n[audio]\r\n--BOUNDARY\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name=\"model_id\"\r\n\r\nscribe_v2\r\n--BOUNDARY\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name=\"diarize\"\r\n\r\ntrue\r\n--BOUNDARY--\r\n"
-      },
-      "response": {
-        "status": 200,
-        "headers": {
-          "content-type": "application/json"
-        },
-        "body": "{\"language_code\":\"eng\",\"language_probability\":0.9495430588722229,\"text\":\"Did the release ship? Yes, it shipped this morning\",\"words\":[{\"text\":\"Did\",\"start\":0.34,\"end\":0.44,\"type\":\"word\",\"speaker_id\":\"speaker_0\",\"logprob\":-1.7881377516459906e-6},{\"text\":\" \",\"start\":0.44,\"end\":0.48,\"type\":\"spacing\",\"speaker_id\":\"speaker_0\",\"logprob\":-1.1920928244535389e-7},{\"text\":\"the\",\"start\":0.48,\"end\":0.56,\"type\":\"word\",\"speaker_id\":\"speaker_0\",\"logprob\":-1.1920928244535389e-7},{\"text\":\" \",\"start\":0.56,\"end\":0.6,\"type\":\"spacing\",\"speaker_id\":\"speaker_0\",\"logprob\":-7.152531907195225e-6},{\"text\":\"release\",\"start\":0.6,\"end\":0.92,\"type\":\"word\",\"speaker_id\":\"speaker_0\",\"logprob\":-7.152531907195225e-6},{\"text\":\" \",\"start\":0.92,\"end\":0.94,\"type\":\"spacing\",\"speaker_id\":\"speaker_0\",\"logprob\":-8.344646857949556e-7},{\"text\":\"ship?\",\"start\":0.94,\"end\":1.26,\"type\":\"word\",\"speaker_id\":\"speaker_0\",\"logprob\":-7.414704032271402e-6},{\"text\":\" \",\"start\":1.26,\"end\":1.26,\"type\":\"spacing\",\"speaker_id\":\"speaker_0\",\"logprob\":-0.0009363081189803779},{\"text\":\"Yes,\",\"start\":1.68,\"end\":2.02,\"type\":\"word\",\"speaker_id\":\"speaker_1\",\"logprob\":-0.003542040009030245},{\"text\":\" \",\"start\":2.02,\"end\":2.48,\"type\":\"spacing\",\"speaker_id\":\"speaker_1\",\"logprob\":-3.933898824470816e-6},{\"text\":\"it\",\"start\":2.48,\"end\":2.62,\"type\":\"word\",\"speaker_id\":\"speaker_1\",\"logprob\":-3.933898824470816e-6},{\"text\":\" \",\"start\":2.62,\"end\":2.64,\"type\":\"spacing\",\"speaker_id\":\"speaker_1\",\"logprob\":-0.000013589766240329482},{\"text\":\"shipped\",\"start\":2.66,\"end\":2.9,\"type\":\"word\",\"speaker_id\":\"speaker_1\",\"logprob\":-0.000013589766240329482},{\"text\":\" \",\"start\":2.9,\"end\":2.94,\"type\":\"spacing\",\"speaker_id\":\"speaker_1\",\"logprob\":0.0},{\"text\":\"this\",\"start\":2.94,\"end\":3.12,\"type\":\"word\",\"speaker_id\":\"speaker_1\",\"logprob\":0.0},{\"text\":\" \",\"start\":3.12,\"end\":3.18,\"type\":\"spacing\",\"speaker_id\":\"speaker_1\",\"logprob\":-3.576278118089249e-7},{\"text\":\"morning\",\"start\":3.18,\"end\":3.5,\"type\":\"word\",\"speaker_id\":\"speaker_1\",\"logprob\":-3.576278118089249e-7}],\"transcription_id\":\"cs3I2282TH8hjw12brNg\",\"audio_duration_secs\":3.5526875}"
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "version": 1,
-  "metadata": {
-    "tags": [
-      "prefix:elevenlabs-transcription",
-      "provider:elevenlabs",
-      "protocol:elevenlabs-transcription"
-    ],
-    "name": "elevenlabs-transcription/transcribes-audio-with-word-timestamps",
-    "recordedAt": "2026-09-27T09:35:27.686Z"
-  },
-  "interactions": [
-    {
-      "transport": "http",
-      "request": {
-        "method": "POST",
-        "url": "https://api.elevenlabs.io/v1/speech-to-text",
-        "headers": {
-          "content-type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundarye2be7b31e94441bbbeb35a9c890a9d74"
-        },
-        "body": "--BOUNDARY\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name=\"file\"; filename=\"audio.mp3\"\r\nContent-Type: audio/mpeg\r\n\r\n[audio]\r\n--BOUNDARY\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name=\"model_id\"\r\n\r\nscribe_v2\r\n--BOUNDARY--\r\n"
-      },
-      "response": {
-        "status": 200,
-        "headers": {
-          "content-type": "application/json"
-        },
-        "body": "{\"language_code\":\"eng\",\"language_probability\":0.6618340611457825,\"text\":\"Hello from OpenCode\",\"words\":[{\"text\":\"Hello\",\"start\":0.4,\"end\":0.66,\"type\":\"word\",\"logprob\":-0.000014781842764932662},{\"text\":\" \",\"start\":0.66,\"end\":0.74,\"type\":\"spacing\",\"logprob\":-3.814689989667386e-6},{\"text\":\"from\",\"start\":0.74,\"end\":0.84,\"type\":\"word\",\"logprob\":-3.814689989667386e-6},{\"text\":\" \",\"start\":0.84,\"end\":0.9,\"type\":\"spacing\",\"logprob\":-0.018268775194883347},{\"text\":\"OpenCode\",\"start\":0.9,\"end\":1.44,\"type\":\"word\",\"logprob\":-0.1251817401498556}],\"transcription_id\":\"D4VfnANM2ArCHTujIb9q\",\"audio_duration_secs\":1.54125}"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "transport": "http",
-      "request": {
-        "method": "POST",
-        "url": "https://api.elevenlabs.io/v1/speech-to-text",
-        "headers": {
-          "content-type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundaryfb80d0e44d9e44d299416ed546a04056"
-        },
-        "body": "--BOUNDARY\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name=\"file\"; filename=\"audio.mp3\"\r\nContent-Type: audio/mpeg\r\n\r\n[audio]\r\n--BOUNDARY\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name=\"model_id\"\r\n\r\nscribe_v2\r\n--BOUNDARY--\r\n"
-      },
-      "response": {
-        "status": 200,
-        "headers": {
-          "content-type": "application/json"
-        },
-        "body": "{\"language_code\":\"eng\",\"language_probability\":0.6618340611457825,\"text\":\"Hello from OpenCode\",\"words\":[{\"text\":\"Hello\",\"start\":0.4,\"end\":0.66,\"type\":\"word\",\"logprob\":-0.000023007127310847864},{\"text\":\" \",\"start\":0.66,\"end\":0.74,\"type\":\"spacing\",\"logprob\":-2.3841830625315197e-6},{\"text\":\"from\",\"start\":0.74,\"end\":0.84,\"type\":\"word\",\"logprob\":-2.3841830625315197e-6},{\"text\":\" \",\"start\":0.84,\"end\":0.9,\"type\":\"spacing\",\"logprob\":-0.008306833915412426},{\"text\":\"OpenCode\",\"start\":0.9,\"end\":1.44,\"type\":\"word\",\"logprob\":-0.1075385226868093}],\"transcription_id\":\"SkYplzfq1DW8Ae3bWnoy\",\"audio_duration_secs\":1.54125}"
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
@@ -22,8 +22,7 @@ const chatBody = sseEvents(
 /**
 * Executor layer that answers chat completions with SSE text, image generations with one base64 PNG, Runway video
 * tasks with a queued submission that succeeds on the second poll, speech with raw audio or SSE audio deltas, OpenAI
- * transcription with JSON or SSE text deltas, AssemblyAI transcripts that complete on the first poll, and `slow.test`
- * chat completions that send one text delta and never finish.
+ * transcription with JSON or SSE text deltas, and AssemblyAI transcripts that complete on the first poll.
 */
 const executor = (seen: Array<string>) =>
  RequestExecutor.layer.pipe(
@@ -56,18 +55,6 @@ const executor = (seen: Array<string>) =>
              output: "https://replicate.test/a.webp",
              urls: { get: "https://replicate.test/p_1", cancel: "https://replicate.test/p_1/cancel" },
            })
-          if (web.url.startsWith("https://slow.test"))
-            return input.respond(
-              new ReadableStream({
-                start: (controller) =>
-                  controller.enqueue(
-                    new TextEncoder().encode(
-                      `data: ${JSON.stringify({ choices: [{ delta: { content: "Hello" } }] })}\n\n`,
-                    ),
-                  ),
-              }),
-              { headers: { "content-type": "text/event-stream" } },
-            )
          if (web.url.endsWith("/chat/completions"))
            return input.respond(chatBody, { headers: { "content-type": "text/event-stream" } })
          if (web.url.endsWith("/audio/speech"))
@@ -317,77 +304,6 @@ describe("AI promise client", () => {
    await ai.dispose()
  })

-  test("aborted calls reject and aborted streams throw with the signal's reason", async () => {
-    const ai = AI.make({ layer: executor([]) })
-    const slow = OpenAI.configure({ apiKey: "test", baseURL: "https://slow.test/v1" }).chat("gpt-4o-mini")
-    const aborted = new AbortController()
-    aborted.abort()
-    const reason = new Error("mine")
-
-    const rejected = await ai.run(Effect.never, { signal: aborted.signal }).catch((error: unknown) => error)
-    expect(rejected).toBe(aborted.signal.reason)
-    expect(rejected).toMatchObject({ name: "AbortError" })
-
-    const inFlight = new AbortController()
-    setTimeout(() => inFlight.abort(reason), 10)
-    expect(
-      await ai.llm
-        .generate({ model: slow, prompt: "Hello" }, { signal: inFlight.signal })
-        .catch((error: unknown) => error),
-    ).toBe(reason)
-
-    const preAborted = await Array.fromAsync(
-      ai.speech.stream({ model: openai.speech("gpt-4o-mini-tts"), text: "Hello" }, { signal: aborted.signal }),
-    ).catch((error: unknown) => error)
-    expect(preAborted).toBe(aborted.signal.reason)
-    expect(preAborted).toMatchObject({ name: "AbortError" })
-
-    const midStream = new AbortController()
-    const deltas: Array<string> = []
-    const midStreamFailure = await Array.fromAsync(
-      ai.llm.stream({ model: slow, prompt: "Hello" }, { signal: midStream.signal }),
-      (event) => {
-        if (!LLMEvent.is.textDelta(event)) return
-        deltas.push(event.text)
-        midStream.abort()
-      },
-    ).catch((error: unknown) => error)
-    expect(deltas).toEqual(["Hello"])
-    expect(midStreamFailure).toBe(midStream.signal.reason)
-    expect(midStreamFailure).toMatchObject({ name: "AbortError" })
-
-    const model = Runway.configure({ apiKey: "test", baseURL: "https://runway.test/v1" }).video("gen4.5")
-    const generation = await ai.video.start({ model, prompt: "A kite" })
-    const polling = new AbortController()
-    const events: Array<string> = []
-    const eventsFailure = await Array.fromAsync(
-      generation.events({ poll: { interval: 60_000 }, signal: polling.signal }),
-      (event) => {
-        events.push(event.type)
-        polling.abort(reason)
-      },
-    ).catch((error: unknown) => error)
-    expect(events).toEqual(["generation-progress"])
-    expect(eventsFailure).toBe(reason)
-
-    await ai.dispose()
-  })
-
-  test("breaking out of an abortable stream cleans up without throwing", async () => {
-    const ai = AI.make({ layer: executor([]) })
-    const slow = OpenAI.configure({ apiKey: "test", baseURL: "https://slow.test/v1" }).chat("gpt-4o-mini")
-    const controller = new AbortController()
-    const deltas: Array<string> = []
-    for await (const event of ai.llm.stream({ model: slow, prompt: "Hello" }, { signal: controller.signal })) {
-      if (!LLMEvent.is.textDelta(event)) continue
-      deltas.push(event.text)
-      break
-    }
-    controller.abort()
-    expect(deltas).toEqual(["Hello"])
-    await ai.dispose()
-  })
-
  test("the default client is created lazily and can be disposed", async () => {
    expect(typeof AI.ai.llm.generate).toBe("function")
    expect(typeof AI.ai.image.generate).toBe("function")
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-import { describe, expect } from "bun:test"
-import { Effect, Stream } from "effect"
-import { Transcription } from "../../src/index.js"
-import { ElevenLabs } from "../../src/providers.js"
-import { recordedTests } from "../recorded-test.js"
-import { TRANSCRIPT, audio, audioRecording, dialog } from "./transcription-recording.js"
-
-const model = ElevenLabs.configure({ apiKey: process.env.ELEVENLABS_API_KEY ?? "fixture" }).transcription("scribe_v2")
-
-const recorded = recordedTests({
-  prefix: "elevenlabs-transcription",
-  provider: "elevenlabs",
-  protocol: "elevenlabs-transcription",
-  requires: ["ELEVENLABS_API_KEY"],
-  options: audioRecording,
-})
-
-describe("ElevenLabs Transcription recorded", () => {
-  recorded.effect("transcribes audio with word timestamps", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const request = Transcription.request({ model, audio: yield* audio, timestamps: "word" })
-      const response = yield* Transcription.generate(request)
-
-      expect(response.text).toMatch(TRANSCRIPT)
-      expect(response.words?.map((word) => word.text)).toEqual(["Hello", "from", "OpenCode"])
-      expect(response.words?.every((word) => word.speaker === undefined && (word.confidence ?? 0) > 0)).toBe(true)
-      expect(response.segments).toBeUndefined()
-      expect(response.language).toBe("eng")
-      expect(response.durationSeconds).toBeGreaterThan(0)
-      expect(response.usage).toEqual({ type: "seconds", seconds: response.durationSeconds })
-      expect(response.providerMetadata?.elevenlabs?.transcriptionId).toEqual(expect.any(String))
-
-      const events = Array.from(yield* Stream.runCollect(Transcription.stream(request)))
-      expect(events.map((event) => event.type)).toEqual(["finish"])
-    }),
-  )
-
-  recorded.effect("groups diarized words into speaker turns", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const response = yield* Transcription.generate({ model, audio: yield* dialog, diarize: true })
-
-      expect(response.segments?.map((segment) => segment.speaker)).toEqual(["speaker_0", "speaker_1"])
-      expect(response.segments?.[0].text).toMatch(/^Did the release ship\?$/)
-      expect(response.segments?.[1].text).toMatch(/^Yes, it shipped this morning\.?$/)
-      expect(response.segments?.map((segment) => segment.text).join(" ")).toBe(response.text)
-      expect(response.words?.some((word) => word.text.trim() === "")).toBe(false)
-      expect(new Set(response.words?.map((word) => word.speaker))).toEqual(new Set(["speaker_0", "speaker_1"]))
-    }),
-  )
-})
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test"
 import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
 import { LLM } from "../src/index.js"
-import { OpenAIChat } from "../src/protocols.js"
+import { AnthropicMessages, Gemini, OpenAIChat, OpenAIResponses } from "../src/protocols.js"
 import { ToolSchemaProjection } from "../src/protocols/utils/tool-schema.js"
 import { Tool, toDefinitions } from "../src/tool.js"
 import { Auth } from "../src/route.js"
@@ -9,6 +9,126 @@ import { compileRequest } from "../src/route/client.js"
 import { it } from "./lib/effect.js"

 describe("tool schema projections", () => {
+  test("only normalizes typed empty input structs, preserving raw schemas and output schemas", () => {
+    const schema = { not: { type: "null" } }
+    const definitions = Tool.toDefinitions({
+      typed: Tool.make({
+        description: "Typed",
+        parameters: Schema.Struct({}),
+        success: Schema.Struct({}),
+        execute: () => Effect.succeed({}),
+      }),
+      raw: Tool.make({ description: "Raw", jsonSchema: schema, execute: () => Effect.succeed({}) }),
+    })
+    expect(definitions[0]?.inputSchema).toEqual({ type: "object", properties: {}, additionalProperties: false })
+    expect(definitions[0]?.outputSchema).toEqual(schema)
+    expect(definitions[1]?.inputSchema).toEqual(schema)
+  })
+
+  test("retains empty input descriptions and preserves named outputs and explicit raw schemas", () => {
+    const parameters = Schema.Struct({}).annotate({ identifier: "Ping", description: "No arguments" })
+    const raw = { $ref: "#/$defs/Raw", $defs: { Raw: { not: { type: "null" }, description: "Raw schema" } } }
+    const definitions = Tool.toDefinitions({
+      typed: Tool.make({ description: "Ping", parameters, success: parameters, execute: () => Effect.succeed({}) }),
+      raw: Tool.make({ description: "Raw", jsonSchema: raw, execute: () => Effect.succeed({}) }),
+    })
+    expect(definitions[0]?.inputSchema).toEqual({
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {},
+      additionalProperties: false,
+      description: "No arguments",
+    })
+    expect(definitions[0]?.outputSchema).toEqual({
+      $ref: "#/$defs/Ping",
+      $defs: { Ping: { not: { type: "null" }, description: "No arguments" } },
+    })
+    expect(definitions[1]?.inputSchema).toEqual(raw)
+  })
+
+  const empty = { type: "object", properties: {}, additionalProperties: false }
+  const nonempty = {
+    type: "object",
+    properties: { query: { type: "string" } },
+    required: ["query"],
+    additionalProperties: false,
+  }
+  const raw = { type: "object", properties: { value: { type: "number" } }, additionalProperties: true }
+
+  for (const scenario of [
+    {
+      route: OpenAIChat.route,
+      tools: [empty, nonempty, raw].map((parameters, index) => ({
+        type: "function",
+        function: { name: ["ping", "lookup", "raw"][index], parameters },
+      })),
+    },
+    {
+      route: OpenAIResponses.route,
+      tools: [empty, nonempty, raw].map((parameters, index) => ({
+        type: "function",
+        name: ["ping", "lookup", "raw"][index],
+        parameters,
+      })),
+    },
+    {
+      route: AnthropicMessages.route,
+      tools: [empty, nonempty, raw].map((input_schema, index) => ({
+        name: ["ping", "lookup", "raw"][index],
+        input_schema,
+      })),
+    },
+    {
+      route: Gemini.route,
+      tools: [
+        {
+          functionDeclarations: [empty, nonempty, raw].map((parametersJsonSchema, index) => ({
+            name: ["ping", "lookup", "raw"][index],
+            parametersJsonSchema,
+          })),
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+  ]) {
+    for (const input of [
+      { name: "plain", schema: Schema.Struct({}) },
+      { name: "described", schema: Schema.Struct({}).annotate({ description: "No arguments" }) },
+      { name: "named", schema: Schema.Struct({}).annotate({ identifier: "Ping" }) },
+      {
+        name: "named and described",
+        schema: Schema.Struct({}).annotate({ identifier: "Ping", description: "No arguments" }),
+      },
+    ]) {
+      it.effect(
+        `${scenario.route.id} prepares ${input.name} empty Effect Struct tools alongside nonempty and raw schemas`,
+        () =>
+          Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const prepared = yield* compileRequest(
+              LLM.request({
+                model: scenario.route.with({ auth: Auth.bearer("test") }).model({ id: "test-model" }),
+                prompt: "Use a tool.",
+                tools: Tool.toDefinitions({
+                  ping: Tool.make({
+                    description: "Ping",
+                    parameters: input.schema,
+                    success: Schema.String,
+                    execute: () => Effect.succeed("pong"),
+                  }),
+                  lookup: Tool.make({
+                    description: "Lookup",
+                    parameters: Schema.Struct({ query: Schema.String }),
+                    success: Schema.String,
+                    execute: (input) => Effect.succeed(input.query),
+                  }),
+                  raw: Tool.make({ description: "Raw", jsonSchema: raw, execute: () => Effect.succeed("raw") }),
+                }),
+              }),
+            )
+            expect(prepared.body.tools).toMatchObject(scenario.tools)
+          }),
+      )
+    }
+  }
+
  test("moonshot strips $ref siblings and converts tuple arrays to a schema object", () => {
    expect(
      ToolSchemaProjection.moonshot({
@@ -91,7 +211,12 @@ describe("tool schema projections", () => {
      const exclusive = { oneOf: [{ type: "object" }, { type: "object", required: ["a"] }] }
      const object = { type: "object", properties: {} }

-      expect(yield* parameters(parameterless)).toEqual({ type: "object", description: "No input." })
+      expect(yield* parameters(parameterless)).toEqual({
+        type: "object",
+        properties: {},
+        additionalProperties: false,
+        description: "No input.",
+      })
      expect(yield* parameters({})).toEqual({ type: "object" })
      expect(yield* parameters({ description: "Query", properties: { q: { type: "string" } } })).toEqual({
        type: "object",
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { Effect, Fiber, Layer, Stream } from "effect"
 import * as TestClock from "effect/testing/TestClock"
 import { HttpClientRequest } from "effect/unstable/http"
 import { Media, Transcription, TranscriptionClient, type TranscriptionEvent } from "../src/index.js"
-import { AssemblyAI, Deepgram, ElevenLabs, Google, OpenAI } from "../src/providers.js"
+import { AssemblyAI, Deepgram, Google, OpenAI } from "../src/providers.js"
 import { it } from "./lib/effect.js"
 import { dynamicResponse, json, observe, type Call } from "./lib/http.js"
 import { sseEvents } from "./lib/sse.js"
@@ -35,9 +35,6 @@ const formFields = (call: Call) =>
 const assemblyai = AssemblyAI.configure({ apiKey: "aai-key", baseURL: "https://assemblyai.test" }).transcription(
  "universal-3-5-pro",
 )
-const elevenlabs = ElevenLabs.configure({ apiKey: "test", baseURL: "https://elevenlabs.test" }).transcription(
-  "scribe_v2",
-)

 describe("Transcription", () => {
  it.effect("rejects what a route cannot honor before sending anything", () =>
@@ -462,115 +459,6 @@ describe("Transcription", () => {
    }),
  )

-  it.effect("rejects ElevenLabs prompts, webhooks, per-channel transcripts, and untimed diarization", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const errors = yield* Effect.all(
-        [
-          Transcription.generate({ model: elevenlabs, audio, prompt: "OpenCode" }),
-          Transcription.generate({ model: elevenlabs, audio, providerOptions: { webhook: true } }),
-          Transcription.generate({ model: elevenlabs, audio, http: { body: { use_multi_channel: true } } }),
-          Transcription.generate({
-            model: elevenlabs,
-            audio,
-            diarize: true,
-            providerOptions: { timestamps_granularity: "none" },
-          }),
-          Transcription.generate({
-            model: elevenlabs,
-            audio: Media.ref("file_1", { provider: "elevenlabs", mediaType: "audio/mpeg" }),
-          }),
-        ].map((effect) => Effect.flip(effect)),
-      )
-      expect(errors.map((error) => [error.reason._tag, "operation" in error.reason && error.reason.operation])).toEqual(
-        [
-          ["UnsupportedOperation", "media.prompt"],
-          ["UnsupportedOperation", "transcription.webhook"],
-          ["UnsupportedOperation", "transcription.multichannel"],
-          ["UnsupportedOperation", "media.timestamps"],
-          ["InvalidRequest", false],
-        ],
-      )
-    }).pipe(Effect.provide(layer(() => Effect.die("an unsupported request reached the network")))),
-  )
-
-  it.effect("sends ElevenLabs URL audio as source_url and groups diarized words into speaker turns", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const calls: Array<Call> = []
-      const token = (text: string, type: string, start: number, end: number, speaker_id?: string) => ({
-        text,
-        type,
-        start,
-        end,
-        speaker_id,
-        logprob: 0,
-      })
-      const response = yield* Transcription.generate({
-        model: elevenlabs,
-        audio: Media.url("https://a.test/call.mp3"),
-        language: "en",
-        speakers: 2,
-        providerOptions: { keyterms: ["OpenCode", "Scribe"], tag_audio_events: true, diarize: false },
-      }).pipe(
-        Effect.provide(
-          layer((input) =>
-            observe(calls, input).pipe(
-              Effect.as(
-                json(input, {
-                  language_code: "ENG",
-                  text: "Ready? (laughs) Yes. Go",
-                  words: [
-                    token("Ready?", "word", 0, 0.5, "speaker_0"),
-                    token(" ", "spacing", 0.5, 0.6, "speaker_0"),
-                    token("(laughs)", "audio_event", 0.6, 1, "speaker_0"),
-                    token(" ", "spacing", 1, 1.1, "speaker_0"),
-                    token("Yes.", "word", 1.2, 1.5, "speaker_1"),
-                    token(" ", "spacing", 1.5, 1.6, "speaker_1"),
-                    token("Go", "word", 1.6, 1.9, "speaker_0"),
-                  ],
-                  transcription_id: "tr_1",
-                  audio_duration_secs: 2,
-                }),
-              ),
-            ),
-          ),
-        ),
-      )
-
-      // `observe` re-encodes the FormData with a new boundary, so read the boundary from the sent body.
-      const boundary = /^--(\S+)/.exec(calls[0].body)?.[1]
-      const form = yield* Effect.promise(() =>
-        new Response(calls[0].body, {
-          headers: { "content-type": `multipart/form-data; boundary=${boundary}` },
-        }).formData(),
-      )
-      expect(calls[0].url).toBe("https://elevenlabs.test/v1/speech-to-text")
-      expect(calls[0].headers.get("xi-api-key")).toBe("test")
-      expect(Array.from(form.entries())).toEqual([
-        ["model_id", "scribe_v2"],
-        ["source_url", "https://a.test/call.mp3"],
-        ["language_code", "en"],
-        ["diarize", "true"],
-        ["num_speakers", "2"],
-        ["keyterms", "OpenCode"],
-        ["keyterms", "Scribe"],
-        ["tag_audio_events", "true"],
-      ])
-      expect(response.segments).toEqual([
-        { text: "Ready?", startSeconds: 0, endSeconds: 0.5, speaker: "speaker_0" },
-        { text: "Yes.", startSeconds: 1.2, endSeconds: 1.5, speaker: "speaker_1" },
-        { text: "Go", startSeconds: 1.6, endSeconds: 1.9, speaker: "speaker_0" },
-      ])
-      expect(response.words?.map((word) => [word.text, word.speaker, word.confidence])).toEqual([
-        ["Ready?", "speaker_0", 1],
-        ["Yes.", "speaker_1", 1],
-        ["Go", "speaker_0", 1],
-      ])
-      expect(response.language).toBe("eng")
-      expect(response.usage).toEqual({ type: "seconds", seconds: 2 })
-      expect(response.providerMetadata).toEqual({ elevenlabs: { transcriptionId: "tr_1" } })
-    }),
-  )
-
  it.effect("rejects reading an AssemblyAI result before the transcript finishes", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
      const generation = yield* Transcription.resume(assemblyai, { transcriptID: "tr_1" })
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 import { describe, expect } from "bun:test"
-import { Effect, Fiber, Layer, Stream } from "effect"
-import * as TestClock from "effect/testing/TestClock"
+import { Effect, Layer, Stream } from "effect"
 import { Media, Video, VideoClient, type GenerationEvent, type VideoEvent } from "../src/index.js"
 import { Fal, Google, Runway, XAI } from "../src/providers.js"
 import { it } from "./lib/effect.js"
-import { dynamicResponse, json, observe, settle, type Call, type HandlerInput } from "./lib/http.js"
+import { dynamicResponse, json, observe, settle, type Call } from "./lib/http.js"

 const layer = (handler: Parameters<typeof dynamicResponse>[0]) =>
  VideoClient.layer.pipe(Layer.provideMerge(dynamicResponse(handler)))
@@ -163,39 +162,27 @@ describe("Video / Google Veo", () => {
    ),
  )

-  for (const terminal of [
-    { error: { code: 3, message: "Prompt violates policy", status: "INVALID_ARGUMENT" }, tag: "InvalidRequest" },
-    { error: { code: 9, message: "Unsupported resolution", status: "FAILED_PRECONDITION" }, tag: "InvalidRequest" },
-    { error: { code: 11, message: "Duration out of range", status: "OUT_OF_RANGE" }, tag: "InvalidRequest" },
-    { error: { code: 7, message: "Permission denied", status: "PERMISSION_DENIED" }, tag: "Authentication" },
-    { error: { code: 16, message: "Invalid credentials", status: "UNAUTHENTICATED" }, tag: "Authentication" },
-    { error: { code: 8, message: "Quota exceeded", status: "RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED" }, tag: "RateLimit" },
-    { error: { code: 13, message: "Internal error", status: "INTERNAL" }, tag: "ProviderInternal" },
-    { error: { code: 14, message: "Service unavailable", status: "UNAVAILABLE" }, tag: "ProviderInternal" },
-    { error: { message: "Something broke" }, tag: "ProviderInternal" },
-  ]) {
-    it.effect(
-      `surfaces ${terminal.error.status ?? "an uncoded"} operation error as ${terminal.tag} with the provider body`,
-      () =>
-        Effect.gen(function* () {
-          const failure = { name: operation, done: true, error: terminal.error }
-          const error = yield* Video.generate({ model, prompt: "nope" }).pipe(
-            Effect.flip,
-            Effect.provide(
-              layer((input) =>
-                Effect.succeed(
-                  input.request.method === "POST" ? json(input, { name: operation }) : json(input, failure),
-                ),
-              ),
-            ),
-          )
-          expect(error.reason._tag).toBe(terminal.tag)
-          expect(error.message).toBe(`Google Veo operation failed: ${terminal.error.message}`)
-          expect(error.reason.body).toBe(JSON.stringify(failure))
-          expect(error.reason.http?.status).toBe(200)
-        }),
-    )
-  }
+  it.effect("surfaces an operation error as a failed generation with the provider body", () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const failure = {
+        name: operation,
+        done: true,
+        error: { code: 3, message: "Prompt violates policy", status: "INVALID_ARGUMENT" },
+      }
+      const error = yield* Video.generate({ model, prompt: "nope" }).pipe(
+        Effect.flip,
+        Effect.provide(
+          layer((input) =>
+            Effect.succeed(input.request.method === "POST" ? json(input, { name: operation }) : json(input, failure)),
+          ),
+        ),
+      )
+      expect(error.reason._tag).toBe("ProviderInternal")
+      expect(error.message).toBe("Google Veo operation failed: Prompt violates policy")
+      expect(error.reason.body).toBe(JSON.stringify(failure))
+      expect(error.reason.http?.status).toBe(200)
+    }),
+  )

  it.effect("reports fully filtered output as a content policy failure", () =>
    Effect.gen(function* () {
@@ -345,37 +332,12 @@ describe("Video / xAI", () => {
  for (const terminal of [
    {
      body: { status: "failed", error: { code: "invalid_argument", message: "Prompt cannot be empty." } },
-      tag: "InvalidRequest",
+      tag: "ProviderInternal",
      message: "xAI Video generation failed (invalid_argument): Prompt cannot be empty.",
    },
-    {
-      body: { status: "failed", error: { code: "failed_precondition", message: "Extension is not supported." } },
-      tag: "InvalidRequest",
-      message: "xAI Video generation failed (failed_precondition): Extension is not supported.",
-    },
-    {
-      body: { status: "failed", error: { code: "permission_denied", message: "Team lacks access." } },
-      tag: "Authentication",
-      message: "xAI Video generation failed (permission_denied): Team lacks access.",
-    },
-    {
-      body: { status: "failed", error: { code: "service_unavailable", message: "Overloaded." } },
-      tag: "ProviderInternal",
-      message: "xAI Video generation failed (service_unavailable): Overloaded.",
-    },
-    {
-      body: { status: "failed", error: { code: "internal_error", message: "Generation failed." } },
-      tag: "ProviderInternal",
-      message: "xAI Video generation failed (internal_error): Generation failed.",
-    },
-    {
-      body: { status: "failed", error: { code: "constructor", message: "Future code." } },
-      tag: "ProviderInternal",
-      message: "xAI Video generation failed (constructor): Future code.",
-    },
    { body: { status: "expired" }, tag: "InvalidRequest", message: "xAI Video request req_1 expired" },
  ]) {
-    it.effect(`surfaces ${terminal.body.error?.code ?? terminal.body.status} generations with the provider body`, () =>
+    it.effect(`surfaces ${terminal.body.status} generations with the provider body`, () =>
      Effect.gen(function* () {
        const error = yield* Video.generate({ model, prompt: "x" }).pipe(Effect.flip)
        expect(error.reason._tag).toBe(terminal.tag)
@@ -596,10 +558,7 @@ describe("Video / fal", () => {
  ]) {
    it.effect(`fails await for ${failure.name} with the response_url body and HTTP context`, () =>
      Effect.gen(function* () {
-        // A transient 500 on the result fetch is retried first; the body and HTTP context survive the final failure.
-        const fiber = yield* Effect.forkChild(Video.generate({ model, prompt: "x" }).pipe(Effect.flip))
-        yield* TestClock.adjust("5 minutes")
-        const error = yield* Fiber.join(fiber)
+        const error = yield* Video.generate({ model, prompt: "x" }).pipe(Effect.flip)
        expect(error.reason._tag).toBe(failure.tag)
        expect(error.reason.body).toBe(JSON.stringify(failure.result.body))
        expect(error.reason.http).toMatchObject({ url: urls.response, status: failure.result.status })
@@ -806,11 +765,6 @@ describe("Video / Runway", () => {
      tag: "ProviderInternal",
      message: "Runway task failed (INTERNAL.BAD_OUTPUT.CODE01): Something broke",
    },
-    {
-      body: { status: "FAILED", failure: "Unsupported dimensions", failureCode: "ASSET.INVALID" },
-      tag: "InvalidRequest",
-      message: "Runway task failed (ASSET.INVALID): Unsupported dimensions",
-    },
    { body: { status: "CANCELLED" }, tag: "InvalidRequest", message: "Runway task task_1 was cancelled" },
  ]) {
    it.effect(`surfaces ${terminal.body.failureCode ?? terminal.body.status} with the task body`, () =>
@@ -954,169 +908,6 @@ describe("Video / Runway", () => {
  )
 })

-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Transient read failures
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-describe("Video / transient read failures", () => {
-  const model = Runway.configure({ apiKey: "test", baseURL: "https://runway.test/v1" }).video("gen4.5")
-  const succeeded = { id: "task_1", status: "SUCCEEDED", output: ["https://runway.test/out.mp4"] }
-  const failure = (input: HandlerInput, status: number, headers?: Record<string, string>) =>
-    json(input, { error: `HTTP ${status}` }, { status, headers })
-  const methods = (calls: ReadonlyArray<Call>) => calls.map((call) => call.method)
-
-  it.effect("retries a 503 status poll and a 503 result read, then returns the result", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const calls: Array<Call> = []
-      const response = yield* settle(
-        Video.generate({ model, prompt: "x" }, { poll: { interval: "1 second" } }),
-        5,
-      ).pipe(
-        Effect.provide(
-          layer((input) =>
-            Effect.gen(function* () {
-              const { call, nth } = yield* observe(calls, input)
-              if (call.method === "POST") return json(input, { id: "task_1" })
-              // 1: status fails, 2: status succeeds, 3: result fails, 4: result succeeds.
-              if (nth === 1 || nth === 3) return failure(input, 503)
-              return json(input, succeeded)
-            }),
-          ),
-        ),
-      )
-      expect(response.video.source).toMatchObject({ type: "url", url: "https://runway.test/out.mp4" })
-      expect(methods(calls)).toEqual(["POST", "GET", "GET", "GET", "GET"])
-    }),
-  )
-
-  it.effect("waits for a 429 retry-after before polling again", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const calls: Array<Call> = []
-      const fiber = yield* Effect.forkChild(
-        Video.generate({ model, prompt: "x" }, { poll: { interval: "1 second" } }).pipe(
-          Effect.provide(
-            layer((input) =>
-              Effect.gen(function* () {
-                const { call, nth } = yield* observe(calls, input)
-                if (call.method === "POST") return json(input, { id: "task_1" })
-                if (nth === 1) return failure(input, 429, { "retry-after": "10" })
-                return json(input, succeeded)
-              }),
-            ),
-          ),
-        ),
-      )
-      yield* TestClock.adjust("9 seconds")
-      expect(methods(calls)).toEqual(["POST", "GET"])
-      yield* TestClock.adjust("1 second")
-      yield* Fiber.join(fiber)
-      expect(methods(calls)).toEqual(["POST", "GET", "GET", "GET"])
-    }),
-  )
-
-  it.effect("fails a 400 status poll without retrying", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const calls: Array<Call> = []
-      const error = yield* Video.generate({ model, prompt: "x" }).pipe(
-        Effect.flip,
-        Effect.provide(
-          layer((input) =>
-            Effect.gen(function* () {
-              const { call } = yield* observe(calls, input)
-              return call.method === "POST" ? json(input, { id: "task_1" }) : failure(input, 400)
-            }),
-          ),
-        ),
-      )
-      expect(error.reason._tag).toBe("InvalidRequest")
-      expect(methods(calls)).toEqual(["POST", "GET"])
-    }),
-  )
-
-  it.effect("stops retrying at poll.timeout with a Timeout reason", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const calls: Array<Call> = []
-      const error = yield* settle(
-        Video.generate({ model, prompt: "x" }, { poll: { interval: "1 second", timeout: "5 seconds" } }).pipe(
-          Effect.flip,
-        ),
-        6,
-      ).pipe(
-        Effect.provide(
-          layer((input) =>
-            Effect.gen(function* () {
-              const { call } = yield* observe(calls, input)
-              return call.method === "POST" ? json(input, { id: "task_1" }) : failure(input, 503)
-            }),
-          ),
-        ),
-      )
-      expect(error.reason._tag).toBe("Timeout")
-      expect(calls.filter((call) => call.method === "GET").length).toBeGreaterThan(1)
-    }),
-  )
-
-  it.effect("bounds a streamed result read's retries by poll.timeout", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const calls: Array<Call> = []
-      const error = yield* settle(
-        Video.stream({ model, prompt: "x" }, { poll: { interval: "1 second", timeout: "5 seconds" } }).pipe(
-          Stream.runCollect,
-          Effect.flip,
-        ),
-        6,
-      ).pipe(
-        Effect.provide(
-          layer((input) =>
-            Effect.gen(function* () {
-              const { call, nth } = yield* observe(calls, input)
-              if (call.method === "POST") return json(input, { id: "task_1" })
-              return nth === 1 ? json(input, succeeded) : failure(input, 503)
-            }),
-          ),
-        ),
-      )
-      expect(error.reason._tag).toBe("Timeout")
-      expect(calls.filter((call) => call.method === "GET").length).toBeGreaterThan(2)
-    }),
-  )
-
-  it.effect("never retries a failed submit", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const calls: Array<Call> = []
-      const error = yield* Video.generate({ model, prompt: "x" }).pipe(
-        Effect.flip,
-        Effect.provide(layer((input) => observe(calls, input).pipe(Effect.map(() => failure(input, 503))))),
-      )
-      expect(error.reason._tag).toBe("ProviderInternal")
-      expect(methods(calls)).toEqual(["POST"])
-    }),
-  )
-
-  it.effect("never retries a failed cancel", () =>
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const calls: Array<Call> = []
-      const error = yield* Effect.gen(function* () {
-        const generation = yield* Video.start({ model, prompt: "x" })
-        return yield* generation.cancel().pipe(Effect.flip)
-      }).pipe(
-        Effect.provide(
-          layer((input) =>
-            Effect.gen(function* () {
-              const { call } = yield* observe(calls, input)
-              if (call.method === "POST") return json(input, { id: "task_1" })
-              if (call.method === "DELETE") return failure(input, 503)
-              return json(input, { id: "task_1", status: "RUNNING" })
-            }),
-          ),
-        ),
-      )
-      expect(error.reason._tag).toBe("ProviderInternal")
-      expect(methods(calls)).toEqual(["POST", "GET", "DELETE"])
-    }),
-  )
-})
-
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Shared queued behavior
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ const Current = Persistence.struct({ session: SessionsSchema })

 export const ModelSelectionSchema = Persistence.migrate(
  Current,
-  Schema.Struct({
+  Persistence.legacy({
    session: Persistence.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)),
    pick: Persistence.optional(Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)),
  }).pipe(
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ describe("persistence schemas", () => {

  test("legacy migration observes missing fields before initial defaults are applied", () => {
    const current = Persistence.struct({ mode: Schema.Literals(["compact", "full"]), enabled: Schema.Boolean })
-    const stored = Schema.Struct({
+    const stored = Persistence.legacy({
      mode: Schema.optional(Schema.Unknown),
      expanded: Schema.optional(Schema.Boolean),
    }).pipe(
@@ -53,6 +53,38 @@ describe("persistence schemas", () => {
    expect(Schema.encodeSync(schema)(decode({ expanded: true }))).toEqual({ mode: "full", enabled: true })
  })

+  test("legacy read shapes carry unknown nested fields through to the current schema", () => {
+    const current = Persistence.struct({
+      general: Persistence.struct({
+        mode: Schema.Literals(["compact", "full"]),
+        theme: Schema.String,
+        nested: Persistence.struct({ keep: Schema.Boolean }),
+      }),
+      other: Persistence.struct({ flag: Schema.Boolean }),
+    })
+    const stored = Persistence.legacy({
+      general: Persistence.optional(Persistence.legacy({ expanded: Persistence.optional(Schema.Boolean) })),
+    }).pipe(
+      Schema.decode({
+        decode: SchemaGetter.transform((value) => {
+          const general = value.general
+          if (!general || general.expanded === undefined) return value
+          return { ...value, general: { ...general, mode: general.expanded ? "full" : "compact" } }
+        }),
+        encode: SchemaGetter.passthrough(),
+      }),
+    )
+    const schema = Persistence.withInitial(Persistence.migrate(current, stored), {
+      general: { mode: "compact", theme: "light", nested: { keep: false } },
+      other: { flag: false },
+    })
+    const decode = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)
+    expect(decode({ general: { expanded: true, theme: "dark", nested: { keep: true } }, other: { flag: true } })).toEqual({
+      general: { mode: "full", theme: "dark", nested: { keep: true } },
+      other: { flag: true },
+    })
+  })
+
  test("initial merging preserves field codecs and replaces arrays rather than merging indexes", () => {
    const current = Persistence.struct({
      amount: Schema.NumberFromString.check(Schema.isFinite()),
@@ -23,13 +23,11 @@ export function withInitial<S extends Schema.ConstraintCodec<object, unknown>>(
  initial: NoInfer<S["Type"]>,
 ) {
  const schema = isMigrated(definition) ? definition.current : definition
-  const read = isMigrated(definition)
-    ? SchemaParser.decodeUnknownResult(definition.read, { onExcessProperty: "preserve" })
-    : Result.succeed<unknown>
+  const read = isMigrated(definition) ? SchemaParser.decodeUnknownResult(definition.read) : Result.succeed<unknown>
  const encode = Schema.encodeUnknownSync(schema)
  return Schema.Unknown.pipe(
    Schema.decode<Schema.Unknown>({
-      decode: SchemaGetter.transformOrFail((value) =>
+      decode: SchemaGetter.transformEffect((value) =>
        Effect.fromResult(Result.map(read(value), (stored) => merge(initial, recover(schema.ast, stored, initial)))),
      ),
      encode: SchemaGetter.transform((value) => encode(value)),
@@ -38,6 +36,12 @@ export function withInitial<S extends Schema.ConstraintCodec<object, unknown>>(
  )
 }

+// A legacy read shape declares only the fields it migrates. Decoding strips unknown keys, so every
+// struct level in a `migrate` read schema must stay open for the current fields it does not name.
+export function legacy<const Fields extends Schema.Struct.Fields>(fields: Fields) {
+  return Schema.StructWithRest(Schema.Struct(fields), [Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Unknown)])
+}
+
 // Object-level codecs own their recovery. Plain structs can recover fields independently.
 function recover(ast: SchemaAST.AST, value: unknown, initial: unknown): unknown {
  if (value === undefined) return initial
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ const State = Persistence.struct({
 export function serverState(canonicalLocalServer: () => string | undefined = () => undefined) {
  return Persistence.migrate(
    State,
-    Schema.Struct({ projects: Projects, lastProject: LastProject }).pipe(
+    Persistence.legacy({ projects: Projects, lastProject: LastProject }).pipe(
      Schema.decode({
        decode: SchemaGetter.transform((value) => {
          const canonical = canonicalLocalServer()
@@ -185,9 +185,9 @@ function legacyTimelineActivity(value: boolean | "hidden" | "compact" | "full" |

 export const settingsPersistence = Persistence.migrate(
  settingsSchema,
-  Schema.Struct({
+  Persistence.legacy({
    general: Persistence.optional(
-      Schema.Struct({
+      Persistence.legacy({
        // Keep invalid explicit values distinct from absent values so legacy preferences cannot replace them.
        timelineDetail: Schema.optional(
          Schema.NullOr(
@@ -176,16 +176,16 @@ export const layoutSchema = Persistence.struct({

 export const layoutPersistence = Persistence.migrate(
  layoutSchema,
-  Schema.Struct({
+  Persistence.legacy({
    sidebar: Persistence.optional(
-      Schema.Struct({
+      Persistence.legacy({
        workspaces: Persistence.optional(Schema.Union([Schema.Boolean, Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Boolean)])),
        workspacesDefault: Persistence.optional(Schema.Boolean),
      }),
    ),
-    review: Persistence.optional(Schema.Struct({ panelOpened: Persistence.optional(Schema.Boolean) })),
+    review: Persistence.optional(Persistence.legacy({ panelOpened: Persistence.optional(Schema.Boolean) })),
    fileTree: Persistence.optional(
-      Schema.Struct({
+      Persistence.legacy({
        opened: Persistence.optional(Schema.Boolean),
        width: Persistence.optional(Schema.Finite),
        tab: Persistence.optional(Schema.Literals(["changes", "all"])),
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ import { Schema } from "effect"
 import { Spec } from "../framework/spec"
 import { Updater } from "../services/updater"

-export const PrintLogs = GlobalFlag.setting("print-logs")({
-  flag: Flag.boolean("print-logs").pipe(
+export const PrintLogs = GlobalFlag.Setting("print-logs")({
+  flag: Flag.Boolean("print-logs").pipe(
    Flag.withDescription("Print logs to stderr (server logs require --standalone)"),
    Flag.withDefault(false),
  ),
@@ -13,23 +13,23 @@ export const PrintLogs = GlobalFlag.setting("print-logs")({
 declare const OPENCODE_CLI_NAME: string | undefined

 const ServerParams = {
-  standalone: Flag.boolean("standalone").pipe(
+  standalone: Flag.Boolean("standalone").pipe(
    Flag.withDescription("Run with a private server instead of the background service"),
    Flag.withDefault(false),
  ),
-  server: Flag.string("server").pipe(
+  server: Flag.String("server").pipe(
    Flag.withDescription("Connect to a server URL instead of the background service"),
    Flag.optional,
  ),
 }

 const PermissionParams = {
-  auto: Flag.boolean("auto").pipe(
+  auto: Flag.Boolean("auto").pipe(
    Flag.withDescription("Auto-approve permissions that are not explicitly denied"),
    Flag.withDefault(false),
  ),
-  yolo: Flag.boolean("yolo").pipe(Flag.withDefault(false), Flag.withHidden),
-  dangerouslySkipPermissions: Flag.boolean("dangerously-skip-permissions").pipe(
+  yolo: Flag.Boolean("yolo").pipe(Flag.withDefault(false), Flag.withHidden),
+  dangerouslySkipPermissions: Flag.Boolean("dangerously-skip-permissions").pipe(
    Flag.withDefault(false),
    Flag.withHidden,
  ),
@@ -40,32 +40,32 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
  params: {
    ...ServerParams,
    ...PermissionParams,
-    directory: Argument.string("directory").pipe(
+    directory: Argument.String("directory").pipe(
      Argument.withDescription("Directory to start OpenCode in"),
      Argument.optional,
    ),
-    continue: Flag.boolean("continue").pipe(
+    continue: Flag.Boolean("continue").pipe(
      Flag.withAlias("c"),
      Flag.withDescription("Continue the last session"),
      Flag.withDefault(false),
    ),
-    session: Flag.string("session").pipe(
+    session: Flag.String("session").pipe(
      Flag.withAlias("s"),
      Flag.withDescription("Session ID to continue"),
      Flag.optional,
    ),
-    prompt: Flag.string("prompt").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Prompt to use"), Flag.optional),
+    prompt: Flag.String("prompt").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Prompt to use"), Flag.optional),
  },
  commands: [
    Spec.make("upgrade", {
      description: "Upgrade OpenCode to the latest or a specific version",
      aliases: ["update"],
      params: {
-        target: Argument.string("target").pipe(
+        target: Argument.String("target").pipe(
          Argument.withDescription("Version to upgrade to (with or without a leading v)"),
          Argument.optional,
        ),
-        method: Flag.choice("method", Updater.methods).pipe(
+        method: Flag.Literals("method", Updater.methods).pipe(
          Flag.withAlias("m"),
          Flag.withDescription("Installation method to use"),
          Flag.optional,
@@ -75,21 +75,21 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
    Spec.make("uninstall", {
      description: "Uninstall OpenCode and remove all related files",
      params: {
-        keepConfig: Flag.boolean("keep-config").pipe(
+        keepConfig: Flag.Boolean("keep-config").pipe(
          Flag.withAlias("c"),
          Flag.withDescription("Keep configuration files"),
          Flag.withDefault(false),
        ),
-        keepData: Flag.boolean("keep-data").pipe(
+        keepData: Flag.Boolean("keep-data").pipe(
          Flag.withAlias("d"),
          Flag.withDescription("Keep session data and snapshots"),
          Flag.withDefault(false),
        ),
-        dryRun: Flag.boolean("dry-run").pipe(
+        dryRun: Flag.Boolean("dry-run").pipe(
          Flag.withDescription("Show what would be removed without removing"),
          Flag.withDefault(false),
        ),
-        force: Flag.boolean("force").pipe(
+        force: Flag.Boolean("force").pipe(
          Flag.withAlias("f"),
          Flag.withDescription("Skip confirmation prompts"),
          Flag.withDefault(false),
@@ -101,17 +101,17 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
      description: "Make a request to the running server",
      params: {
        ...ServerParams,
-        request: Argument.string("operation | method path").pipe(
+        request: Argument.String("operation | method path").pipe(
          Argument.withDescription("OpenAPI operation ID, or an HTTP method followed by a path"),
          Argument.variadic({ min: 1, max: 2 }),
        ),
-        data: Flag.string("data").pipe(Flag.withAlias("d"), Flag.withDescription("Request body"), Flag.optional),
-        header: Flag.string("header").pipe(
+        data: Flag.String("data").pipe(Flag.withAlias("d"), Flag.withDescription("Request body"), Flag.optional),
+        header: Flag.String("header").pipe(
          Flag.withAlias("H"),
          Flag.withDescription("Request header in name:value form"),
          Flag.atMost(100),
        ),
-        param: Flag.keyValuePair("param").pipe(Flag.withDescription("OpenAPI path or query parameter"), Flag.optional),
+        param: Flag.KeyValuePair("param").pipe(Flag.withDescription("OpenAPI path or query parameter"), Flag.optional),
      },
    }),
    Spec.make("debug", {
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
        Spec.make("paths", {
          description: "Show global paths (data, config, cache, state)",
          params: {
-            name: Argument.choice("name", [
+            name: Argument.Literals("name", [
              "db",
              "home",
              "data",
@@ -134,7 +134,9 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
              "log",
              "repos",
            ]).pipe(
-              Argument.withDescription("Print only one path: db, home, data, config, cache, state, tmp, bin, log, repos"),
+              Argument.withDescription(
+                "Print only one path: db, home, data, config, cache, state, tmp, bin, log, repos",
+              ),
              Argument.optional,
            ),
          },
@@ -148,7 +150,7 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
          description: "list integrations and credentials",
          params: {
            ...ServerParams,
-            format: Flag.choice("format", ["default", "json"]).pipe(
+            format: Flag.Literals("format", ["default", "json"]).pipe(
              Flag.withDescription("Output format"),
              Flag.withDefault("default"),
            ),
@@ -158,12 +160,12 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
          description: "connect an integration",
          params: {
            ...ServerParams,
-            target: Argument.string("target").pipe(
+            target: Argument.String("target").pipe(
              Argument.withDescription("Integration ID, name, or well-known provider URL"),
              Argument.optional,
            ),
-            method: Flag.string("method").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Authentication method ID"), Flag.optional),
-            answer: Flag.string("answer").pipe(
+            method: Flag.String("method").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Authentication method ID"), Flag.optional),
+            answer: Flag.String("answer").pipe(
              Flag.withDescription("Provider form answer (key=value; repeat for multiple fields)"),
              Flag.atMost(100),
            ),
@@ -173,11 +175,11 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
          description: "log out of a saved account",
          params: {
            ...ServerParams,
-            target: Argument.string("target").pipe(
+            target: Argument.String("target").pipe(
              Argument.withDescription("Integration ID or name"),
              Argument.optional,
            ),
-            credential: Argument.string("credential").pipe(
+            credential: Argument.String("credential").pipe(
              Argument.withDescription("Credential ID or label (opens an account picker when omitted)"),
              Argument.optional,
            ),
@@ -187,11 +189,11 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
          description: "switch the active account for an integration",
          params: {
            ...ServerParams,
-            target: Argument.string("target").pipe(
+            target: Argument.String("target").pipe(
              Argument.withDescription("Integration ID or name"),
              Argument.optional,
            ),
-            credential: Argument.string("credential").pipe(
+            credential: Argument.String("credential").pipe(
              Argument.withDescription("Credential ID or label (opens an account picker when omitted)"),
              Argument.optional,
            ),
@@ -206,21 +208,21 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
        Spec.make("add", {
          description: "Add an MCP server to your configuration",
          params: {
-            name: Argument.string("name").pipe(Argument.withDescription("Name of the MCP server")),
-            command: Argument.string("command").pipe(
+            name: Argument.String("name").pipe(Argument.withDescription("Name of the MCP server")),
+            command: Argument.String("command").pipe(
              Argument.withDescription("Command and arguments for a local server, passed after --"),
              Argument.variadic({ min: 0 }),
            ),
-            url: Flag.string("url").pipe(Flag.withDescription("URL for a remote MCP server"), Flag.optional),
-            header: Flag.keyValuePair("header").pipe(
+            url: Flag.String("url").pipe(Flag.withDescription("URL for a remote MCP server"), Flag.optional),
+            header: Flag.KeyValuePair("header").pipe(
              Flag.withDescription("HTTP header for a remote server, as name=value"),
              Flag.optional,
            ),
-            env: Flag.keyValuePair("env").pipe(
+            env: Flag.KeyValuePair("env").pipe(
              Flag.withDescription("Environment variable for a local server, as name=value"),
              Flag.optional,
            ),
-            global: Flag.boolean("global").pipe(
+            global: Flag.Boolean("global").pipe(
              Flag.withDescription("Write to the global config instead of the project config"),
              Flag.withDefault(false),
            ),
@@ -229,12 +231,12 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
        Spec.make("auth", {
          description: "Authenticate with an OAuth-capable remote MCP server",
          params: {
-            name: Argument.string("name").pipe(Argument.withDescription("Name of the MCP server"), Argument.optional),
+            name: Argument.String("name").pipe(Argument.withDescription("Name of the MCP server"), Argument.optional),
          },
        }),
        Spec.make("logout", {
          description: "Remove stored OAuth credentials for an MCP server",
-          params: { name: Argument.string("name").pipe(Argument.withDescription("Name of the MCP server")) },
+          params: { name: Argument.String("name").pipe(Argument.withDescription("Name of the MCP server")) },
        }),
      ],
    }),
@@ -244,7 +246,7 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
        Spec.make("list", {
          description: "List plugins",
          params: {
-            builtin: Flag.boolean("builtin").pipe(
+            builtin: Flag.Boolean("builtin").pipe(
              Flag.withDescription("Include built-in server plugins"),
              Flag.withDefault(false),
            ),
@@ -253,13 +255,13 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
        Spec.make("add", {
          description: "Install a plugin and add it to the global configuration",
          params: {
-            package: Argument.string("package").pipe(Argument.withDescription("npm registry or Git package specifier")),
+            package: Argument.String("package").pipe(Argument.withDescription("npm registry or Git package specifier")),
          },
        }),
        Spec.make("check", {
          description: "Check package plugins for updates",
          params: {
-            target: Argument.string("target").pipe(
+            target: Argument.String("target").pipe(
              Argument.withDescription("Configured package target"),
              Argument.optional,
            ),
@@ -268,7 +270,7 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
        Spec.make("update", {
          description: "Update package plugins",
          params: {
-            target: Argument.string("target").pipe(
+            target: Argument.String("target").pipe(
              Argument.withDescription("Configured package target; omit to update all outdated plugins"),
              Argument.optional,
            ),
@@ -277,7 +279,7 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
        Spec.make("remove", {
          description: "Remove a plugin from global configuration",
          params: {
-            package: Argument.string("package").pipe(Argument.withDescription("configured package specifier")),
+            package: Argument.String("package").pipe(Argument.withDescription("configured package specifier")),
          },
        }),
      ],
@@ -290,108 +292,108 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
      description: "Show shareable usage statistics",
      params: {
        ...ServerParams,
-        days: Flag.integer("days").pipe(
+        days: Flag.Int("days").pipe(
          Flag.withSchema(Schema.Int.check(Schema.isGreaterThanOrEqualTo(0))),
          Flag.withDescription("Show the last N days; 0 means today"),
          Flag.optional,
        ),
-        year: Flag.integer("year").pipe(
+        year: Flag.Int("year").pipe(
          Flag.withSchema(Schema.Int.check(Schema.isBetween({ minimum: 1970, maximum: 9_999 }))),
          Flag.withDescription("Show a calendar year"),
          Flag.optional,
        ),
-        all: Flag.boolean("all").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Show lifetime statistics"), Flag.withDefault(false)),
-        project: Flag.string("project").pipe(
+        all: Flag.Boolean("all").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Show lifetime statistics"), Flag.withDefault(false)),
+        project: Flag.String("project").pipe(
          Flag.withDescription('Filter by project ID, or use "." for the current project'),
          Flag.optional,
        ),
-        models: Flag.boolean("models").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Show model usage"), Flag.withDefault(false)),
-        tools: Flag.boolean("tools").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Show tool reliability"), Flag.withDefault(false)),
-        cost: Flag.boolean("cost").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Show cost and token details"), Flag.withDefault(false)),
-        full: Flag.boolean("full").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Show every detailed section"), Flag.withDefault(false)),
-        limit: Flag.integer("limit").pipe(
+        models: Flag.Boolean("models").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Show model usage"), Flag.withDefault(false)),
+        tools: Flag.Boolean("tools").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Show tool reliability"), Flag.withDefault(false)),
+        cost: Flag.Boolean("cost").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Show cost and token details"), Flag.withDefault(false)),
+        full: Flag.Boolean("full").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Show every detailed section"), Flag.withDefault(false)),
+        limit: Flag.Int("limit").pipe(
          Flag.withSchema(Schema.Int.check(Schema.isGreaterThanOrEqualTo(1))),
          Flag.withDescription("Number of rows in detailed sections"),
          Flag.withDefault(5),
        ),
-        json: Flag.boolean("json").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Output statistics as JSON"), Flag.withDefault(false)),
+        json: Flag.Boolean("json").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Output statistics as JSON"), Flag.withDefault(false)),
      },
    }),
    Spec.make("mini", {
      description: "Start the minimal interactive interface",
      params: {
        ...ServerParams,
-        continue: Flag.boolean("continue").pipe(
+        continue: Flag.Boolean("continue").pipe(
          Flag.withAlias("c"),
          Flag.withDescription("Continue the last session"),
          Flag.withDefault(false),
        ),
-        session: Flag.string("session").pipe(
+        session: Flag.String("session").pipe(
          Flag.withAlias("s"),
          Flag.withDescription("Session ID to continue"),
          Flag.optional,
        ),
-        fork: Flag.boolean("fork").pipe(
+        fork: Flag.Boolean("fork").pipe(
          Flag.withDescription("Fork the session when continuing"),
          Flag.withDefault(false),
        ),
-        replay: Flag.boolean("replay").pipe(
+        replay: Flag.Boolean("replay").pipe(
          Flag.withDescription("Restore session history on resume and resize (disable with --no-replay)"),
          Flag.optional,
        ),
-        replayLimit: Flag.integer("replay-limit").pipe(
+        replayLimit: Flag.Int("replay-limit").pipe(
          Flag.withDescription("Limit replay to the newest N messages (default: 200)"),
          Flag.optional,
        ),
-        model: Flag.string("model").pipe(
+        model: Flag.String("model").pipe(
          Flag.withAlias("m"),
          Flag.withDescription("Model to use in the format provider/model"),
          Flag.optional,
        ),
-        agent: Flag.string("agent").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Agent to use"), Flag.optional),
-        prompt: Flag.string("prompt").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Prompt to use"), Flag.optional),
-        demo: Flag.boolean("demo").pipe(Flag.withDefault(false), Flag.withHidden),
+        agent: Flag.String("agent").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Agent to use"), Flag.optional),
+        prompt: Flag.String("prompt").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Prompt to use"), Flag.optional),
+        demo: Flag.Boolean("demo").pipe(Flag.withDefault(false), Flag.withHidden),
      },
    }),
    Spec.make("run", {
      description: "Run OpenCode with a message",
      params: {
        ...ServerParams,
-        message: Argument.string("message").pipe(
+        message: Argument.String("message").pipe(
          Argument.withDescription("Message to send"),
          Argument.variadic({ min: 0 }),
        ),
-        continue: Flag.boolean("continue").pipe(
+        continue: Flag.Boolean("continue").pipe(
          Flag.withAlias("c"),
          Flag.withDescription("Continue the last session"),
          Flag.withDefault(false),
        ),
-        session: Flag.string("session").pipe(
+        session: Flag.String("session").pipe(
          Flag.withAlias("s"),
          Flag.withDescription("Session ID to continue"),
          Flag.optional,
        ),
-        fork: Flag.boolean("fork").pipe(
+        fork: Flag.Boolean("fork").pipe(
          Flag.withDescription("Fork the session before continuing"),
          Flag.withDefault(false),
        ),
-        model: Flag.string("model").pipe(
+        model: Flag.String("model").pipe(
          Flag.withAlias("m"),
          Flag.withDescription("Model to use in the format provider/model#variant"),
          Flag.optional,
        ),
-        agent: Flag.string("agent").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Agent to use"), Flag.optional),
-        format: Flag.choice("format", ["default", "json"]).pipe(
+        agent: Flag.String("agent").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Agent to use"), Flag.optional),
+        format: Flag.Literals("format", ["default", "json"]).pipe(
          Flag.withDescription("Output format"),
          Flag.withDefault("default"),
        ),
-        file: Flag.string("file").pipe(
+        file: Flag.String("file").pipe(
          Flag.withAlias("f"),
          Flag.withDescription("File to attach to the message"),
          Flag.atMost(100),
        ),
-        title: Flag.string("title").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Session title"), Flag.optional),
-        thinking: Flag.boolean("thinking").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Show thinking blocks"), Flag.withDefault(false)),
+        title: Flag.String("title").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Session title"), Flag.optional),
+        thinking: Flag.Boolean("thinking").pipe(Flag.withDescription("Show thinking blocks"), Flag.withDefault(false)),
        ...PermissionParams,
      },
    }),
@@ -402,13 +404,13 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
          description: "List top-level sessions in the current project, newest first",
          params: {
            ...ServerParams,
-            maxCount: Flag.integer("max-count").pipe(
+            maxCount: Flag.Int("max-count").pipe(
              Flag.withAlias("n"),
              Flag.withSchema(Schema.Int.check(Schema.isGreaterThanOrEqualTo(1))),
              Flag.withDescription("Limit to N most recent sessions (default: 100)"),
              Flag.optional,
            ),
-            format: Flag.choice("format", ["table", "json"]).pipe(
+            format: Flag.Literals("format", ["table", "json"]).pipe(
              Flag.withDescription("Output format"),
              Flag.withDefault("table"),
            ),
@@ -418,18 +420,18 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
          description: "Delete a session and its child sessions",
          params: {
            ...ServerParams,
-            sessionID: Argument.string("sessionID").pipe(Argument.withDescription("Session ID to delete")),
+            sessionID: Argument.String("sessionID").pipe(Argument.withDescription("Session ID to delete")),
          },
        }),
        Spec.make("export", {
          description: "Export session data as JSON",
          params: {
            ...ServerParams,
-            session: Argument.string("session").pipe(
+            session: Argument.String("session").pipe(
              Argument.withDescription("Session ID to export"),
              Argument.optional,
            ),
-            sanitize: Flag.boolean("sanitize").pipe(
+            sanitize: Flag.Boolean("sanitize").pipe(
              Flag.withDescription("Redact sensitive transcript and file data"),
              Flag.withDefault(false),
            ),
@@ -439,8 +441,8 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
          description: "Import session data from a JSON file or URL",
          params: {
            ...ServerParams,
-            file: Argument.string("file").pipe(Argument.withDescription("JSON file or URL to import")),
-            directory: Flag.string("directory").pipe(
+            file: Argument.String("file").pipe(Argument.withDescription("JSON file or URL to import")),
+            directory: Flag.String("directory").pipe(
              Flag.withDescription("Directory in which to import the session"),
              Flag.optional,
            ),
@@ -458,8 +460,8 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
        Spec.make("get", {
          description: "Get service configuration",
          params: {
-            key: Argument.string("key").pipe(Argument.withDescription("Service setting or env"), Argument.optional),
-            name: Argument.string("name").pipe(
+            key: Argument.String("key").pipe(Argument.withDescription("Service setting or env"), Argument.optional),
+            name: Argument.String("name").pipe(
              Argument.withDescription("Environment variable name"),
              Argument.optional,
            ),
@@ -468,11 +470,11 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
        Spec.make("set", {
          description: "Set service configuration",
          params: {
-            key: Argument.string("key").pipe(Argument.withDescription("Service setting or env")),
-            value: Argument.string("value").pipe(
+            key: Argument.String("key").pipe(Argument.withDescription("Service setting or env")),
+            value: Argument.String("value").pipe(
              Argument.withDescription("Setting value or environment variable name"),
            ),
-            nestedValue: Argument.string("env-value").pipe(
+            nestedValue: Argument.String("env-value").pipe(
              Argument.withDescription("Environment variable value"),
              Argument.optional,
            ),
@@ -481,8 +483,8 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
        Spec.make("unset", {
          description: "Unset service configuration",
          params: {
-            key: Argument.string("key").pipe(Argument.withDescription("Service setting or env")),
-            name: Argument.string("name").pipe(
+            key: Argument.String("key").pipe(Argument.withDescription("Service setting or env")),
+            name: Argument.String("name").pipe(
              Argument.withDescription("Environment variable name"),
              Argument.optional,
            ),
@@ -499,7 +501,7 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
    Spec.make("pair", {
      description: "Print one-time links to connect a browser or app",
      params: {
-        url: Flag.string("url").pipe(
+        url: Flag.String("url").pipe(
          Flag.withDescription("Use an external HTTP(S) server URL in pairing links"),
          Flag.mapTryCatch(
            (value) => {
@@ -517,15 +519,15 @@ const Root = Spec.make(typeof OPENCODE_CLI_NAME === "string" ? OPENCODE_CLI_NAME
    Spec.make("serve", {
      description: "Start the v2 API and web server",
      params: {
-        hostname: Flag.string("hostname").pipe(Flag.optional),
-        port: Flag.integer("port").pipe(Flag.optional),
-        cors: Flag.string("cors").pipe(
+        hostname: Flag.String("hostname").pipe(Flag.optional),
+        port: Flag.Int("port").pipe(Flag.optional),
+        cors: Flag.String("cors").pipe(
          Flag.withSchema(Schema.NonEmptyString),
          Flag.withDescription("Additional allowed CORS origin (repeat for multiple origins)"),
          Flag.atLeast(0),
        ),
-        service: Flag.boolean("service").pipe(Flag.withDefault(false)),
-        stdio: Flag.boolean("stdio").pipe(Flag.withDefault(false)),
+        service: Flag.Boolean("service").pipe(Flag.withDefault(false)),
+        stdio: Flag.Boolean("stdio").pipe(Flag.withDefault(false)),
      },
    }),
  ],
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import { Config } from "effect"
 // The opencode server password: sent by clients connecting to an explicit
 // --server, and adopted by a manually run or standalone server. The legacy
 // name is still honored.
-export const password = Config.redacted("OPENCODE_PASSWORD").pipe(
-  Config.orElse(() => Config.redacted("OPENCODE_SERVER_PASSWORD")),
+export const password = Config.Redacted("OPENCODE_PASSWORD").pipe(
+  Config.orElse(() => Config.Redacted("OPENCODE_SERVER_PASSWORD")),
  Config.withDefault(undefined),
 )

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { Service, type Info } from "@opencode/client/effect/service"
 import path from "node:path"
 import { Effect, FileSystem, Schedule, Schema } from "effect"
 import { HttpServer } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import { NetAddress } from "effect/unstable/net"
 import { OPENCODE_VERSION } from "../version"

 const infoJson = Schema.fromJsonString(Service.Info)
@@ -11,7 +12,7 @@ const encodeInfo = Schema.encodeEffect(infoJson)
 const decodeInfo = Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(infoJson)

 export const register = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (options: {
-  readonly address: HttpServer.Address
+  readonly address: NetAddress.SocketAddress
  readonly password: string
  readonly id: string
  readonly file: string
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { NodeSocket } from "@effect/platform-node"
 import { Effect, Schema, Stdio, Stream } from "effect"
+import { Socket } from "effect/unstable/socket"

 const Response = Schema.fromJsonString(Schema.Struct({ value: Schema.NullOr(Schema.String) }))
 const Port = Schema.NumberFromString.check(Schema.isInt(), Schema.isGreaterThan(0), Schema.isLessThanOrEqualTo(65535))
@@ -10,16 +11,15 @@ export const askpass = Effect.gen(function* () {
  const port = yield* Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Port)(process.env.OPENCODE_SSH_ASKPASS_PORT)
  const stdio = yield* Stdio.Stdio
  const socket = yield* NodeSocket.makeNet({ host: "127.0.0.1", port })
-  const write = yield* socket.writer
+  const writer = yield* socket.writer
  const response = { text: "" }
  yield* Effect.all(
    [
-      socket.runString((text) =>
-        Effect.sync(() => {
-          response.text += text
-        }),
-      ),
-      write(
+      Effect.gen(function* () {
+        const pull = yield* Socket.readerString(socket)
+        while (true) response.text += (yield* pull).join("")
+      }).pipe(Effect.catchReason("SocketError", "SocketCloseError", () => Effect.void)),
+      writer.write(
        JSON.stringify({
          token: process.env.OPENCODE_SSH_ASKPASS_TOKEN,
          text: process.argv.slice(2).join(" "),
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { Global } from "@opencode/util/global"
 import { OPENCODE_VERSION } from "../src/version"
 import { expect, test } from "bun:test"
 import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import { NetAddress } from "effect/unstable/net"
 import fs from "node:fs/promises"
 import os from "node:os"
 import path from "node:path"
@@ -501,7 +502,7 @@ test("service registration replaces a stale owner with the bound address", async
  try {
    const cleanup = await Effect.runPromise(
      ServiceRegistration.register({
-        address: { _tag: "TcpAddress", hostname: "127.0.0.1", port: 4321 },
+        address: NetAddress.inetAddressFromIpStringUnsafe("127.0.0.1", 4321),
        password: "secret",
        id: "owner",
        file: registration,
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
    "@opencode/protocol": "workspace:*"
  },
  "peerDependencies": {
-    "effect": "4.0.0-rc.112",
+    "effect": "4.0.0-rc.117",
    "solid-js": ">=1.9.0"
  },
  "peerDependenciesMeta": {
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { JsonPointer, Schema } from "effect"
+import { JsonPointer, Schema, SchemaAST } from "effect"
 import type { Tool, JsonSchema, SchemaType } from "./tool.js"

 const isEffectSchema = (schema: SchemaType): schema is Schema.Decoder<unknown> & Schema.Top => Schema.isSchema(schema)
@@ -12,8 +12,14 @@ const renderKey = (name: string): string => (identifierSegment.test(name) ? name
 const effectNumberSentinel = (schema: JsonSchema) =>
  schema.type === "string" &&
  Array.isArray(schema.enum) &&
-  schema.enum.length === 1 &&
-  (schema.enum[0] === "NaN" || schema.enum[0] === "Infinity" || schema.enum[0] === "-Infinity")
+  (schema.enum.length === 1 ||
+    (schema.enum.length === 3 && ["NaN", "Infinity", "-Infinity"].every((value) => schema.enum?.includes(value)))) &&
+  schema.enum.every((value) => value === "NaN" || value === "Infinity" || value === "-Infinity")
+
+const definitionName = (ref: string): string | undefined => {
+  const tokens = JsonPointer.parseUriFragment(ref)
+  return tokens?.length === 2 && (tokens[0] === "$defs" || tokens[0] === "definitions") ? tokens[1] : undefined
+}

 const intersection = (members: ReadonlyArray<string>): string => {
  const concrete = members.filter((member) => member !== "unknown")
@@ -38,8 +44,7 @@ const hasUnresolvedRef = (
  if (visited.has(schema)) return false
  const nextVisited = new Set([...visited, schema])
  if (schema.$ref !== undefined) {
-    const segment = schema.$ref.match(/^#\/(?:\$defs|definitions)\/([^/]+)$/)?.[1]
-    const name = segment === undefined ? undefined : JsonPointer.unescapeToken(segment)
+    const name = definitionName(schema.$ref)
    if (name === undefined || definitions[name] === undefined || seen.has(name)) return true
    if (hasUnresolvedRef(definitions[name], definitions, new Set([...seen, name]), nextVisited)) return true
  }
@@ -130,8 +135,7 @@ const renderSchema = (
      ? ctx
      : { ...ctx, definitions: { ...ctx.definitions, ...(schema.definitions ?? {}), ...(schema.$defs ?? {}) } }
  if (schema.$ref) {
-    const segment = schema.$ref.match(/^#\/(?:\$defs|definitions)\/([^/]+)$/)?.[1]
-    const name = segment === undefined ? undefined : JsonPointer.unescapeToken(segment)
+    const name = definitionName(schema.$ref)
    if (!name || !nested.definitions[name] || seen.has(name)) return "unknown"
    return intersection([
      renderSchema(nested.definitions[name], nested, depth, new Set([...seen, name])),
@@ -203,7 +207,7 @@ const renderSchema = (
 export const toTypeScript = (schema: Schema.Top, decoded = false, pretty = false): string => {
  try {
    const visible = decoded ? Schema.toType(schema) : schema
-    const document = Schema.toJsonSchemaDocument(visible) as {
+    const document = Schema.toJsonSchemaDocument(visible, { onExcessProperty: "error" }) as {
      readonly schema: JsonSchema
      readonly definitions?: Readonly<Record<string, JsonSchema>>
    }
@@ -230,7 +234,7 @@ export type InputProperty = {
 export const inputProperties = <R>(tool: Tool<R>): Array<InputProperty> => {
  try {
    const document = isEffectSchema(tool.input)
-      ? (Schema.toJsonSchemaDocument(tool.input) as {
+      ? (Schema.toJsonSchemaDocument(tool.input, { onExcessProperty: "error" }) as {
          readonly schema: JsonSchema
          readonly definitions?: Readonly<Record<string, JsonSchema>>
        })
@@ -241,8 +245,7 @@ export const inputProperties = <R>(tool: Tool<R>): Array<InputProperty> => {
    const definitions = document.definitions ?? {}
    let schema = document.schema
    if (schema.$ref !== undefined) {
-      const segment = schema.$ref.match(/^#\/(?:\$defs|definitions)\/([^/]+)$/)?.[1]
-      const name = segment === undefined ? undefined : JsonPointer.unescapeToken(segment)
+      const name = definitionName(schema.$ref)
      const resolved = name === undefined ? undefined : definitions[name]
      if (resolved === undefined) return []
      schema = resolved
@@ -261,10 +264,13 @@ export const inputProperties = <R>(tool: Tool<R>): Array<InputProperty> => {
 export const inputTypeScript = <R>(tool: Tool<R>, pretty = false): string =>
  isEffectSchema(tool.input) ? toTypeScript(tool.input, false, pretty) : jsonSchemaToTypeScript(tool.input, pretty)

-// Empty object schemas render as `{}` in compact form; anything with properties,
-// an index signature, or union members renders differently, so equality is a
-// conservative emptiness test for both Effect and JSON Schema inputs.
-export const isEmptyInput = <R>(tool: Tool<R>): boolean => inputTypeScript(tool) === "{}"
+// Effect 4.0 models an empty Struct as a non-nullish object, so inspect the encoded AST callers supply.
+// Raw JSON Schema inputs retain the compact `{}` rendering check.
+export const isEmptyInput = <R>(tool: Tool<R>): boolean => {
+  if (!isEffectSchema(tool.input)) return inputTypeScript(tool) === "{}"
+  const encoded = SchemaAST.toEncoded(tool.input.ast)
+  return SchemaAST.isObjects(encoded) && encoded.propertySignatures.length === 0 && encoded.indexSignatures.length === 0
+}

 export const outputTypeScript = <R>(tool: Tool<R>, pretty = false): string =>
  tool.output === undefined
@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
 import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test"
-import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import { Effect, Schema, SchemaGetter } from "effect"
 import { CodeMode, Tool } from "../src/index.js"
-import { inputTypeScript, jsonSchemaToTypeScript, outputTypeScript } from "../src/tool-schema.js"
+import {
+  decodeInput,
+  inputProperties,
+  inputTypeScript,
+  jsonSchemaToTypeScript,
+  outputTypeScript,
+} from "../src/tool-schema.js"

 // A raw JSON Schema tool in the shape an MCP adapter produces: render-only input schema
 // whose property descriptions and constraints must surface as JSDoc in pretty signatures.
@@ -525,6 +531,34 @@ describe("pretty signature rendering", () => {
 })

 describe("JSON Schema definition scope", () => {
+  test.each(["Lookup Input", "café", "A/B~C% D#E"])(
+    "resolves Effect definition %s in signatures and input metadata",
+    (identifier) => {
+      const tool = Tool.make({
+        description: "Named tool",
+        input: Schema.Struct({ city: Schema.String }).annotate({ identifier }),
+        output: Schema.Struct({ city: Schema.String }).annotate({ identifier }),
+        execute: (input) => Effect.succeed(input),
+      })
+      expect(inputTypeScript(tool)).toBe("{ city: string }")
+      expect(outputTypeScript(tool)).toBe("{ city: string }")
+      expect(inputProperties(tool)).toEqual([{ name: "city", description: undefined, required: true }])
+    },
+  )
+
+  test.each(["#/$defs/%", "#/$defs/A~2B", "#/$defs/Missing", "#/$defs/Loop", "https://example.test/schema"])(
+    "keeps malformed, unresolved, and recursive reference %s unknown",
+    ($ref) => {
+      const tool = Tool.make({
+        description: "Unresolved tool",
+        input: { $ref, $defs: { Loop: { $ref: "#/$defs/Loop" } } },
+        execute: () => Effect.succeed(null),
+      })
+      expect(inputTypeScript(tool)).toBe("unknown")
+      expect(inputProperties(tool)).toEqual([])
+    },
+  )
+
  test.each(["definitions", "$defs"])("resolves root %s and lets $defs take precedence", (key) => {
    const schema = { $ref: `#/${key}/Value`, [key]: { Value: { type: "string" } } }
    expect(jsonSchemaToTypeScript(schema)).toBe("string")
@@ -612,14 +646,51 @@ describe("non-identifier property names render as quoted keys", () => {
      input: Schema.Struct({ "foo-bar": Schema.String, plain: Schema.optionalKey(Schema.Number) }),
      execute: () => Effect.succeed(null),
    })
-    expect(inputTypeScript(tool)).toBe('{ "foo-bar": string; plain?: number | "Infinity" | "-Infinity" | "NaN" }')
-    expect(inputTypeScript(tool, true)).toBe(
-      ["{", '  "foo-bar": string,', '  plain?: number | "Infinity" | "-Infinity" | "NaN",', "}"].join("\n"),
-    )
+    expect(inputTypeScript(tool)).toBe('{ "foo-bar": string; plain?: number }')
+    expect(inputTypeScript(tool, true)).toBe(["{", '  "foo-bar": string,', "  plain?: number,", "}"].join("\n"))
  })
 })

 describe("union schemas render every alternative", () => {
+  test("Effect numbers advertise the numeric values accepted by the input decoder", () => {
+    const tool = Tool.make({
+      description: "Numeric tool",
+      input: Schema.Struct({ amount: Schema.Number }),
+      output: Schema.Number,
+      execute: (input) => Effect.succeed(input.amount),
+    })
+    expect(inputTypeScript(tool)).toBe("{ amount: number }")
+    expect(inputTypeScript(tool, true)).toBe("{\n  amount: number,\n}")
+    expect(outputTypeScript(tool)).toBe("number")
+    expect(outputTypeScript(tool, true)).toBe("number")
+    expect(decodeInput(tool, { amount: 42 })).toEqual({ amount: 42 })
+    for (const amount of ["NaN", "Infinity", "-Infinity"]) {
+      expect(() => decodeInput(tool, { amount })).toThrow("Expected number")
+    }
+  })
+
+  test("keeps unrelated and partial grouped string enums alongside numbers", () => {
+    expect(
+      jsonSchemaToTypeScript({
+        anyOf: [{ type: "number" }, { type: "string", enum: ["NaN", "Infinity", "unknown"] }],
+      }),
+    ).toBe('number | "NaN" | "Infinity" | "unknown"')
+    expect(
+      jsonSchemaToTypeScript({
+        anyOf: [{ type: "number" }, { type: "string", enum: ["NaN", "Infinity"] }],
+      }),
+    ).toBe('number | "NaN" | "Infinity"')
+    const tool = Tool.make({
+      description: "Number or status",
+      input: Schema.Union([Schema.Number, Schema.Literal("unknown")]),
+      output: Schema.Union([Schema.Number, Schema.Literal("unknown")]),
+      execute: (input) => Effect.succeed(input),
+    })
+    expect(inputTypeScript(tool)).toContain('"unknown"')
+    expect(outputTypeScript(tool)).toContain('"unknown"')
+    expect(decodeInput(tool, "unknown")).toBe("unknown")
+  })
+
  test("anyOf with a number branch keeps sibling alternatives", () => {
    const schema = {
      anyOf: [{ type: "string" }, { type: "number" }],
@@ -807,6 +878,73 @@ describe("JSDoc signatures in catalogs and search results", () => {
  })
 })

+describe("empty input signatures agree with decoding", () => {
+  test.each([
+    { name: "a plain empty struct", input: Schema.Struct({}) },
+    {
+      name: "an annotated empty struct",
+      input: Schema.Struct({}).annotate({ identifier: "Empty", description: "No input" }),
+    },
+    { name: "a checked empty struct", input: Schema.Struct({}).check(Schema.makeFilter(() => true)) },
+    {
+      name: "an empty encoded struct transformed to a non-empty struct",
+      input: Schema.Struct({}).pipe(
+        Schema.decodeTo(Schema.Struct({ token: Schema.String }), {
+          decode: SchemaGetter.transform(() => ({ token: "x" })),
+          encode: SchemaGetter.transform(() => ({})),
+        }),
+      ),
+    },
+    { name: "a raw JSON Schema empty object", input: { type: "object", properties: {} } },
+  ])("$name advertises () and runs with zero arguments", async ({ input }) => {
+    const runtime = CodeMode.make({
+      tools: {
+        ping: Tool.make({ description: "Ping", input, output: Schema.String, execute: () => Effect.succeed("pong") }),
+      },
+    })
+    const signature = "tools.ping(): Promise<string>"
+    expect(runtime.catalog[0]?.signature).toBe(signature)
+    const result = await Effect.runPromise(runtime.execute('return search({ query: "tools.ping" })'))
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true)
+    if (!result.ok) throw new Error("search failed")
+    expect(result.value).toMatchObject({ items: [{ signature }] })
+    expect(await Effect.runPromise(runtime.execute("return await tools.ping()"))).toMatchObject({
+      ok: true,
+      value: "pong",
+    })
+  })
+
+  test("a required encoded input transformed to an empty struct keeps its required fields", async () => {
+    const consume = Tool.make({
+      description: "Consume token",
+      input: Schema.Struct({ token: Schema.String }).pipe(
+        Schema.decodeTo(Schema.Struct({}), {
+          decode: SchemaGetter.transform(() => ({})),
+          encode: SchemaGetter.transform(() => ({ token: "x" })),
+        }),
+      ),
+      output: Schema.String,
+      execute: () => Effect.succeed("consumed"),
+    })
+    const runtime = CodeMode.make({ tools: { consume } })
+    const signature = "tools.consume({\n  token: string,\n}): Promise<string>"
+    expect(() => decodeInput(consume, {})).toThrow()
+    expect(runtime.catalog[0]?.signature).toBe(signature)
+    const result = await Effect.runPromise(runtime.execute('return search({ query: "tools.consume" })'))
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true)
+    if (!result.ok) throw new Error("search failed")
+    expect(result.value).toMatchObject({ items: [{ signature }] })
+    expect(await Effect.runPromise(runtime.execute("return await tools.consume()"))).toMatchObject({
+      ok: false,
+      error: { kind: "InvalidToolInput" },
+    })
+    expect(await Effect.runPromise(runtime.execute('return await tools.consume({ token: "t" })'))).toMatchObject({
+      ok: true,
+      value: "consumed",
+    })
+  })
+})
+
 describe("non-identifier tool paths", () => {
  const resolveLibrary = Tool.make({
    description: "Resolve a Context7 library ID",
@@ -66,6 +66,12 @@
      "node": "./src/shell/parser-wasm.node.ts",
      "default": "./src/shell/parser-wasm.bun.ts"
    },
+    "#process-lock-ffi": {
+      "workerd": "./src/util/process-lock-ffi.workerd.ts",
+      "bun": "./src/util/process-lock-ffi.bun.ts",
+      "node": "./src/util/process-lock-ffi.node.ts",
+      "default": "./src/util/process-lock-ffi.bun.ts"
+    },
    "#v1-migration": {
      "types": "./src/database/v1-migration.bun.ts",
      "bun": "./src/database/v1-migration.bun.ts",
@@ -92,7 +98,8 @@
    "@types/bun": "catalog:",
    "@types/node": "catalog:",
    "@types/which": "3.0.4",
-    "drizzle-kit": "catalog:"
+    "drizzle-kit": "catalog:",
+    "fast-check": "catalog:"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "@ai-sdk/cohere": "3.0.27",
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ const result = await Bun.build({
    "#fff",
    "#photon-wasm",
    "#shell-parser-wasm",
+    "#process-lock-ffi",
    "#v1-migration",
  ],
  splitting: true,
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ export const layer = (options?: Options) =>
      const wellknown = yield* WellKnown.Service
      const reloadLock = Semaphore.makeUnsafe(1)
      const updateLock = Semaphore.makeUnsafe(1)
-      const decodeOptions = { errors: "all", onExcessProperty: "ignore", propertyOrder: "original" } as const
+      const decodeOptions = { errors: "all", onExcessProperty: "ignore" } as const
      const decodeInfo = Schema.decodeUnknownOption(Info, decodeOptions)
      const parseInfo = Effect.fn("Config.parseInfo")(function* (text: string, source: string) {
        const errors: ParseError[] = []
@@ -330,7 +330,8 @@ export const layer = (options?: Options) =>
        function* (patch: Patch) {
          const directory = initial.global ?? AbsolutePath.make(globalService.config)
          const candidates = ConfigDiscovery.names.map((name) => path.join(directory, name))
-          const filepath = (yield* Effect.filter(candidates, fs.isFile)).at(-1) ?? path.join(directory, "opencode.jsonc")
+          const filepath =
+            (yield* Effect.filter(candidates, fs.isFile)).at(-1) ?? path.join(directory, "opencode.jsonc")
          const text = (yield* fs.readFileStringSafe(filepath)) ?? "{}\n"
          const updated = yield* Effect.try({
            try: () =>
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ export type Result =
    }
  | { readonly type: "rejected"; readonly diagnostics: readonly Diagnostic[] }

-const options = { errors: "all", onExcessProperty: "ignore", propertyOrder: "original" } as const
+const options = { errors: "all", onExcessProperty: "ignore" } as const
 const unsupportedTopLevel = ["logLevel", "server", "subagent_depth", "layout"] as const
 const unsupportedExperimental = [
  "disable_paste_summary",
@@ -196,11 +196,11 @@ function decode(file: { directory: string; filepath: string; primary: boolean },
  const agent = legacy
    ? Option.getOrUndefined(
        Option.map(
-          decodeLegacyAgent({ name, ...markdown.data, prompt: body }, { errors: "all", propertyOrder: "original" }),
+          decodeLegacyAgent({ name, ...markdown.data, prompt: body }, { errors: "all" }),
          ConfigMigrateV1.migrateAgent,
        ),
      )
-    : Option.getOrUndefined(decodeAgent({ ...data, system: body }, { errors: "all", propertyOrder: "original" }))
+    : Option.getOrUndefined(decodeAgent({ ...data, system: body }, { errors: "all" }))
  if (!agent) return
  const info = Option.getOrUndefined(
    decodeConfig({
@@ -48,10 +48,9 @@ const proxy = (value: string, environment: Environment = process.env) => {
  )
 }

-const constructorOptions = (input: string | Array<string> | undefined): WebSocketOptions => {
+const constructorOptions = (input: Socket.WebSocketConstructorOptions | undefined): WebSocketOptions => {
  if (typeof input === "string" || Array.isArray(input)) return { protocols: input }
-  // AI routes pass handshake options through Effect's browser-shaped constructor.
-  return (input ?? {}) as WebSocketOptions
+  return { headers: input?.headers === undefined ? undefined : Headers.fromInput(input.headers) }
 }

 const proxyAgent = (url: string, selectedProxy: string | undefined) => {
@@ -30,6 +30,12 @@ export interface ExternalDirectoryAuthorization {
  readonly save: string
 }

+export const externalDirectoryPermission = (input: ExternalDirectoryAuthorization) => ({
+  action: input.action,
+  resources: [input.resource],
+  save: [input.save],
+})
+
 export interface Target {
  readonly absolute: AbsolutePath
  /** Location-relative for internal paths, absolute for external paths. */
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+/** @deprecated Use FileAccess for path resolution and authorization. */
+export { FileAccess as LocationMutation } from "./file-access.js"
+export * from "./file-access.js"
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { LocationServiceMap } from "./location-service-map.js"
 export { LocationServiceMap } from "./location-service-map.js"

 export type LocationServices = Instance.Services
+export type LocationError = Instance.Error

 export function buildLocationServiceMap(
  replacements: LayerNode.Replacements = [],
@@ -50,6 +50,15 @@ export class StepFailedError extends Schema.TaggedError<StepFailedError>()("Sess
  }
 }

+export class UserInterruptedError extends Schema.TaggedError<UserInterruptedError>()(
+  "Session.UserInterruptedError",
+  {},
+) {
+  override get message() {
+    return "Session interrupted by user"
+  }
+}
+
 export class PromptConflictError extends Schema.TaggedError<PromptConflictError>()("Session.PromptConflictError", {
  sessionID: SessionSchema.ID,
  messageID: SessionMessage.ID,
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import { SessionRunner } from "./runner/index.js"
 import { SessionSchema } from "./schema.js"
 import { SessionStore } from "./store.js"
 import { toSessionError } from "./to-session-error.js"
+import { UserInterruptedError } from "./error.js"
 import { SessionInbox } from "./inbox.js"

 export interface Interface {
@@ -50,7 +51,9 @@ type InterruptReason = "user" | "shutdown" | "inactivity"
 export function terminal(exit: Exit.Exit<void, SessionRunner.RunError>, reason?: InterruptReason) {
  if (Exit.isSuccess(exit)) return { type: "succeeded" as const }
  if (Cause.hasInterrupts(exit.cause)) return { type: "interrupted" as const, reason: reason ?? "shutdown" }
-  return { type: "failed" as const, error: toSessionError(Cause.squash(exit.cause)) }
+  const failure = Cause.squash(exit.cause)
+  if (failure instanceof UserInterruptedError) return { type: "interrupted" as const, reason: "user" as const }
+  return { type: "failed" as const, error: toSessionError(failure) }
 }

 /** Process-local execution: drains run in this process using the selected instance. */
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import type { AIError } from "@opencode/ai"
 import { Context, Data, Effect } from "effect"
 import { SessionSchema } from "../schema.js"
 import type { Promotable } from "../inbox.js"
-import type { AgentNotFoundError, MessageDecodeError, StepFailedError } from "../error.js"
+import type { AgentNotFoundError, MessageDecodeError, StepFailedError, UserInterruptedError } from "../error.js"
 import { SessionRunnerModel } from "./model.js"
 import type { Instructions } from "../../instructions/index.js"

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ export type RunError =
  | MessageDecodeError
  | AgentNotFoundError
  | StepFailedError
+  | UserInterruptedError
  | Instructions.InitializationBlocked

 export type Continuation = { readonly step: number }
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 export * as SessionRunnerRetry from "./retry.js"

-import { AIError, isRetryable } from "@opencode/ai"
+import { AIError, isContextOverflowFailure } from "@opencode/ai"
 import { Agent } from "@opencode/schema/agent"
 import { Model } from "@opencode/schema/model"
 import { SessionError } from "@opencode/schema/session-error"
@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@ import type { PluginHooks } from "../../plugin/hooks.js"
 import { SessionEvent } from "../event.js"
 import { SessionMessage } from "../message.js"
 import { SessionSchema } from "../schema.js"
-
-export { isRetryable }
+import { toSessionError } from "../to-session-error.js"

 interface Input {
  readonly cause: AIError
@@ -28,6 +27,43 @@ export interface Decision {
  readonly delay: number
 }

+export function isRetryable(error: AIError) {
+  const override = error.reason.http?.headers["x-should-retry"]
+  if (override === "true") return true
+  if (override === "false") return false
+  switch (error.reason._tag) {
+    case "RateLimit":
+    case "ProviderInternal":
+      return true
+    // A WebSocket acknowledgment marks delivery accepted before model output may exist.
+    // Read failures can still recover; the Step chooses retry versus continuation from durable output.
+    case "Transport":
+      return (
+        error.reason.delivery !== "rejected" &&
+        (error.reason.delivery !== "accepted" || error.reason.operation === "read")
+      )
+    case "InvalidProviderOutput":
+      return error.reason.classification === "incomplete-stream"
+    // Unrecognized failures retry: classification records affirmative
+    // deterministic evidence, and transient failures are exactly the ones
+    // that arrive in shapes no classifier anticipates.
+    case "UnknownProvider":
+      return true
+    case "Authentication":
+    case "QuotaExceeded":
+    case "ContentPolicy":
+    case "InvalidRequest":
+    case "UnsupportedOperation":
+    case "NoRoute":
+    case "Timeout":
+      return false
+    default: {
+      const exhaustive: never = error.reason
+      return exhaustive
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 /** Bound provider-requested delays so a hostile or buggy retry-after cannot stall a session for hours. */
 const RETRY_AFTER_MAX = Duration.toMillis("15 minutes")

@@ -83,6 +119,24 @@ export const policy = (sessionID: SessionSchema.ID) =>
      })
  })

+/**
+ * Retries one auxiliary request's transient failures under a shared `policy` allowance, letting the
+ * session retry hook adjust each decision. Context overflow is never transient: callers recover it.
+ */
+export const transient =
+  (decide: Effect.Success<ReturnType<typeof policy>>, input: Pick<Input, "agent" | "model" | "hook">) =>
+  <A, R>(effect: Effect.Effect<A, AIError, R>) =>
+    Effect.retry(effect, {
+      while: (cause) =>
+        Effect.gen(function* () {
+          if (isContextOverflowFailure(cause)) return false
+          const decision = yield* decide({ ...input, cause, error: toSessionError(cause), retry: isRetryable(cause) })
+          if (!decision.retry) return false
+          yield* Effect.sleep(decision.delay)
+          return true
+        }),
+    })
+
 export const make = (bus: Bus.Interface, sessionID: SessionSchema.ID) =>
  Effect.gen(function* () {
    const decide = yield* policy(sessionID)
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { Tool } from "@opencode/schema/tool"
 import { SessionError } from "@opencode/schema/session-error"
 import { Permission } from "../permission.js"
 import { Integration } from "../integration.js"
-import { AgentNotFoundError, StepFailedError } from "./error.js"
+import { AgentNotFoundError, StepFailedError, UserInterruptedError } from "./error.js"
 import { SessionRunnerModel } from "./runner/model.js"

 export function toSessionError(cause: unknown): SessionError.Error {
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ export function toSessionError(cause: unknown): SessionError.Error {
  if (cause instanceof SessionRunnerModel.UnsupportedCompactionError)
    return { type: "provider.unsupported-operation", message: cause.message }
  if (cause instanceof AgentNotFoundError) return { type: "unknown", message: cause.message }
+  if (cause instanceof UserInterruptedError) return { type: "aborted", message: cause.message }
  if (
    cause instanceof SessionRunnerModel.ModelNotSelectedError ||
    cause instanceof SessionRunnerModel.ModelUnavailableError ||
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import type { ToolDefinition } from "@opencode/ai"
 import { Tool } from "@opencode/schema/tool"
 import type { StandardJSONSchemaV1, StandardSchemaV1 } from "@standard-schema/spec"
-import { Cache, Effect, JsonSchema, Schema, SchemaIssue, SchemaRepresentation } from "effect"
+import { Cache, Effect, JsonPointer, JsonSchema, Schema, SchemaIssue, SchemaRepresentation } from "effect"
 import { $ZodType, toJSONSchema } from "zod/v4/core"

 const formatEffectIssues = SchemaIssue.makeFormatterStandardSchemaV1()
@@ -155,7 +155,24 @@ const validateStandard = (
 const inputJsonSchema = (schema: Tool.ValueSchema<any>): JsonSchema.JsonSchema => {
  if (schema === undefined || schema === null) return {}
  if (isStandardSchema(schema)) return standardJsonSchema(schema, "input")
-  return Schema.isSchema(schema) ? toJsonSchema(schema) : schema
+  if (!Schema.isSchema(schema)) return schema
+  const json = toJsonSchema(schema)
+  // Empty Effect structs describe non-null values, but tool parameters must be
+  // objects. Normalize after inlining named schemas, retaining their metadata.
+  if (
+    schema.ast._tag === "Objects" &&
+    schema.ast.propertySignatures.length === 0 &&
+    schema.ast.indexSignatures.length === 0 &&
+    schema.ast.encoding === undefined &&
+    schema.ast.checks === undefined &&
+    isRecord(json.not) &&
+    json.not.type === "null" &&
+    Object.keys(json.not).length === 1
+  ) {
+    const { not: _, ...metadata } = json
+    return { ...metadata, type: "object", properties: {}, additionalProperties: false }
+  }
+  return json
 }

 const outputJsonSchema = (schema: Tool.ValueSchema<any>): JsonSchema.JsonSchema => {
@@ -170,7 +187,7 @@ const standardJsonSchema = (schema: StandardSchemaV1<any, any>, io: "input" | "o
 }

 const toJsonSchema = (schema: Schema.Top): JsonSchema.JsonSchema => {
-  const document = Schema.toJsonSchemaDocument(schema)
+  const document = Schema.toJsonSchemaDocument(schema, { onExcessProperty: "error" })
  // Effect emits valid JSON Schema that some inference providers handle poorly. Simplify it
  // without changing validation: `{ type: "integer", allOf: [{ minimum: 0 }] }` becomes
  // `{ type: "integer", minimum: 0 }` only when no keyword would be overwritten. Named schemas
@@ -220,8 +237,8 @@ const inlineLocalReferences = (

  const localDefinitions = definitions ?? (isRecord(value.$defs) ? value.$defs : undefined)
  if (typeof value.$ref === "string" && localDefinitions) {
-    const segment = value.$ref.match(/^#\/\$defs\/([^/]+)$/)?.[1]
-    const name = segment?.replaceAll("~1", "/").replaceAll("~0", "~")
+    const tokens = JsonPointer.parseUriFragment(value.$ref)
+    const name = tokens?.length === 2 && tokens[0] === "$defs" ? tokens[1] : undefined
    if (name && !seen.has(name)) {
      const target = localDefinitions[name]
      if (target) {
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+export function findLast<T>(
+  items: readonly T[],
+  predicate: (item: T, index: number, items: readonly T[]) => boolean,
+): T | undefined {
+  for (let i = items.length - 1; i >= 0; i -= 1) {
+    const item = items[i]
+    if (predicate(item, i, items)) return item
+  }
+  return undefined
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import { dlopen, read, type Pointer } from "bun:ffi"
+import { existsSync } from "node:fs"
+
+export type LockResult =
+  | { readonly acquired: true }
+  | { readonly acquired: false; readonly held: true }
+  | { readonly acquired: false; readonly held: false; readonly code: number }
+
+const LOCK_EX = 2
+const LOCK_NB = 4
+const DARWIN_EWOULDBLOCK = 35
+const LINUX_EWOULDBLOCK = 11
+
+export function lockDarwin(fd: number): LockResult {
+  const library = dlopen("/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib", {
+    flock: { args: ["i32", "i32"], returns: "i32" },
+    __error: { args: [], returns: "ptr" },
+  })
+  try {
+    const result = library.symbols.flock(fd, LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB)
+    const code = result === 0 ? 0 : errorCode(library.symbols.__error())
+    if (result === 0) return { acquired: true }
+    if (code === DARWIN_EWOULDBLOCK) return { acquired: false, held: true }
+    return { acquired: false, held: false, code }
+  } finally {
+    library.close()
+  }
+}
+
+export function lockLinux(fd: number): LockResult {
+  const musl = `/lib/libc.musl-${process.arch === "arm64" ? "aarch64" : "x86_64"}.so.1`
+  const library = dlopen(existsSync(musl) ? musl : "libc.so.6", {
+    flock: { args: ["i32", "i32"], returns: "i32" },
+    __errno_location: { args: [], returns: "ptr" },
+  })
+  try {
+    const result = library.symbols.flock(fd, LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB)
+    const code = result === 0 ? 0 : errorCode(library.symbols.__errno_location())
+    if (result === 0) return { acquired: true }
+    if (code === LINUX_EWOULDBLOCK) return { acquired: false, held: true }
+    return { acquired: false, held: false, code }
+  } finally {
+    library.close()
+  }
+}
+
+function errorCode(pointer: Pointer | bigint | null) {
+  if (pointer === null) throw new Error("Failed to read process lock error code")
+  return read.i32(pointer, 0)
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { dlopen, getInt32 } from "node:ffi"
+
+export type LockResult =
+  | { readonly acquired: true }
+  | { readonly acquired: false; readonly held: true }
+  | { readonly acquired: false; readonly held: false; readonly code: number }
+
+const LOCK_EX = 2
+const LOCK_NB = 4
+const DARWIN_EWOULDBLOCK = 35
+const LINUX_EWOULDBLOCK = 11
+
+export function lockDarwin(fd: number): LockResult {
+  const library = dlopen("/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib", {
+    flock: { arguments: ["int32", "int32"], return: "int32" },
+    __error: { arguments: [], return: "pointer" },
+  })
+  try {
+    const result = library.functions.flock(fd, LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB)
+    const code = result === 0 ? 0 : getInt32(library.functions.__error(), 0)
+    if (result === 0) return { acquired: true }
+    if (code === DARWIN_EWOULDBLOCK) return { acquired: false, held: true }
+    return { acquired: false, held: false, code }
+  } finally {
+    library.lib.close()
+  }
+}
+
+export function lockLinux(fd: number): LockResult {
+  const library = dlopen("libc.so.6", {
+    flock: { arguments: ["int32", "int32"], return: "int32" },
+    __errno_location: { arguments: [], return: "pointer" },
+  })
+  try {
+    const result = library.functions.flock(fd, LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB)
+    const code = result === 0 ? 0 : getInt32(library.functions.__errno_location(), 0)
+    if (result === 0) return { acquired: true }
+    if (code === LINUX_EWOULDBLOCK) return { acquired: false, held: true }
+    return { acquired: false, held: false, code }
+  } finally {
+    library.lib.close()
+  }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+export type LockResult =
+  | { readonly acquired: true }
+  | { readonly acquired: false; readonly held: true }
+  | { readonly acquired: false; readonly held: false; readonly code: number }
+
+// workerd has no FFI and no cross-process file locking; a Durable Object is
+// already single-threaded per instance, so nothing on this runtime should
+// reach these.
+const unavailable = (_fd: number): LockResult => {
+  throw new Error("Process locks are unavailable on the workerd runtime")
+}
+
+export const lockDarwin = unavailable
+export const lockLinux = unavailable
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+import { lockDarwin, lockLinux, type LockResult } from "#process-lock-ffi"
+import { closeSync, mkdirSync, openSync } from "node:fs"
+import { connect, createServer, type Server, type Socket } from "node:net"
+import path from "node:path"
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import { Hash } from "@opencode/util/hash"
+
+export namespace ProcessLock {
+  export class HeldError extends Schema.TaggedError<HeldError>()("ProcessLockHeldError", {
+    file: Schema.String,
+  }) {
+    override get message() {
+      return `Process lock is already held: ${this.file}`
+    }
+  }
+
+  export class SystemError extends Schema.TaggedError<SystemError>()("ProcessLockSystemError", {
+    file: Schema.String,
+    operation: Schema.Literals(["open", "acquire"]),
+    code: Schema.String,
+  }) {
+    override get message() {
+      return `Process lock ${this.operation} failed for ${this.file}: ${this.code}`
+    }
+  }
+
+  export type LockError = HeldError | SystemError
+
+  const acquirePosix = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (file: string) {
+    const fd = yield* Effect.try({
+      try: () => {
+        mkdirSync(path.dirname(file), { recursive: true })
+        return openSync(file, "a+", 0o600)
+      },
+      catch: (cause) =>
+        new SystemError({
+          file,
+          operation: "open",
+          code: cause instanceof Error ? cause.message : String(cause),
+        }),
+    })
+    const result = yield* Effect.try({
+      try: () => lock(fd),
+      catch: (cause) =>
+        new SystemError({
+          file,
+          operation: "acquire",
+          code: cause instanceof Error ? cause.message : String(cause),
+        }),
+    }).pipe(
+      Effect.tapError(() =>
+        Effect.sync(() => {
+          closeSync(fd)
+        }),
+      ),
+    )
+    if (result.acquired) return fd
+    closeSync(fd)
+    return yield* result.held
+      ? new HeldError({ file })
+      : new SystemError({ file, operation: "acquire", code: String(result.code) })
+  })
+
+  export const acquire = Effect.fn("ProcessLock.acquire")(function* (file: string) {
+    if (process.platform === "win32") {
+      yield* Effect.acquireRelease(acquireWindows(file), closeWindows)
+      return
+    }
+    yield* Effect.acquireRelease(acquirePosix(file), (fd) =>
+      Effect.sync(() => {
+        closeSync(fd)
+      }),
+    )
+  })
+}
+
+function lock(fd: number): LockResult {
+  if (process.platform === "darwin") return lockDarwin(fd)
+  if (process.platform === "linux") return lockLinux(fd)
+  throw new Error(`Unsupported process lock platform: ${process.platform}`)
+}
+
+function acquireWindows(file: string) {
+  return Effect.callback<Server, ProcessLock.LockError>((resume) => {
+    const server = createServer()
+    let probe: Socket | undefined
+    const pipe = `\\\\.\\pipe\\opencode-process-lock-${Hash.sha256(path.resolve(file).toLowerCase())}`
+    const onError = (cause: NodeJS.ErrnoException) => {
+      server.off("listening", onListening)
+      probe = connect(pipe)
+      const onProbeError = () => {
+        probe?.off("connect", onConnect)
+        resume(
+          Effect.fail(
+            new ProcessLock.SystemError({
+              file,
+              operation: "acquire",
+              code: cause.code ?? cause.message,
+            }),
+          ),
+        )
+      }
+      const onConnect = () => {
+        probe?.off("error", onProbeError)
+        probe?.destroy()
+        resume(Effect.fail(new ProcessLock.HeldError({ file })))
+      }
+      probe.once("connect", onConnect)
+      probe.once("error", onProbeError)
+    }
+    const onListening = () => {
+      server.off("error", onError)
+      resume(Effect.succeed(server))
+    }
+    server.once("error", onError)
+    server.once("listening", onListening)
+    server.on("connection", (socket) => socket.destroy())
+    server.listen(pipe)
+    return Effect.sync(() => {
+      probe?.destroy()
+      server.close()
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+function closeWindows(server: Server) {
+  return Effect.callback<void>((resume) => {
+    if (!server.listening) return resume(Effect.void)
+    server.close((error) => resume(error ? Effect.die(error) : Effect.void))
+  })
+}
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import { ConfigProviderOptionsV1 } from "./provider-options.js"
 import { Provider } from "../../provider.js"
 import { Model } from "../../model.js"

-const decodeOptions = { errors: "all", onExcessProperty: "ignore", propertyOrder: "original" } as const
+const decodeOptions = { errors: "all", onExcessProperty: "ignore" } as const
 const decodeInfo = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Schema.fromJsonString(Info), decodeOptions)
 const encodeInfo = Schema.encodeSync(Info)
 const decodeAgent = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Schema.fromJsonString(ConfigAgent.Info), decodeOptions)
@@ -11,9 +11,8 @@ export type Object = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Object>
 export const Rule = Schema.Union([Action, Object]).annotate({ identifier: "PermissionRuleConfig" })
 export type Rule = Schema.Schema.Type<typeof Rule>

-// Known permission keys get explicit types in the Effect schema for generated
-// docs/types. Runtime config parsing uses Effect's `propertyOrder: "original"`
-// parse option so user key order is preserved for permission precedence.
+// Known permission keys get explicit types in the Effect schema for generated docs/types.
+// StructWithRest also accepts custom permission names.
 const InputObject = Schema.StructWithRest(
  Schema.Struct({
    read: Schema.optional(Rule),
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import path from "path"
 import fs from "fs/promises"
 import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test"
 import { Effect, Fiber, Layer, Logger, Schema, Stream } from "effect"
-import { FastCheck } from "effect/testing"
+import { Arbitrary } from "effect/unstable/arbitrary"
 import { Config } from "@opencode/core/config"
 import { Directory, Document, Event, Info } from "@opencode/schema/config"
 import { ConfigModel } from "@opencode/schema/config/model"
@@ -632,17 +632,22 @@ describe("Config", () => {
  })

  test("migrates arbitrary v1 configuration into valid v2 configuration", () => {
-    FastCheck.assert(
-      FastCheck.property(Schema.toArbitrary(ConfigV1.Info)(FastCheck), (info) => {
-        const parsed = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(ConfigV1.Info)(
-          Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Schema.fromJsonString(Schema.Unknown))(
-            Schema.encodeUnknownSync(Schema.fromJsonString(Schema.Unknown))(info),
-          ),
-        )
-        Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Info)(ConfigMigrateV1.migrate(parsed), { errors: "all" })
-      }),
-      { numRuns: 100 },
+    const result = Effect.runSync(
+      Arbitrary.checkEffect(
+        Arbitrary.schema(ConfigV1.Info),
+        (info) => {
+          const parsed = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(ConfigV1.Info)(
+            Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Schema.fromJsonString(Schema.Unknown))(
+              Schema.encodeUnknownSync(Schema.fromJsonString(Schema.Unknown))(info),
+            ),
+          )
+          Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Info)(ConfigMigrateV1.migrate(parsed), { errors: "all" })
+          return true
+        },
+        { runs: 100 },
+      ),
    )
+    expect(Arbitrary.formatCheckFailure(result)).toBeUndefined()
  }, 30_000)

  test("migrates the v1 experimental subagent depth", () => {
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test"
-import { Duration, Schema } from "effect"
-import { FastCheck } from "effect/testing"
+import { Duration, Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import { Arbitrary } from "effect/unstable/arbitrary"
 import { ConfigNormalize } from "@opencode/core/config/normalize"
 import { Info } from "@opencode/schema/config"

-const options = { errors: "all", onExcessProperty: "ignore", propertyOrder: "original" } as const
+const options = { errors: "all", onExcessProperty: "ignore" } as const

 function normalized(input: unknown) {
  const result = ConfigNormalize.normalize(input)
@@ -80,16 +80,21 @@ describe("ConfigNormalize", () => {
  })

  test("preserves arbitrary JSON-round-tripped native configuration", () => {
-    FastCheck.assert(
-      FastCheck.property(Schema.toArbitrary(Info)(FastCheck), (info) => {
-        const source = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(Schema.encodeSync(Info)(info)))
-        const result = normalized(source)
-        expect(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Info)(result.encoded)).toEqual(
-          Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Info)(withoutEmptyCompatibilityContainers(source)),
-        )
-      }),
-      { numRuns: 100 },
+    const result = Effect.runSync(
+      Arbitrary.checkEffect(
+        Arbitrary.schema(Info),
+        (info) => {
+          const source = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(Schema.encodeSync(Info)(info)))
+          const result = normalized(source)
+          expect(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Info)(result.encoded)).toEqual(
+            Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Info)(withoutEmptyCompatibilityContainers(source)),
+          )
+          return true
+        },
+        { runs: 100 },
+      ),
    )
+    expect(Arbitrary.formatCheckFailure(result)).toBeUndefined()
  })

  test("merges named maps by entry and gives valid native entries precedence", () => {
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import { ProcessLock } from "@opencode/core/util/process-lock"
+import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
+import fs from "node:fs/promises"
+
+const input = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(
+  Schema.fromJsonString(Schema.Struct({ file: Schema.String, ready: Schema.String })),
+)(process.argv[2])
+
+await Effect.runPromise(
+  Effect.scoped(
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      yield* ProcessLock.acquire(input.file)
+      yield* Effect.promise(() => fs.writeFile(input.ready, String(process.pid)))
+      return yield* Effect.never
+    }),
+  ),
+)
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import { AbsolutePath } from "@opencode/core/schema"
 import { Session } from "@opencode/core/session"
 import { SessionExecution } from "@opencode/core/session/execution"
 import { SessionRestart } from "@opencode/core/session/execution/restart"
+import { UserInterruptedError } from "@opencode/core/session/error"
 import { SessionEvent } from "@opencode/core/session/event"
 import { SessionInbox } from "@opencode/core/session/inbox"
 import { SessionMessage } from "@opencode/core/session/message"
@@ -49,6 +50,10 @@ describe("SessionExecution lifecycle", () => {
    const interrupted = Effect.runSyncExit(Effect.interrupt)
    expect(SessionExecution.terminal(interrupted)).toEqual({ type: "interrupted", reason: "shutdown" })
    expect(SessionExecution.terminal(interrupted, "user")).toEqual({ type: "interrupted", reason: "user" })
+    expect(SessionExecution.terminal(Exit.fail(new UserInterruptedError()))).toEqual({
+      type: "interrupted",
+      reason: "user",
+    })
  })

  it.effect("the sweep only lists claimed top-level Sessions", () =>
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test"
 import { State } from "@opencode/core/state"
 import { Effect } from "effect"
-import { FastCheck } from "effect/testing"
+import FastCheck from "fast-check"

 type Operation = { multiply: number; add: number }
 type Value = { value: number; order: number[] }
@@ -1063,7 +1063,7 @@ describe("Tool", () => {
              value: Schema.Boolean.pipe(
                Schema.decodeTo(Schema.String, {
                  decode: SchemaGetter.transform((value) => String(value)),
-                  encode: SchemaGetter.transformOrFail((value) =>
+                  encode: SchemaGetter.transformEffect((value) =>
                    value === "valid"
                      ? Effect.succeed(true)
                      : Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue({ message: "invalid output" }, value)),
@@ -67,6 +67,62 @@ test("Effect tool schemas use exact optional keys and flatten compatible constra
  })
 })

+test.each([
+  { name: "plain", input: Schema.Struct({}), metadata: {} },
+  {
+    name: "annotated",
+    input: Schema.Struct({}).annotate({ identifier: "Empty Input", description: "No parameters" }),
+    metadata: { description: "No parameters" },
+  },
+])("empty $name Effect input structs describe callable object parameters", async ({ input, metadata }) => {
+  const tool: Info = {
+    name: "empty",
+    description: "Empty tool",
+    input,
+    output: input,
+    execute: (value) => Effect.succeed({ output: value }),
+  }
+  expect(definition(tool).inputSchema).toEqual({
+    ...metadata,
+    type: "object",
+    properties: {},
+    additionalProperties: false,
+  })
+  expect(definition(tool).outputSchema).toEqual({ ...metadata, not: { type: "null" } })
+  expect(await Effect.runPromise(execute(tool, {}, context))).toMatchObject({ output: {} })
+})
+
+test("empty input normalization preserves explicit Effect overrides and raw JSON schemas", () => {
+  for (const override of [{ type: "object", additionalProperties: true }, { not: { type: "null" } }]) {
+    const tool: Info = {
+      name: "explicit",
+      description: "Explicit schema tool",
+      input: override,
+      execute: () => Effect.succeed({ content: "unused" }),
+    }
+    expect(definition(tool).inputSchema).toEqual(override)
+    const checked = Schema.Struct({}).check(Schema.makeFilter(() => true, { toJsonSchema: () => override }))
+    expect(definition({ ...tool, output: checked }).outputSchema).toEqual(
+      definition({ ...tool, input: checked }).inputSchema,
+    )
+  }
+})
+
+test("empty input normalization leaves nested empty structs unchanged", () => {
+  const tool: Info = {
+    name: "nested",
+    description: "Nested empty struct",
+    input: Schema.Struct({ value: Schema.Struct({}) }),
+    execute: () => Effect.succeed({ content: "unused" }),
+  }
+  expect(definition(tool).inputSchema).toEqual({
+    type: "object",
+    properties: { value: { not: { type: "null" } } },
+    required: ["value"],
+    additionalProperties: false,
+  })
+})
+
 test("Effect tool schemas inline named child schemas", () => {
  const Child = Schema.Struct({ value: Schema.String }).annotate({ identifier: "Child" })
  const tool: Info = {
@@ -106,6 +162,33 @@ test("Effect tool schemas resolve escaped definition names", () => {
  expect(JSON.stringify(definition(tool).inputSchema)).not.toContain("$defs")
 })

+test.each(["Lookup Input", "café", "A/B~C% D#E"])(
+  "Effect tool schemas inline URI-encoded definition %s",
+  (identifier) => {
+    const child = Schema.Struct({ city: Schema.String }).annotate({ identifier })
+    const tool: Info = {
+      name: "encoded-reference",
+      description: "Encoded reference",
+      input: child,
+      output: Schema.Struct({ result: child }),
+      execute: () => Effect.succeed({ content: "unused" }),
+    }
+    const expected = {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: { city: { type: "string" } },
+      required: ["city"],
+      additionalProperties: false,
+    }
+    expect(definition(tool).inputSchema).toEqual(expected)
+    expect(definition(tool).outputSchema).toEqual({
+      type: "object",
+      properties: { result: expected },
+      required: ["result"],
+      additionalProperties: false,
+    })
+  },
+)
+
 test("portable schemas validate and describe typed tools", async () => {
  const input = {
    "~standard": {
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import { expect } from "bun:test"
+import { ProcessLock } from "@opencode/core/util/process-lock"
+import { Effect } from "effect"
+import fs from "node:fs/promises"
+import os from "node:os"
+import path from "node:path"
+import { it } from "../lib/effect"
+
+const worker = path.join(import.meta.dir, "../fixture/process-lock-worker.ts")
+
+it.live(
+  "releases ownership when the scope closes",
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const root = yield* temp("opencode-process-lock-")
+    const file = path.join(root, "service.lock")
+    yield* Effect.scoped(ProcessLock.acquire(file))
+    yield* Effect.scoped(ProcessLock.acquire(file))
+  }),
+)
+
+it.live(
+  "releases ownership when the process dies",
+  Effect.gen(function* () {
+    const root = yield* temp("opencode-process-lock-death-")
+    const file = path.join(root, "service.lock")
+    const ready = path.join(root, "ready")
+    const child = yield* Effect.acquireRelease(
+      Effect.sync(() =>
+        Bun.spawn([process.execPath, worker, JSON.stringify({ file, ready })], {
+          stdout: "ignore",
+          stderr: "pipe",
+        }),
+      ),
+      (child) =>
+        Effect.promise(async () => {
+          kill(child)
+          await child.exited
+        }),
+    )
+    yield* Effect.promise(async () => {
+      for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 100 && !(await Bun.file(ready).exists()); attempt++) await Bun.sleep(20)
+    })
+    expect(yield* Effect.promise(() => Bun.file(ready).exists())).toBe(true)
+
+    const error = yield* Effect.scoped(ProcessLock.acquire(file)).pipe(Effect.flip)
+    expect(error._tag).toBe("ProcessLockHeldError")
+
+    if (process.platform !== "win32") {
+      process.kill(child.pid, "SIGSTOP")
+      const paused = yield* Effect.scoped(ProcessLock.acquire(file)).pipe(Effect.flip)
+      expect(paused._tag).toBe("ProcessLockHeldError")
+      process.kill(child.pid, "SIGCONT")
+    }
+
+    kill(child)
+    yield* Effect.promise(() => child.exited)
+    yield* Effect.scoped(ProcessLock.acquire(file))
+  }),
+)
+
+function temp(prefix: string) {
+  return Effect.acquireRelease(
+    Effect.promise(() => fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), prefix))),
+    (root) => Effect.promise(() => fs.rm(root, { recursive: true, force: true })),
+  )
+}
+
+function kill(child: Bun.Subprocess) {
+  if (process.platform === "win32") return child.kill()
+  return child.kill("SIGKILL")
+}
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto"
-import { Effect, FileSystem } from "effect"
+import { ByteSize, Effect, FileSystem } from "effect"
 import { nativeT } from "../native/translations"

 export const MAX_ATTACHMENT_BYTES = 20 * 1024 * 1024
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ export function readAttachment(filePath: string, maxBytes = MAX_ATTACHMENT_BYTES
      const fs = yield* FileSystem.FileSystem
      const file = yield* fs.open(filePath, { flag: "r" })
      const info = yield* file.stat
-      if (info.size > FileSystem.Size(maxBytes))
+      if (info.size > ByteSize.bytes(maxBytes))
        throw new Error(nativeT("desktop.picker.error.sizeLimit", { limit: MAX_ATTACHMENT_BYTES / 1024 / 1024 }))

      const bytes = new Uint8Array(Number(info.size))
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { expect } from "bun:test"
 import { NodeSocket } from "@effect/platform-node"
 import { Deferred, Effect, Fiber, Layer, Queue, Scope, Exit } from "effect"
+import { Socket } from "effect/unstable/socket"
 import { testEffect } from "../../../../core/test/lib/effect"
 import { createAskpass } from "./askpass"

@@ -12,16 +13,15 @@ const request = Effect.fn("test.askpass.request")(function* (
  confirm = false,
 ) {
  const socket = yield* NodeSocket.makeNet({ host: "127.0.0.1", port: Number(env.OPENCODE_SSH_ASKPASS_PORT) })
-  const write = yield* socket.writer
+  const writer = yield* socket.writer
  const result = { text: "" }
  yield* Effect.all(
    [
-      socket
-        .runString((text) => {
-          result.text += text
-        })
-        .pipe(Effect.ignore),
-      write(JSON.stringify({ token: env.OPENCODE_SSH_ASKPASS_TOKEN, text, confirm }) + "\n").pipe(Effect.ignore),
+      Effect.gen(function* () {
+        const pull = yield* Socket.readerString(socket)
+        while (true) result.text += (yield* pull).join("")
+      }).pipe(Effect.ignore),
+      writer.write(JSON.stringify({ token: env.OPENCODE_SSH_ASKPASS_TOKEN, text, confirm }) + "\n").pipe(Effect.ignore),
    ],
    { concurrency: "unbounded" },
  )
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { NodeSocketServer } from "@effect/platform-node"
 import { Deferred, Effect, Fiber, Schema, Semaphore } from "effect"
+import { Socket } from "effect/unstable/socket"
 import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto"
 import { SshFailure } from "./command"

@@ -16,23 +17,27 @@ export const createAskpass = Effect.fn("Ssh.askpass")(function* (input: {
  const pending = new Map<string, Deferred.Deferred<string>>()
  const prompts = yield* Semaphore.make(1)
  const server = yield* NodeSocketServer.make({ host: "127.0.0.1", port: 0 }).pipe(Effect.mapError(SshFailure.from))
-  if (server.address._tag !== "TcpAddress") return yield* Effect.fail(new SshFailure("connection"))
+  if (server.address._tag === "UnixPathAddress") return yield* Effect.fail(new SshFailure("connection"))

  const serving = yield* server
    .run((socket) =>
      Effect.gen(function* () {
        const request = yield* Deferred.make<string, SshFailure>()
        const state = { buffer: "", received: false }
-        const reader = yield* socket
-          .runString((chunk) => {
-            if (state.received) return Effect.fail(new SshFailure("connection"))
-            state.buffer += chunk
-            if (state.buffer.length > 16_384) return Effect.fail(new SshFailure("connection"))
-            if (!state.buffer.includes("\n")) return Effect.void
-            state.received = true
-            return Deferred.succeed(request, state.buffer.trim())
-          })
-          .pipe(Effect.ensuring(Deferred.fail(request, new SshFailure("connection"))), Effect.forkScoped)
+        const reader = yield* Effect.gen(function* () {
+          const pull = yield* Socket.readerString(socket)
+          while (true) {
+            const chunks = yield* pull
+            for (const chunk of chunks) {
+              if (state.received) return yield* Effect.fail(new SshFailure("connection"))
+              state.buffer += chunk
+              if (state.buffer.length > 16_384) return yield* Effect.fail(new SshFailure("connection"))
+              if (!state.buffer.includes("\n")) continue
+              state.received = true
+              yield* Deferred.succeed(request, state.buffer.trim())
+            }
+          }
+        }).pipe(Effect.ensuring(Deferred.fail(request, new SshFailure("connection"))), Effect.forkScoped)
        const message = yield* Deferred.await(request).pipe(Effect.flatMap(Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Request)))
        if (message.token !== token) return

@@ -49,8 +54,8 @@ export const createAskpass = Effect.fn("Ssh.askpass")(function* (input: {
              )
              yield* input.prompt({ id, text: message.text, confirm: message.confirm })
              const value = yield* Deferred.await(response)
-              const write = yield* socket.writer
-              yield* write(JSON.stringify({ value }))
+              const writer = yield* socket.writer
+              yield* writer.write(JSON.stringify({ value }))
            }).pipe(Effect.scoped),
          )
          .pipe(Effect.raceFirst(Fiber.join(reader).pipe(Effect.andThen(Effect.fail(new SshFailure("connection"))))))
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { expect } from "bun:test"
-import { NodeServices, NodeSocketServer } from "@effect/platform-node"
+import { NodeServices } from "@effect/platform-node"
 import { Deferred, Effect, Fiber, FileSystem, Layer, Path, Stream } from "effect"
 import { FetchHttpClient } from "effect/unstable/http"
 import { ChildProcess, ChildProcessSpawner } from "effect/unstable/process"
@@ -228,17 +228,18 @@ it.live(
    const path = yield* Path.Path
    const config = path.join(yield* fs.makeTempDirectoryScoped({ prefix: "ssh-handshake-test-" }), "config")
    yield* fs.writeFileString(config, "")
-    const connected = yield* Deferred.make<void>()
-    const closed = yield* Deferred.make<void>()
-    const server = yield* NodeSocketServer.make({ host: "127.0.0.1", port: 0 })
-    if (server.address._tag !== "TcpAddress") return yield* Effect.die("missing port")
-    yield* server
-      .run((socket) =>
-        socket
-          .run(() => Effect.void, { onOpen: Deferred.succeed(connected, undefined).pipe(Effect.asVoid) })
-          .pipe(Effect.ensuring(Deferred.succeed(closed, undefined)), Effect.ignore),
-      )
-      .pipe(Effect.forkScoped({ startImmediately: true }))
+    const connected = Promise.withResolvers<void>()
+    const closed = Promise.withResolvers<void>()
+    const server = Bun.listen({
+      hostname: "127.0.0.1",
+      port: 0,
+      socket: {
+        open: () => connected.resolve(),
+        data: () => {},
+        close: () => closed.resolve(),
+      },
+    })
+    yield* Effect.addFinalizer(() => Effect.sync(() => server.stop(true)))
    const controller = yield* createSshController({
      configs: [],
      binary: "unused",
@@ -246,15 +247,16 @@ it.live(
      save: () => Effect.die("must not save"),
    })
    yield* controller.start(
-      { id: "fixture", target: `ssh -F ${quote(config)} -p ${server.address.port} 127.0.0.1`, name: "" },
+      { id: "fixture", target: `ssh -F ${quote(config)} -p ${server.port} 127.0.0.1`, name: "" },
      1,
    )
-    yield* Deferred.await(connected)
-    const waiting = yield* controller.resolve("fixture").pipe(Effect.forkScoped)
+    yield* Effect.promise(() => connected.promise)
+    const waiting = yield* controller.resolve("fixture").pipe(Effect.forkScoped({ startImmediately: true }))
    yield* controller.disconnect("fixture")
-    yield* Deferred.await(closed)
+    yield* Effect.promise(() => closed.promise)
    expect(yield* Fiber.join(waiting)).toBeNull()
    expect((yield* controller.state()).servers[0]?.stage).toBe("disconnected")
+    yield* controller.close
    return undefined
  }).pipe(Effect.timeout("10 seconds")),
 )
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ export const createSshController = Effect.fn("Ssh.controller")(function* (input:

 const freePort = Effect.gen(function* () {
  const server = yield* NodeSocketServer.make({ host: "127.0.0.1", port: 0 })
-  if (server.address._tag !== "TcpAddress") return yield* Effect.fail(new SshFailure("connection"))
+  if (server.address._tag === "UnixPathAddress") return yield* Effect.fail(new SshFailure("connection"))
  return server.address.port
 }).pipe(Effect.scoped)

@@ -111,26 +111,18 @@ Real applications often select WebSocket URLs inside domain services. Effect rep
 ```ts
 import { NodeSocket } from "@effect/platform-node"
 import { it } from "@effect/vitest"
-import { Deferred, Effect, Layer } from "effect"
+import { Effect, Layer } from "effect"
 import { Socket } from "effect/unstable/socket"
 import { HttpRecorder } from "@opencode/http-recorder"

 const roundTrip = Effect.fn("Echo.roundTrip")(function* (url: string, message: string) {
-  const socket = yield* Socket.makeWebSocket(url, { closeCodeIsError: () => false })
-  const write = yield* socket.writer
-  const echoed = yield* Deferred.make<string>()
-
-  yield* socket.runString(
-    (response) => {
-      return Deferred.succeed(echoed, response).pipe(
-        Effect.andThen(write(new Socket.CloseEvent(1000, "done"))),
-        Effect.orDie,
-      )
-    },
-    { onOpen: write(message).pipe(Effect.orDie) },
-  )
-
-  return yield* Deferred.await(echoed)
+  const socket = yield* Socket.makeWebSocket(url)
+  const writer = yield* socket.writer
+  const pull = yield* Socket.readerString(socket)
+  yield* writer.write(message)
+  const [echoed] = yield* pull
+  yield* writer.write(new Socket.CloseEvent(1000, "done"))
+  return echoed
 })

 it.effect("round trips a message", () =>
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
    "typescript": "catalog:"
  },
  "dependencies": {
-    "@effect/platform-node-shared": "4.0.0-rc.112"
+    "@effect/platform-node-shared": "4.0.0-rc.117"
  },
  "peerDependencies": {
    "effect": "catalog:"
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { NodeFileSystem } from "@effect/platform-node-shared"
-import { Deferred, Effect, Exit, FiberSet, Layer, Option, Ref, Scope, Semaphore } from "effect"
+import { Deferred, Effect, Exit, Layer, Ref, Scope, Semaphore } from "effect"
 import { Socket } from "effect/unstable/socket"
 import { fileSystem, type Interface, Service } from "../cassette/store.js"
 import type { SocketRecorderOptions } from "../options.js"
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ interface ActiveRecording {
 interface PendingRecordings {
  readonly promises: Set<Promise<void>>
  readonly errors: Array<unknown>
-  readonly sockets: Set<globalThis.WebSocket>
+  readonly sockets: Set<Socket.WebSocketLike>
 }
 type Frame = string | Uint8Array

@@ -134,46 +134,6 @@ const assertEvent = (actual: WebSocketEvent, expected: WebSocketEvent | undefine
    if (expected && comparable(actual, asJson) === comparable(expected, asJson)) return
    throw new Error(`WebSocket event ${index + 1}: expected ${safeText(expected)}, received ${safeText(actual)}`)
  })
-const runHandler = <A, E, R>(handler: (value: A) => Effect.Effect<unknown, E, R> | void, value: A) =>
-  Effect.suspend(() => {
-    const result = handler(value)
-    return Effect.isEffect(result) ? Effect.asVoid(result) : Effect.void
-  })
-const runReplay = <A, E, R>(
-  state: ActiveReplay,
-  handler: (value: A) => Effect.Effect<unknown, E, R> | void,
-  decode: (event: WebSocketEvent) => A,
-  onOpen: Effect.Effect<void> | undefined,
-) =>
-  Effect.scoped(
-    Effect.gen(function* () {
-      const handlers = yield* FiberSet.make<unknown, E>()
-      const run = yield* FiberSet.runtime(handlers)<R>()
-      if (onOpen) yield* onOpen
-      const drive = Effect.gen(function* () {
-        while (true) {
-          const current = yield* Ref.get(state.progress)
-          const event = state.interaction.events[current.position]
-          if (!event) return
-          if (yield* Ref.get(state.closed))
-            return yield* Effect.die(
-              new Error(
-                `WebSocket closed with unconsumed events: used ${current.position} of ${state.interaction.events.length}`,
-              ),
-            )
-          if (event.direction === "server") {
-            yield* Ref.set(state.progress, { position: current.position + 1, changed: yield* Deferred.make<void>() })
-            run(runHandler(handler, decode(event)))
-            continue
-          }
-          yield* Deferred.await(current.changed)
-        }
-      })
-      yield* drive.pipe(Effect.raceFirst(FiberSet.join(handlers)))
-      yield* FiberSet.awaitEmpty(handlers).pipe(Effect.raceFirst(FiberSet.join(handlers)))
-    }),
-  )
-
 const makeRecordingSocket = (
  upstream: Socket.Socket,
  cassette: Interface,
@@ -185,71 +145,95 @@ const makeRecordingSocket = (
    const active = yield* Ref.make<ActiveRecording | undefined>(undefined)
    const writeLock = yield* Semaphore.make(1)
    return Socket.make({
-      runRaw: (handler, runOptions) =>
-        Effect.gen(function* () {
-          const state: ActiveRecording = {
-            events: [],
-            eventLock: yield* Semaphore.make(1),
-            accepting: yield* Ref.make(true),
-            opened: false,
-            valid: true,
-          }
-          const occupied = yield* Ref.modify(active, (current) => [current !== undefined, current ?? state])
-          if (occupied) return yield* Effect.die("Concurrent runs of a recorded WebSocket are not supported")
-          yield* upstream
-            .runRaw(
-              (message) => {
-                if (!Ref.getUnsafe(state.accepting)) throw new Error("WebSocket received a frame after closing")
-                state.events.push(redactEvent(encodeEvent("server", message), redactor))
-                return handler(message)
-              },
-              {
-                ...runOptions,
-                onOpen: Effect.gen(function* () {
-                  state.opened = true
-                  if (runOptions?.onOpen) yield* runOptions.onOpen
+      reader: Effect.gen(function* () {
+        const state: ActiveRecording = {
+          events: [],
+          eventLock: yield* Semaphore.make(1),
+          accepting: yield* Ref.make(true),
+          opened: false,
+          valid: true,
+        }
+        const occupied = yield* Ref.modify(active, (current) => [current !== undefined, current ?? state])
+        if (occupied) return yield* Effect.die("Concurrent runs of a recorded WebSocket are not supported")
+        yield* Effect.addFinalizer((exit) =>
+          writeLock.withPermit(
+            state.eventLock.withPermit(
+              Effect.gen(function* () {
+                yield* Ref.set(state.accepting, false)
+                yield* Ref.set(active, undefined)
+                if (!Exit.isSuccess(exit) || !state.opened || !state.valid) return
+                yield* cassette
+                  .append(
+                    name,
+                    {
+                      transport: "websocket",
+                      events: [...state.events],
+                    },
+                    options.metadata,
+                  )
+                  .pipe(Effect.orDie)
+              }),
+            ),
+          ),
+        )
+        const reader = yield* upstream.reader
+        state.opened = true
+        return {
+          ...reader,
+          pull: reader.pull.pipe(
+            Effect.tap((messages) =>
+              state.eventLock.withPermit(
+                Effect.sync(() => {
+                  if (!Ref.getUnsafe(state.accepting)) throw new Error("WebSocket received a frame after closing")
+                  state.events.push(...messages.map((message) => redactEvent(encodeEvent("server", message), redactor)))
                }),
-              },
-            )
-            .pipe(
-              Effect.onExit((exit) =>
-                writeLock.withPermit(
-                  state.eventLock.withPermit(
-                    Effect.gen(function* () {
-                      yield* Ref.set(state.accepting, false)
-                      yield* Ref.set(active, undefined)
-                      if (!Exit.isSuccess(exit) || !state.opened || !state.valid) return
-                      yield* cassette
-                        .append(
-                          name,
-                          {
-                            transport: "websocket",
-                            events: [...state.events],
-                          },
-                          options.metadata,
-                        )
-                        .pipe(Effect.orDie)
-                    }),
-                  ),
-                ),
              ),
-            )
-        }),
+            ),
+            Effect.tapError((error) =>
+              Effect.sync(() => {
+                if (error.reason._tag !== "SocketCloseError") state.valid = false
+              }),
+            ),
+          ),
+        }
+      }),
      writer: upstream.writer.pipe(
-        Effect.map(
-          (write) => (message) =>
+        Effect.map((writer) => {
+          const write: Socket.Writer["write"] = (message) =>
            writeLock.withPermit(
              Effect.gen(function* () {
-                if (Socket.isCloseEvent(message)) return yield* write(message)
+                if (Socket.isCloseEvent(message)) return yield* writer.write(message)
                const state = yield* Ref.get(active)
                if (!state || !(yield* Ref.get(state.accepting)))
                  return yield* Effect.die("WebSocket writer used without an active socket run")
-                const event = redactEvent(encodeEvent("client", message), redactor)
-                yield* state.eventLock.withPermit(Effect.sync(() => state.events.push(event)))
-                return yield* write(message).pipe(Effect.onError(() => Effect.sync(() => (state.valid = false))))
+                yield* state.eventLock.withPermit(
+                  Effect.sync(() => state.events.push(redactEvent(encodeEvent("client", message), redactor))),
+                )
+                return yield* writer.write(message).pipe(Effect.onError(() => Effect.sync(() => (state.valid = false))))
              }),
-            ),
-        ),
+            )
+          return {
+            write,
+            writeAll: (messages) =>
+              writeLock.withPermit(
+                Effect.gen(function* () {
+                  const state = yield* Ref.get(active)
+                  if (!state || !(yield* Ref.get(state.accepting)))
+                    return yield* Effect.die("WebSocket writer used without an active socket run")
+                  yield* state.eventLock.withPermit(
+                    Effect.sync(() =>
+                      state.events.push(
+                        ...messages.map((message) => redactEvent(encodeEvent("client", message), redactor)),
+                      ),
+                    ),
+                  )
+                  return yield* writer
+                    .writeAll(messages)
+                    .pipe(Effect.onError(() => Effect.sync(() => (state.valid = false))))
+                }),
+              ),
+          }
+        }),
      ),
    })
  })
@@ -265,70 +249,109 @@ const makeReplaySocket = (
    const active = yield* Ref.make<ActiveReplay | undefined>(undefined)
    const runLock = yield* Semaphore.make(1)
    return Socket.make({
-      runRaw: (handler, runOptions) =>
-        runLock
-          .withPermitsIfAvailable(1)(
-            Effect.gen(function* () {
-              const claimed = yield* replay
-                .claim((interaction) =>
-                  interaction ? Effect.void : Effect.die("Missing recorded WebSocket interaction"),
-                )
-                .pipe(Effect.orDie)
-              const state = {
-                interaction: claimed.interaction,
-                progress: yield* Ref.make({ position: 0, changed: yield* Deferred.make<void>() }),
-                writeLock: yield* Semaphore.make(1),
-                closed: yield* Ref.make(false),
-              }
-              yield* Ref.set(active, state)
-              yield* runReplay(state, handler, decodeEvent, runOptions?.onOpen).pipe(
-                Effect.ensuring(Ref.set(active, undefined)),
-              )
-            }),
-          )
-          .pipe(
-            Effect.flatMap(
-              Option.match({
-                onNone: () => Effect.die("Concurrent runs of a replayed WebSocket are not supported"),
-                onSome: () => Effect.void,
-              }),
+      reader: Effect.gen(function* () {
+        if (!(yield* runLock.takeIfAvailable(1)))
+          return yield* Effect.die("Concurrent runs of a replayed WebSocket are not supported")
+        yield* Effect.addFinalizer(() =>
+          Effect.all([Ref.set(active, undefined), runLock.release(1)], { discard: true }),
+        )
+        const claimed = yield* replay
+          .claim((interaction) => (interaction ? Effect.void : Effect.die("Missing recorded WebSocket interaction")))
+          .pipe(Effect.orDie)
+        const state = {
+          interaction: claimed.interaction,
+          progress: yield* Ref.make({ position: 0, changed: yield* Deferred.make<void>() }),
+          writeLock: yield* Semaphore.make(1),
+          closed: yield* Ref.make(false),
+        }
+        yield* Ref.set(active, state)
+        const pull: Socket.Reader["pull"] = Effect.suspend(() =>
+          Effect.gen(function* () {
+            const current = yield* Ref.get(state.progress)
+            if (yield* Ref.get(state.closed))
+              return yield* Effect.fail(new Socket.SocketError({ reason: new Socket.SocketCloseError({ code: 1000 }) }))
+            const remaining = state.interaction.events.slice(current.position)
+            const client = remaining.findIndex((event) => event.direction === "client")
+            const messages = client === -1 ? remaining : remaining.slice(0, client)
+            if (messages.length > 0) {
+              yield* Ref.set(state.progress, {
+                position: current.position + messages.length,
+                changed: yield* Deferred.make<void>(),
+              })
+              return messages.map(decodeEvent) as [Frame, ...Array<Frame>]
+            }
+            if (current.position === state.interaction.events.length)
+              return yield* Effect.fail(new Socket.SocketError({ reason: new Socket.SocketCloseError({ code: 1000 }) }))
+            yield* Deferred.await(current.changed)
+            return yield* pull
+          }),
+        )
+        return { pull, upgrade: Socket.SocketUpgradeError.unsupported }
+      }),
+      writer: Effect.succeed({
+        write: (message) =>
+          Ref.get(active).pipe(
+            Effect.flatMap((state) =>
+              state
+                ? state.writeLock.withPermit(
+                    Effect.gen(function* () {
+                      const current = yield* Ref.get(state.progress)
+                      if (Socket.isCloseEvent(message)) {
+                        yield* Ref.set(state.closed, true)
+                        yield* Deferred.succeed(current.changed, undefined)
+                        if (current.position === state.interaction.events.length) return
+                        return yield* Effect.die(
+                          new Error(
+                            `WebSocket closed with unconsumed events: used ${current.position} of ${state.interaction.events.length}`,
+                          ),
+                        )
+                      }
+                      const actual = redactEvent(encodeEvent("client", message), redactor)
+                      yield* assertEvent(
+                        actual,
+                        state.interaction.events[current.position],
+                        current.position,
+                        options.compareClientMessagesAsJson === true,
+                      )
+                      yield* Ref.set(state.progress, {
+                        position: current.position + 1,
+                        changed: yield* Deferred.make<void>(),
+                      })
+                      yield* Deferred.succeed(current.changed, undefined)
+                    }),
+                  )
+                : Effect.die("WebSocket writer used without an active socket run"),
            ),
          ),
-      writer: Effect.succeed((message) =>
-        Ref.get(active).pipe(
-          Effect.flatMap((state) =>
-            state
-              ? state.writeLock.withPermit(
-                  Effect.gen(function* () {
-                    const current = yield* Ref.get(state.progress)
-                    if (Socket.isCloseEvent(message)) {
-                      yield* Ref.set(state.closed, true)
-                      yield* Deferred.succeed(current.changed, undefined)
-                      if (current.position === state.interaction.events.length) return
-                      return yield* Effect.die(
-                        new Error(
-                          `WebSocket closed with unconsumed events: used ${current.position} of ${state.interaction.events.length}`,
-                        ),
+        writeAll: (messages) =>
+          Effect.forEach(
+            messages,
+            (message) =>
+              Ref.get(active).pipe(
+                Effect.flatMap((state) =>
+                  state
+                    ? state.writeLock.withPermit(
+                        Effect.gen(function* () {
+                          const current = yield* Ref.get(state.progress)
+                          yield* assertEvent(
+                            redactEvent(encodeEvent("client", message), redactor),
+                            state.interaction.events[current.position],
+                            current.position,
+                            options.compareClientMessagesAsJson === true,
+                          )
+                          yield* Ref.set(state.progress, {
+                            position: current.position + 1,
+                            changed: yield* Deferred.make<void>(),
+                          })
+                          yield* Deferred.succeed(current.changed, undefined)
+                        }),
                      )
-                    }
-                    const actual = redactEvent(encodeEvent("client", message), redactor)
-                    yield* assertEvent(
-                      actual,
-                      state.interaction.events[current.position],
-                      current.position,
-                      options.compareClientMessagesAsJson === true,
-                    )
-                    yield* Ref.set(state.progress, {
-                      position: current.position + 1,
-                      changed: yield* Deferred.make<void>(),
-                    })
-                    yield* Deferred.succeed(current.changed, undefined)
-                  }),
-                )
-              : Effect.die("WebSocket writer used without an active socket run"),
+                    : Effect.die("WebSocket writer used without an active socket run"),
+                ),
+              ),
+            { discard: true },
          ),
-        ),
-      ),
+      }),
    })
  })

@@ -399,13 +422,13 @@ const makeRecordingWebSocketConstructor = (
    const onOpen = () => {
      opened = true
    }
-    const onMessage = (event: MessageEvent) => {
+    const onMessage = (event: Socket.WebSocketEvent) => {
      appendEvent("server", event.data)
    }
    const onError = () => {
      failed = true
    }
-    const onClose = (event: CloseEvent) => {
+    const onClose = (event: Socket.WebSocketEvent) => {
      native.removeEventListener("open", onOpen)
      native.removeEventListener("message", onMessage)
      native.removeEventListener("error", onError)
@@ -421,7 +444,7 @@ const makeRecordingWebSocketConstructor = (
              sequence,
              url: request.url,
              protocols: requestedProtocols,
-              close: { code: event.code, reason: event.reason },
+              close: { code: event.code ?? 1006, reason: event.reason ?? "" },
            },
            events: [...events],
          }
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test"
-import { Deferred, Effect, Exit, Fiber, Layer } from "effect"
+import { Deferred, Effect, Exit, Fiber, FiberSet, Layer } from "effect"
 import { Socket } from "effect/unstable/socket"
 import { existsSync } from "node:fs"
 import { HttpRecorder } from "../src"
@@ -7,10 +7,58 @@ import { layerSocketWithMode } from "../src/websocket/recorder"
 import { failureText, readCassette, seedCassetteDirectory, tempDirectory, withEnvironment } from "./support"

 const unavailableSocket = Socket.make({
-  runRaw: () => Effect.die(new Error("unexpected live WebSocket run")),
-  writer: Effect.succeed(() => Effect.die(new Error("unexpected live WebSocket write"))),
+  reader: Effect.die(new Error("unexpected live WebSocket run")),
+  writer: Effect.succeed({
+    write: () => Effect.die(new Error("unexpected live WebSocket write")),
+    writeAll: () => Effect.die(new Error("unexpected live WebSocket write")),
+  }),
 })

+const runRaw = <E, R>(
+  socket: Socket.Socket,
+  handler: (message: string | Uint8Array) => Effect.Effect<unknown, E, R> | void,
+  onOpen?: Effect.Effect<void, E, R>,
+) =>
+  Effect.scoped(
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const handlers = yield* FiberSet.make<unknown, E>()
+      const run = yield* FiberSet.runtime(handlers)<R>()
+      const reader = yield* socket.reader
+      if (onOpen) yield* onOpen
+      yield* Effect.gen(function* () {
+        while (true) {
+          const messages = yield* reader.pull
+          messages.forEach((message) =>
+            run(
+              Effect.suspend(() => {
+                const result = handler(message)
+                return Effect.isEffect(result) ? Effect.asVoid(result) : Effect.void
+              }),
+            ),
+          )
+        }
+      }).pipe(
+        Effect.catchIf(
+          (error) => Socket.SocketError.is(error) && error.reason._tag === "SocketCloseError",
+          () => Effect.void,
+        ),
+        Effect.raceFirst(FiberSet.join(handlers)),
+      )
+      yield* FiberSet.awaitEmpty(handlers).pipe(Effect.raceFirst(FiberSet.join(handlers)))
+    }),
+  )
+
+const runString = <E, R>(
+  socket: Socket.Socket,
+  handler: (message: string) => Effect.Effect<unknown, E, R> | void,
+  onOpen?: Effect.Effect<void, E, R>,
+) =>
+  runRaw(
+    socket,
+    (message) => handler(typeof message === "string" ? message : new TextDecoder().decode(message)),
+    onOpen,
+  )
+
 class EchoWebSocket extends EventTarget {
  readonly protocol = ""
  readonly extensions = ""
@@ -53,12 +101,13 @@ describe("WebSocket", () => {
        Effect.gen(function* () {
          const socket = yield* Socket.makeWebSocket("wss://echo.example.test/one", {
            protocols: ["echo.v1"],
-            closeCodeIsError: () => false,
-          })
-          const write = yield* socket.writer
-          yield* socket.runString(() => write(new Socket.CloseEvent(1000, "complete")).pipe(Effect.orDie), {
-            onOpen: write("hello").pipe(Effect.orDie),
          })
+          const writer = yield* socket.writer
+          yield* runString(
+            socket,
+            () => writer.write(new Socket.CloseEvent(1000, "complete")).pipe(Effect.orDie),
+            writer.write("hello").pipe(Effect.orDie),
+          )
        }).pipe(Effect.scoped, Effect.provide(recorder)),
      ),
    )
@@ -141,17 +190,15 @@ describe("WebSocket", () => {
      Effect.gen(function* () {
        const socket = yield* Socket.makeWebSocket("wss://events.example.test/workspaces/one", {
          protocols: ["events.v1"],
-          closeCodeIsError: () => false,
        })
-        const write = yield* socket.writer
+        const writer = yield* socket.writer
        const received: string[] = []
-        yield* socket.runString(
+        yield* runString(
+          socket,
          (message) => {
            received.push(message)
          },
-          {
-            onOpen: write('{"type":"subscribe"}').pipe(Effect.orDie),
-          },
+          writer.write('{"type":"subscribe"}').pipe(Effect.orDie),
        )
        return received
      }).pipe(Effect.scoped, Effect.provide(recorder)),
@@ -187,7 +234,7 @@ describe("WebSocket", () => {
    const exit = await Effect.runPromise(
      Effect.gen(function* () {
        const socket = yield* Socket.makeWebSocket("wss://events.example.test/workspaces/two")
-        yield* socket.runString(() => {})
+        yield* runString<never, never>(socket, () => {})
      }).pipe(Effect.scoped, Effect.exit, Effect.provide(recorder)),
    )

@@ -200,23 +247,28 @@ describe("WebSocket", () => {
      type: "response.completed",
      token: "server-secret",
    })
+    let sent = false
    const upstream = Socket.make({
-      runRaw: (handler, options) =>
-        Effect.gen(function* () {
-          if (options?.onOpen) yield* options.onOpen
-          const result = handler(response)
-          if (Effect.isEffect(result)) yield* result
+      reader: Effect.succeed({
+        pull: Effect.suspend(() => {
+          if (sent) return Effect.fail(new Socket.SocketError({ reason: new Socket.SocketCloseError({ code: 1000 }) }))
+          sent = true
+          return Effect.succeed([response])
        }),
-      writer: Effect.succeed(() => Effect.void),
+        upgrade: Socket.SocketUpgradeError.unsupported,
+      }),
+      writer: Effect.succeed({ write: () => Effect.void, writeAll: () => Effect.void }),
    })

    await Effect.runPromise(
      Effect.gen(function* () {
        const socket = yield* Socket.Socket
-        const write = yield* socket.writer
-        yield* socket.runRaw(() => {}, {
-          onOpen: write(JSON.stringify({ type: "response.create", token: "client-secret" })).pipe(Effect.orDie),
-        })
+        const writer = yield* socket.writer
+        yield* runRaw(
+          socket,
+          () => {},
+          writer.write(JSON.stringify({ type: "response.create", token: "client-secret" })).pipe(Effect.orDie),
+        )
      }).pipe(
        Effect.scoped,
        Effect.provide(
@@ -279,14 +331,14 @@ describe("WebSocket", () => {
    await Effect.runPromise(
      Effect.gen(function* () {
        const socket = yield* Socket.Socket
-        const write = yield* socket.writer
-        yield* socket.runRaw((message) =>
+        const writer = yield* socket.writer
+        yield* runRaw(socket, (message) =>
          Effect.gen(function* () {
            if (typeof message !== "string") return
            received.push(message)
            const event: unknown = JSON.parse(message)
            if (typeof event !== "object" || event === null || !("type" in event)) return
-            if (event.type === "session.created") yield* write('{"prompt":"hello","type":"response.create"}')
+            if (event.type === "session.created") yield* writer.write('{"prompt":"hello","type":"response.create"}')
          }),
        )
      }).pipe(
@@ -343,21 +395,21 @@ describe("WebSocket", () => {
    await Effect.runPromise(
      Effect.gen(function* () {
        const socket = yield* Socket.Socket
-        const write = yield* socket.writer
-        yield* socket.runString((message) =>
+        const writer = yield* socket.writer
+        yield* runString(socket, (message) =>
          Effect.gen(function* () {
            received.push(message)
            const event: unknown = JSON.parse(message)
            if (typeof event !== "object" || event === null) return
            if ("type" in event && event.type === "session.created") {
-              yield* write('{"prompt":"first","type":"response.create"}')
+              yield* writer.write('{"prompt":"first","type":"response.create"}')
              return
            }
            if ("id" in event && event.id === "first") {
-              yield* write('{"prompt":"second","type":"response.create"}')
+              yield* writer.write('{"prompt":"second","type":"response.create"}')
              return
            }
-            yield* write(new Socket.CloseEvent(1000, "done"))
+            yield* writer.write(new Socket.CloseEvent(1000, "done"))
          }),
        )
      }).pipe(
@@ -393,7 +445,7 @@ describe("WebSocket", () => {
      Effect.gen(function* () {
        const socket = yield* Socket.Socket
        const second = yield* Deferred.make<void>()
-        yield* socket.runString((message) =>
+        yield* runString(socket, (message) =>
          message === "first" ? Deferred.await(second) : Deferred.succeed(second, undefined),
        )
      }).pipe(
@@ -420,23 +472,21 @@ describe("WebSocket", () => {
        const socket = yield* Socket.Socket
        const started = yield* Deferred.make<void>()
        const release = yield* Deferred.make<void>()
-        const first = yield* socket
-          .runString((message) =>
-            Effect.gen(function* () {
-              received.push(message)
-              yield* Deferred.succeed(started, undefined)
-              yield* Deferred.await(release)
-            }),
-          )
-          .pipe(Effect.forkChild)
+        const first = yield* runString(socket, (message) =>
+          Effect.gen(function* () {
+            received.push(message)
+            yield* Deferred.succeed(started, undefined)
+            yield* Deferred.await(release)
+          }),
+        ).pipe(Effect.forkChild)
        yield* Deferred.await(started)

-        const concurrent = yield* Effect.exit(socket.runString(() => Effect.void))
+        const concurrent = yield* Effect.exit(runString(socket, () => Effect.void))
        expect(failureText(concurrent)).toContain("Concurrent runs")

        yield* Deferred.succeed(release, undefined)
        yield* Fiber.join(first)
-        yield* socket.runString((message) => Effect.sync(() => received.push(message)))
+        yield* runString(socket, (message) => Effect.sync(() => received.push(message)))
      }).pipe(
        Effect.scoped,
        Effect.provide(
@@ -462,11 +512,9 @@ describe("WebSocket", () => {
    const exit = await Effect.runPromise(
      Effect.gen(function* () {
        const socket = yield* Socket.Socket
-        const write = yield* socket.writer
+        const writer = yield* socket.writer
        return yield* Effect.exit(
-          socket.runRaw(() => {}, {
-            onOpen: write(new Socket.CloseEvent(1000)).pipe(Effect.orDie),
-          }),
+          runRaw(socket, () => {}, writer.write(new Socket.CloseEvent(1000)).pipe(Effect.orDie)),
        )
      }).pipe(
        Effect.scoped,
@@ -486,7 +534,7 @@ describe("WebSocket", () => {
    const exit = await Effect.runPromise(
      Effect.gen(function* () {
        const socket = yield* Socket.Socket
-        return yield* Effect.exit(socket.runRaw(() => {}))
+        return yield* Effect.exit(runRaw<never, never>(socket, () => {}))
      }).pipe(
        Effect.scoped,
        Effect.provide(
@@ -495,8 +543,8 @@ describe("WebSocket", () => {
              Layer.succeed(
                Socket.Socket,
                Socket.make({
-                  runRaw: () => Effect.die(new Error("connection failed")),
-                  writer: Effect.succeed(() => Effect.void),
+                  reader: Effect.die(new Error("connection failed")),
+                  writer: Effect.succeed({ write: () => Effect.void, writeAll: () => Effect.void }),
                }),
              ),
            ),
@@ -534,13 +582,14 @@ describe("WebSocket", () => {
    await Effect.runPromise(
      Effect.gen(function* () {
        const socket = yield* Socket.Socket
-        const write = yield* socket.writer
-        const run = socket.runRaw(
+        const writer = yield* socket.writer
+        const run = runRaw(
+          socket,
          (message) => {
            if (typeof message === "string") throw new Error("Expected a binary WebSocket frame")
            received.push([...message])
          },
-          { onOpen: write(new Uint8Array([1, 2])).pipe(Effect.orDie) },
+          writer.write(new Uint8Array([1, 2])).pipe(Effect.orDie),
        )
        yield* run
        yield* run
@@ -1600,7 +1600,15 @@ function assertPortable(schema: Schema.Top, path: string, portable: Map<SchemaAS
    if (!annotationsPortable(ast.annotations)) return false
    if (!checksPortable(ast.checks) || ("encodingChecks" in ast && !checksPortable(ast.encodingChecks))) return false
    if (SchemaAST.isDeclaration(ast)) {
-      return typeof ast.annotations?.toCode === "function" && ast.typeParameters.every(visit)
+      const representation = ast.annotations?.representation
+      const supported =
+        typeof ast.annotations?.toCode === "function" ||
+        (typeof representation === "object" &&
+          representation !== null &&
+          "id" in representation &&
+          representation.id === "effect/schema/Json") ||
+        (ast.annotations?.["~constructor"] !== undefined && ast.typeParameters[0] !== undefined)
+      return supported && ast.typeParameters.every(visit)
    }
    if (ast.encoding !== undefined && ast.annotations?.toCode === undefined) return false
    if (SchemaAST.isSuspend(ast)) return visit(ast.thunk())
@@ -1638,9 +1646,8 @@ function checksPortable(checks: SchemaAST.Checks | undefined): boolean {
      ? !check.aborted &&
        check.annotations?.representation !== undefined &&
        serializable(check.annotations.representation) &&
-        typeof check.annotations.arbitrary === "object" &&
-        check.annotations.arbitrary !== null &&
-        "constraint" in check.annotations.arbitrary
+        typeof check.annotations.arbitraryConstraint === "object" &&
+        check.annotations.arbitraryConstraint !== null
      : checksPortable(check.checks),
  )
 }
@@ -1679,6 +1686,7 @@ function annotationsPortable(annotations: Schema.Annotations.Annotations | undef
        "toCodec",
        "toCodecJson",
        "toCodecStringTree",
+        "toCodecArbitrary",
        "toArbitrary",
        "toFormatter",
        "toEquivalence",
@@ -1473,6 +1473,19 @@ describe("HttpApiCodegen.generate", () => {
    )
  })

+  test("emits schema classes with native arbitrary constraints structurally", () => {
+    class Attempt extends Schema.Class<Attempt>("Attempt")({
+      count: Schema.Int.check(Schema.isGreaterThanOrEqualTo(0)),
+    }) {}
+    const output = emitPromise(
+      compileContract(api(HttpApiEndpoint.get("get", "/session", { success: Attempt }))),
+    )
+    const types = output.files.find((file) => file.path === "types.ts")?.content
+
+    expect(types).toContain('export type Attempt = { readonly "count": number }')
+    expect(types).toContain("export type SessionGetOutput = Attempt")
+  })
+
  test("rejects spoofed and aborted validation checks", () => {
    const Spoofed = Schema.Number.check(
      Schema.makeFilter(() => "always fails", { meta: { _tag: "isFinite" }, arbitrary: {} }),
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { describe, expect } from "bun:test"
 import { join } from "node:path"
-import { Effect, FileSystem, Option } from "effect"
+import { ByteSize, Effect, FileSystem, Option } from "effect"
 import { write, type Output } from "../src"
 import { it } from "./effect"

@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ describe("HttpApiCodegen.write", () => {
              uid: Option.none(),
              gid: Option.none(),
              rdev: Option.none(),
-              size: FileSystem.Size(0),
+              size: ByteSize.bytes(0),
              blksize: Option.none(),
              blocks: Option.none(),
            }),
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ export const PersistentPtyHandler = HttpApiBuilder.group(Api, "server.experiment
          if (!Number.isSafeInteger(cursor) || cursor < 0) return HttpServerResponse.empty({ status: 400 })

          const socket = yield* Effect.orDie(ctx.request.upgrade)
-          const write = yield* socket.writer
+          const writer = yield* socket.writer
          const outbox = yield* Queue.unbounded<string | Uint8Array | Socket.CloseEvent>()
          const input = yield* Semaphore.make(1)
          let attachment: PersistentPty.Attachment | undefined
@@ -187,41 +187,52 @@ export const PersistentPtyHandler = HttpApiBuilder.group(Api, "server.experiment
          const drain = Effect.gen(function* () {
            while (true) {
              const item = yield* Queue.take(outbox)
-              yield* write(item)
+              yield* writer.write(item)
              if (item instanceof Socket.CloseEvent) return
            }
          })

          yield* runPtySocket(
            drain,
-            socket.runRaw(
-              (message) =>
-                input.withPermit(
-                  Effect.suspend(() => {
-                    if (!attachment) return Effect.void
-                    const data = typeof message === "string" ? Buffer.from(message) : message
-                    if (!framedInput)
-                      return pty
-                        .input(
-                          ctx.params.ptyID,
-                          attachmentID,
-                          attachment.info.size.cols,
-                          attachment.info.size.rows,
-                          data,
-                        )
-                        .pipe(Effect.ignore)
-                    if (data.byteLength < 5) return Effect.void
-                    const view = new DataView(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength)
-                    const type = data[0]
-                    const cols = view.getUint16(1)
-                    const rows = view.getUint16(3)
-                    if ((type !== 0 && type !== 1) || cols === 0 || rows === 0) return Effect.void
-                    if (type === 0) return pty.control(ctx.params.ptyID, attachmentID, cols, rows).pipe(Effect.ignore)
-                    return pty.input(ctx.params.ptyID, attachmentID, cols, rows, data.subarray(5)).pipe(Effect.ignore)
-                  }),
-                ),
-              { onOpen },
-            ),
+            Effect.gen(function* () {
+              const reader = yield* socket.reader
+              yield* onOpen
+              while (true) {
+                const messages = yield* reader.pull
+                yield* Effect.forEach(
+                  messages,
+                  (message) =>
+                    input.withPermit(
+                      Effect.suspend(() => {
+                        if (!attachment) return Effect.void
+                        const data = typeof message === "string" ? Buffer.from(message) : message
+                        if (!framedInput)
+                          return pty
+                            .input(
+                              ctx.params.ptyID,
+                              attachmentID,
+                              attachment.info.size.cols,
+                              attachment.info.size.rows,
+                              data,
+                            )
+                            .pipe(Effect.ignore)
+                        if (data.byteLength < 5) return Effect.void
+                        const view = new DataView(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength)
+                        const type = data[0]
+                        const cols = view.getUint16(1)
+                        const rows = view.getUint16(3)
+                        if ((type !== 0 && type !== 1) || cols === 0 || rows === 0) return Effect.void
+                        if (type === 0)
+                          return pty.control(ctx.params.ptyID, attachmentID, cols, rows).pipe(Effect.ignore)
+                        return pty
+                          .input(ctx.params.ptyID, attachmentID, cols, rows, data.subarray(5))
+                          .pipe(Effect.ignore)
+                      }),
+                    ),
+                  { discard: true },
+                )
+              }
+            }),
            () => attachment?.detach(),
          ).pipe(
            Effect.catchReason("SocketError", "SocketCloseError", () => Effect.void),
@@ -165,15 +165,17 @@ export const PtyHandler = HttpApiBuilder.group(Api, "server.pty", (handlers) =>
              : undefined

          const socket = yield* Effect.orDie(ctx.request.upgrade)
-          const write = yield* socket.writer
+          const writer = yield* socket.writer
          const closeAccepted = (event: Socket.CloseEvent) =>
-            socket
-              .runRaw(() => Effect.void, { onOpen: write(event).pipe(Effect.catch(() => Effect.void)) })
-              .pipe(
-                Effect.timeout("1 second"),
-                Effect.catchReason("SocketError", "SocketCloseError", () => Effect.void),
-                Effect.catch(() => Effect.void),
-              )
+            Effect.gen(function* () {
+              const reader = yield* socket.reader
+              yield* writer.write(event).pipe(Effect.catch(() => Effect.void))
+              while (true) yield* reader.pull
+            }).pipe(
+              Effect.timeout("1 second"),
+              Effect.catchReason("SocketError", "SocketCloseError", () => Effect.void),
+              Effect.catch(() => Effect.void),
+            )

          // Outbound frames flow through one queue drained by a single writer so replay, live
          // output, and the close frame keep their order.
@@ -202,16 +204,22 @@ export const PtyHandler = HttpApiBuilder.group(Api, "server.pty", (handlers) =>
          const drain = Effect.gen(function* () {
            while (true) {
              const item = yield* Queue.take(outbox)
-              yield* write(item)
+              yield* writer.write(item)
              if (item instanceof Socket.CloseEvent) return
            }
          })

          yield* runPtySocket(
            drain,
-            socket.runRaw((message) => {
-              const decoded = PtyProtocol.decodeInput(message)
-              if (decoded !== undefined) attachment.write(decoded)
+            Effect.gen(function* () {
+              const reader = yield* socket.reader
+              while (true) {
+                const messages = yield* reader.pull
+                messages.forEach((message) => {
+                  const decoded = PtyProtocol.decodeInput(message)
+                  if (decoded !== undefined) attachment.write(decoded)
+                })
+              }
            }),
            attachment.detach,
          ).pipe(
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import { isPairingConnectURL } from "@opencode/protocol/groups/server"
 import { Global } from "@opencode/util/global"
 import { Cause, Context, Effect, Exit, Latch, Layer, Option, Ref, Scope } from "effect"
 import { HttpMiddleware, HttpRouter, HttpServer, HttpServerRequest, HttpServerResponse } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import { NetAddress } from "effect/unstable/net"
 import { createServer } from "node:http"
 import { ServerAuth } from "./auth"
 import { isAllowedCorsOrigin } from "./cors"
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ import type { ServerOptions } from "./options"

 export interface Lifecycle<E = never, R = never> {
  readonly onListen: (
-    address: HttpServer.Address,
+    address: NetAddress.SocketAddress,
    shutdown: Effect.Effect<void>,
  ) => Effect.Effect<Effect.Effect<void>, E, R>
 }
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ import type { ServerOptions } from "./options"
 *
 * - Database runs on the injected `DurableObjectStorage` SQLite.
 * - Watcher and fff are disabled through their existing option flags; pty, fff,
- *   shell-parser, and photon native modules resolve to inert stubs under the
- *   `workerd` bundle condition.
+ *   shell-parser, photon, and process-lock native modules resolve to inert
+ *   stubs under the `workerd` bundle condition.
 * - Bare locations use a typed no-execution-plane process spawner; FileSystem,
 *   FileSystemSearch, and Pty fail with a clear defect until a remote sandbox
 *   backs them; Snapshot and Vcs degrade to no-op results.
@@ -188,14 +188,15 @@ smoke(
      const first = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(PersistentPty.Info)(
        (yield* request(base, "POST", `/api/experimental/session/${sessionID}/terminal`, {
          command: "/usr/bin/env",
-          args: ["/bin/sh", "-c", "stty -echo; printf terminal-one; cat"],
+          // Exercise transport bursts without macOS's 1024-byte canonical line buffer limit.
+          args: ["/bin/sh", "-c", "stty -echo -icanon min 1 time 0; printf terminal-one; cat"],
          cwd: process.cwd(),
          title: "first",
          env: {},
        })).data,
      )
      expect(first.command).toBe("/usr/bin/env")
-      expect(first.args).toEqual(["/bin/sh", "-c", "stty -echo; printf terminal-one; cat"])
+      expect(first.args).toEqual(["/bin/sh", "-c", "stty -echo -icanon min 1 time 0; printf terminal-one; cat"])
      expect(first.cwd).toBe(process.cwd())
      expect(yield* Effect.promise(() => events.next("persistent-pty.added"))).toMatchObject({
        data: { sessionID, terminal: { id: first.id } },
@@ -570,7 +571,13 @@ async function verifySharedControl(base: string, ptyID: string) {
    second.socket.send(inputFrame(70, 20, "from-second\n"))
    await waitForSocketOutput([first, second], "from-second")

-    await waitForForegroundProcess([first, second], "cat")
+    // opencode-pty v0.1.13 uses /proc on Linux and returns None on other platforms:
+    // https://github.com/anomalyco/opencode-pty/blob/v0.1.13/src/service.rs#L1091-L1128
+    if (process.platform === "linux") await waitForForegroundProcess([first, second], "cat")
+    if (process.platform !== "linux") {
+      expect(first.foregroundProcess).toBeNull()
+      expect(second.foregroundProcess).toBeNull()
+    }

    for (const character of "printf abc | rev\n") second.socket.send(inputFrame(70, 20, character))
    await waitForSocketOutput([first, second], "printf abc | rev")
@@ -578,12 +585,36 @@ async function verifySharedControl(base: string, ptyID: string) {
    second.socket.send(inputFrame(70, 20, "x".repeat(1024)))
    second.socket.send(inputFrame(70, 20, "after-burst\n"))
    await waitForSocketOutput([first, second], "after-burst")
+    expect(first.output).toContain("x".repeat(1024) + "after-burst")
+    expect(second.output).toContain("x".repeat(1024) + "after-burst")
    expect(first.closed).toBeFalse()
    expect(second.closed).toBeFalse()
    expect(first.resizes).toBeGreaterThan(0)
    expect(second.resizes).toBeGreaterThan(0)
    expect(first.output).not.toContain("\0")
    expect(second.output).not.toContain("\0")
+    expect(first.size).toEqual({ cols: 70, rows: 20 })
+    expect(second.size).toEqual({ cols: 70, rows: 20 })
+
+    await waitForController(first, "second")
+    second.socket.close()
+    // Promotion is emitted by the daemon only after the server detaches the closed socket.
+    await waitForController(first, "first")
+    expect(second.closed).toBeTrue()
+    first.socket.send(inputFrame(70, 20, "after-detach\n"))
+    await waitForSocketOutput([first], "after-detach")
+
+    const replay = await openTerminalSocket(base, ptyID, "replay", "observer")
+    try {
+      // openTerminalSocket resolves at replay_complete, before any new input is sent.
+      expect(replay.output).toContain("from-first")
+      expect(replay.output).toContain("from-second")
+      expect(replay.output).toContain("after-detach")
+      first.socket.send(inputFrame(70, 20, "after-replay\n"))
+      await waitForSocketOutput([first, replay], "after-replay")
+    } finally {
+      replay.socket.close()
+    }
  } finally {
    first.socket.close()
    second.socket.close()
@@ -615,6 +646,8 @@ async function openTerminalSocket(
    output: "",
    closed: false,
    resizes: 0,
+    size: undefined as { cols: number; rows: number } | undefined,
+    controller: undefined as string | undefined,
    foregroundProcess: null as string | null,
  }
  state.socket.binaryType = "arraybuffer"
@@ -636,6 +669,12 @@ async function openTerminalSocket(
          return
        }
        state.resizes++
+        if (typeof message.cols === "number" && typeof message.rows === "number")
+          state.size = { cols: message.cols, rows: message.rows }
+        return
+      }
+      if (message.type === "controller_changed") {
+        state.controller = typeof message.attachmentID === "string" ? message.attachmentID : undefined
        return
      }
      if (message.type === "foreground_process_changed") {
@@ -668,6 +707,15 @@ async function openTerminalSocket(
  return state
 }

+async function waitForController(socket: { controller: string | undefined; closed: boolean }, expected: string) {
+  for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 100; attempt++) {
+    if (socket.controller === expected) return
+    if (socket.closed) throw new Error("Persistent PTY observer disconnected")
+    await Bun.sleep(20)
+  }
+  throw new Error(`Persistent PTY controller did not become ${expected}: ${socket.controller}`)
+}
+
 async function waitForForegroundProcess(
  sockets: Array<{ foregroundProcess: string | null; closed: boolean }>,
  expected: string,
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+import { expect } from "bun:test"
+import { Effect } from "effect"
+import { HttpServer } from "effect/unstable/http"
+import fs from "node:fs/promises"
+import os from "node:os"
+import path from "node:path"
+import { OpenCode } from "../../client/src/promise/index"
+import { it } from "../../core/test/lib/effect"
+import { ServerProcess } from "../src/process"
+
+const live = process.platform === "win32" ? it.live.skip : it.live
+
+live(
+  "PTY websocket preserves replay, text and binary input, resize, reconnect, and exit",
+  () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const directory = yield* Effect.acquireRelease(
+        Effect.promise(() => fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "opencode-pty-transport-"))),
+        (directory) => Effect.promise(() => fs.rm(directory, { recursive: true, force: true })),
+      )
+      const server = yield* ServerProcess.start<never, never>({
+        hostname: "127.0.0.1",
+        port: 0,
+        password: "secret",
+        app: { version: "test-version" },
+        database: { path: ":memory:" },
+        models: { fetch: false },
+        config: { directory, project: false, content: "{}" },
+        fs: { filewatcher: false },
+      })
+      const base = HttpServer.formatAddress(server.address)
+      const client = OpenCode.make({ baseUrl: base, headers: { authorization: `Basic ${btoa("opencode:secret")}` } })
+      const location = { directory }
+      const terminal = yield* Effect.acquireRelease(
+        Effect.promise(() =>
+          client.pty.create({
+            location,
+            command: "/bin/sh",
+            args: [
+              "-c",
+              "stty -echo; printf 'ready\\n'; while IFS= read -r line; do case \"$line\" in size) stty size;; quit) exit 0;; *) printf 'reply:%s\\n' \"$line\";; esac; done",
+            ],
+            cwd: directory,
+          }),
+        ),
+        (terminal) => Effect.promise(() => client.pty.remove({ location, ptyID: terminal.data.id })),
+      )
+      yield* Effect.promise(async () => {
+        const connect = async () => {
+          const token = await client.pty.connect.token({ location, ptyID: terminal.data.id, "x-opencode-ticket": "1" })
+          const url = new URL(`/api/pty/${terminal.data.id}/connect`, base)
+          url.protocol = "ws:"
+          url.searchParams.set("location[directory]", directory)
+          url.searchParams.set("ticket", token.data.ticket)
+          const socket = new WebSocket(url)
+          socket.binaryType = "arraybuffer"
+          const state = { output: "", frames: [] as string[], closed: false, code: 0, error: false }
+          socket.addEventListener("message", (event) => {
+            if (typeof event.data === "string") {
+              state.output += event.data
+              state.frames.push("output")
+              return
+            }
+            const bytes = new Uint8Array(event.data)
+            if (bytes[0] === 0) {
+              state.frames.push("cursor")
+              return
+            }
+            state.output += new TextDecoder().decode(bytes)
+            state.frames.push("output")
+          })
+          socket.addEventListener("close", (event) => {
+            state.closed = true
+            state.code = event.code
+          })
+          socket.addEventListener("error", () => {
+            state.error = true
+          })
+          await waitFor(() => state.frames.includes("cursor") || state.closed || state.error)
+          expect(state.error).toBeFalse()
+          expect(state.closed).toBeFalse()
+          return { socket, state }
+        }
+        const first = await connect()
+        try {
+          await waitFor(() => first.state.output.includes("ready"))
+          first.socket.send("text\n")
+          first.socket.send(new TextEncoder().encode("binary\n"))
+          await waitFor(() => first.state.output.includes("reply:binary"))
+          expect(first.state.output).toContain("reply:text")
+          await client.pty.update({ location, ptyID: terminal.data.id, size: { rows: 31, cols: 93 } })
+          first.socket.send("size\n")
+          await waitFor(() => first.state.output.includes("31 93"))
+          first.socket.close()
+          await waitFor(() => first.state.closed)
+          const second = await connect()
+          try {
+            expect(second.state.output).toContain("reply:text")
+            expect(second.state.output).toContain("reply:binary")
+            expect(second.state.frames.at(-1)).toBe("cursor")
+            second.socket.send("reconnected\n")
+            await waitFor(() => second.state.output.includes("reply:reconnected"))
+            expect(first.state.output).not.toContain("reply:reconnected")
+            second.socket.send("quit\n")
+            await waitFor(() => second.state.closed)
+            expect(second.state.code).toBe(1000)
+            expect((await client.pty.get({ location, ptyID: terminal.data.id })).data.status).toBe("exited")
+          } finally {
+            second.socket.close()
+          }
+        } finally {
+          first.socket.close()
+        }
+      })
+    }),
+  20_000,
+)
+
+async function waitFor(predicate: () => boolean) {
+  for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 200; attempt++) {
+    if (predicate()) return
+    await Bun.sleep(20)
+  }
+  throw new Error("PTY transport did not reach the expected state")
+}
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ export const simulationReplacements: (app: {
    // ModelsDev dies when its catalog fetch fails, so simulation answers it with
    // an empty catalog; providers come from seeded config instead.
    const models = SimulationNetwork.json("GET", "https://models.opencode.ai/api.json", {})
-    const drive = yield* Config.string("OPENCODE_DRIVE").pipe(Config.withDefault(undefined))
+    const drive = yield* Config.String("OPENCODE_DRIVE").pipe(Config.withDefault(undefined))
    if (!drive) return [httpClient.replace(SimulationNetwork.layer([models]))] satisfies LayerNode.Replacements

    const manifest = yield* DriveManifest.resolve()
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { SimulationServer } from "./server"

 /** Drive-mode renderer and control-server acquisition. */
 export const create = Effect.fn("Drive.create")(function* (options: CliRendererConfig, version: string) {
-  const headless = (yield* Config.string("OPENCODE_DRIVE_RENDERER").pipe(Config.withDefault("visible"))) === "headless"
+  const headless = (yield* Config.String("OPENCODE_DRIVE_RENDERER").pipe(Config.withDefault("visible"))) === "headless"
  const manifest = yield* DriveManifest.resolve()
  const renderer = headless
    ? yield* SimulationRenderer.create(options, manifest.recording?.timeline, manifest.viewport)
@@ -70,11 +70,11 @@ export const resolve = Effect.fn("DriveManifest.resolve")(function* () {
  const name = yield* Config.schema(InstanceName, "OPENCODE_DRIVE").pipe(Effect.mapError(configError))
  if (name === "1") return defaults

-  const state = yield* Config.string("XDG_STATE_HOME").pipe(
+  const state = yield* Config.String("XDG_STATE_HOME").pipe(
    Config.withDefault(join(homedir(), ".local", "state")),
    Effect.mapError(configError),
  )
-  const directory = yield* Config.string("DRIVE_REGISTRY_DIR").pipe(
+  const directory = yield* Config.String("DRIVE_REGISTRY_DIR").pipe(
    Config.withDefault(join(state, "opencode-drive", "instances")),
    Effect.mapError(configError),
  )
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Kit Langton	29dc70cff4	fix(codemode): derive empty tool inputs from the encoded schema	2026-09-27 10:05:39 -03:00
Kit Langton	15406155aa	chore: upgrade Effect to rc.117	2026-09-27 10:05:04 -03:00
Kit Langton	abfaa5210b	test(ai): align empty tool expectations with V2 Gemini schemas	2026-09-27 10:05:04 -03:00
Kit Langton	fbf47807fb	test(server): verify real PTY websocket transports	2026-09-27 09:56:40 -03:00
Kit Langton	67146125dc	fix: preserve tool schema compatibility with Effect rc.115	2026-09-27 09:56:40 -03:00
Kit Langton	8ba230e2fb	refactor(app): declare open legacy persistence shapes	2026-09-27 09:56:31 -03:00
Kit Langton	12e1821cc7	fix(client): accept rc.115 schema metadata	2026-09-27 09:56:23 -03:00
Kit Langton	63e66ca3e6	fix: preserve schema compatibility on rc.115	2026-09-27 09:56:23 -03:00
Kit Langton	cc782a0cc8	chore: upgrade Effect to rc.115	2026-09-27 09:56:23 -03:00